Likability / confederates / immediacy

[Christopher kim]

여러 종류의 호감 갖기
 
영어 이야기 2097
likability
[làikəbíləti]
인기, 
호감도
 
내가 중고등학교에서 학생을 가르칠 때
내가 만났던 교사들을 보면 이런 평가를 (나만이 아니라 학생들도) 했었다.

실력이 뛰어난 교사, 그 반대인 선생
학습법이 좋거나 그렇지 않은 교사들이 있었다.
 
그런데 좀 이해가 되지 않는 것은
실력은 뛰어난데 학습법이 부족해서
학생들에게 '인기'가 없는 교사가 있다는 것이다.
Some teacher's LIKABILITY made the students more engaged in the classroom.
몇몇 인기있는 교사들은 학생들이 수업에 열중하게 했다.
 
 인기나 호감 얘기를 하다보면
종종 '억울한 사람'이
눈에 뜨인다.
My friend was strong on substance, but weak on LIKABILITY.
내 친구는 그 실체 (실력)은 강한데 호감도는 빈약했다. 
 
likability 는 like + ability (가능함) 의 조합어이며
* abilty 는 able + (명사를 만드는) ity 임 *
like는 물론 좋아한다의 뜻으로 많이 쓰이지만 '충분하다'는
의미도 갖고 있다.
충분해야 좋아한다는
뚯이 like 에 숨겨져있다.
 
likability 와 잘 어울리는 낱말은 
instant likability (처음 만나는 사람에게 느끼는 즉흥적
호감도) 이다.
처음 만나는 사람에게서 '주는것 없이 재수없어 보이는 느낌'을 갖기도 하고
옛날부터 잘 친하게 지낸 듯한 친밀감을 주는 사람도 있다.
We can form impressions of strangers’ LIKABILITY from very limited information,
most nonverbal,
Nonverbal cues of immediacy are critical in creating positive (or negative) first impressions.
우리는 처음 만나는 사람의
호감도를 대부분
말도 섞어보지 않는 매우 제한적 선 정보를 가지고 인상을 결정할 수 있다.
즉각적인 비언어적 신호들은 첫 인상에서
적극적 (또는 부정적) 인 것을 자아내는 비판적이다
(Psychology Today, August 12, 2023)
그래서 (말을 하지 않고 나타내는) 못짓 언어 (수화가 아닌) 는
즉각적 호감을 이끄는 표시가 된다고 
 위의 글 제목은 말하고 있다 
Body Language Cues That Lead to Instant LIKABILITY.  
미소나 손짓 또는 어깨를 으쓱하는 것 등등
 
 The president's personal approval and LIKABILITY ratings
are high, arent' they?
대통령의 인정과 호감도의 비율이 높습니다,
그렇지 않나요?.
그 말을 들은 사람이 이렇게 답했다.
The job of president requires leadership not just LIKABILITY.
대통령의 직책은 인기 (호감도) 만이 아니라
지도력을 요구한다.
 
 
Ronald E. Riggio Ph.D.
 Cutting-Edge Leadership
BODY LANGUAGE
Body Language Cues That Lead to Instant Likability
New research shows how to increase your “likability quotient.”
Posted August /12, 2023
Reviewed by Ray Parke

1. Shows can coast on general likability for a long time.

r
 
*  hat men’s humor failures were mistakes of greater magnitude, ultimately decreasing men’s likability and perceptions of competence,” the researchers explained. Reich and her colleagues found...
 
the job of president requires leadership _ not just likability.
 
 
 
A character's likability cuts across so many issues.
영향을 미치다
have many character traits that affect his likability.
 
 The president's personal approval and likability ratings are high.
 *
the celebrity's likability quotient is high
 
an actress whose likability quotient is high
 
Shows can coast on general likability for a long time.
 
The politician's likability was a key factor in their successful campaign.
The likability of the celebrity made them a sought-after guest on talk shows.
많은 사람이 찾는
The teacher's likability made the students more engaged in the classroom.
 
was strong on substance, but weak on likeability.
 
 
The likability of the author's writing style made the book a bestseller.


KEY POINTS

We can form impressions of strangers’ likability from very limited information, most nonverbal, study finds.
Nonverbal cues of immediacy are critical in creating positive (or negative) first impressions.

Body language immediacy cues can make or break an initial encounter, and help combat stereotypes and biases.

Jamesoladujoye/ Pixabay
Source: Jamesoladujoye/ Pixabay

Imagine that you are meeting a stranger for the first time. There is a natural tendency to jump to a conclusion: "I like/don’t like that person.”

This is known as making a “snap judgment.”

Psychological research tells us that first impressions made in just the first few moments of an interaction can affect how we perceive others, and how we react to them.

This is an obvious problem in important interactions, such as job interviews, or when meeting someone that we might (or might not) do business with.

It also can affect whether we decide to make friends with others or simply continue interacting with them.

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Research in nonverbal communication has uncovered some of the cues that lead to greater liking and attraction, particularly in initial encounters.

This cluster of body language cues is referred to as cues of “immediacy” (Andersen, 1985; Mehrabian, 1971).

What are these cues that trigger instant likability?

Eye Contact. Looking into another’s eyes is a cue of immediacy—it shows interest and attentiveness.

Forward Lean and Physical Distance.
 
keable (adj.)
also likable, 1730, a hybrid from like (v.) + -able. Related: Likeableness. Middle English had likeworthy (from Old English licwyrðe "agreeable, acceptable").
also from 1730
Entries linking to likeable
-able 
common termination and word-forming element of English adjectives (typically based on verbs) and generally adding a notion of "capable of; allowed; worthy of; requiring; to be ______ed," sometimes "full of, causing," from French -able and directly from Latin -abilis. It is properly -ble, from Latin -bilis (the vowel being generally from the stem ending of the verb being suffixed), and it represents PIE *-tro-, a suffix used to form nouns of instrument, cognate with the second syllables of English rudder and saddle (n.).
A living element in English, used in new formations from either Latin or native words (readable, bearable) and also with nouns (objectionable, peaceable). Sometimes with an active signification (suitable, capable), sometimes of neutral signification (durable, conformable). It has become very elastic in meaning, as in a reliable witness, a playable foul ball, perishable goods. A 17c. writer has cadaverable "mortal."

To take a single example in detail, no-one but a competent philologist can tell whether reasonable comes from the verb or the noun reason, nor whether its original sense was that can be reasoned out, or that can reason, or that can be reasoned with, or that has reason, or that listens to reason, or that is consistent with reason; the ordinary man knows only that it can now mean any of these, & justifiably bases on these & similar facts a generous view of the termination's capabilities; credible meaning for him worthy of credence, why should not reliable & dependable mean worthy of reliance & dependence? [Fowler]

In Latin, -abilis and -ibilis depended on the inflectional vowel of the verb. Hence the variant form -ible in Old French, Spanish, English. In English, -able tends to be used with native (and other non-Latin) words, -ible with words of obvious Latin origin (but there are exceptions). The Latin suffix is not etymologically connected with able, but it long has been popularly associated with it, and this probably has contributed to its vigor as a living suffix.
like (v.)
Old English lician "to please, be pleasing, be sufficient," from Proto-Germanic *likjan (source also of Old Norse lika, Old Saxon likon, Old Frisian likia, Dutch lijken "to suit," Old High German lihhen, Gothic leikan "to please"), from *lik- "body, form; like, same."
The sense development is unclear; perhaps "to be like" (see like (adj.)), thus, "to be suitable." Like (and dislike) originally were impersonal and the liking flowed the other way: "The music likes you not" ["The Two Gentlemen of Verona"]. The modern flow began to appear late 14c. (compare please). Related: Liked; liking.

 

Orienting the body toward the other person, with a slight forward lean, and maintaining some (but not too much) physical closeness.
Smiling.

A pleasant face is always eval‎uated more positively than a frown.
Facial and Gestural Animation.

We positively eval‎uate others who seem energetic and animated. Stiff, non-expressive body language is a turnoff.

Expressive, animated others draw us in.
Warm and Expressive Tone of Voice.

Just as in facial animation, we are more drawn to persons who put emotion into their voices and those whose voice tone is warm and inviting.

Other Cues. If appropriate, touch can be a cue of immediacy.

A slight touch on an arm, or a warm greeting—such as offering to shake hands—is also good for making that initial good impression, and creating a sense of connectedness.

Of course, you can overdo it. It is important to regulate these cues of immediacy.

For instance, avoiding eye contact is a turnoff, as is too much staring. Getting too close and invading someone’s personal space is another no-no.

And, being overly expressive and emotional can also lead to a negative initial impression.

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New Study on Cues of Immediacy
In a recent study, published in the Journal of Nonverbal Behavior (Lu & Guerrero, 2023), it was found that cues of immediacy can be important when meeting strangers, even via video/Zoom meetings.

Immediacy cues can even break down cultural stereotypes.

In this study, students met on Zoom, with a fellow student, who was actually a confederate of the experiment. The confederates were introduced as either another U.S. student or a Middle Eastern student. In different conditions, the confederates either displayed high or low levels of nonverbal immediacy cues.

Before the Zoom meeting, the student participants were presented with information about the stranger (e.g., whether they were a U.S. or Middle Eastern student, as well as their likes and dislikes). Students rated their likability of the stranger initially from the provided information, and again after the Zoom meeting.

THE BASICS
What Is Body Language?
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As predicted, both U.S. and Middle Eastern confederates who displayed more nonverbal immediacy cues were rated more highly than those who did not engage in body language cues of immediacy. Moreover, immediacy helped to overcome some of the bias against Middle Eastern students.

Conclusion: Body language cues of immediacy are important when meeting new people. Think about this the next time you are going on a job interview, going to a social function, or, perhaps, even in your job when you are trying to get close to a customer or associate.