|
advise | allow | convince | remind |
encourage | force | hire | teach |
instruct | invite | permit | tell |
implore | incite | appoint | order |
Examples:
In all of these examples an actor is required after the italicized main (finite) verb and before the infinitive direct-object phrase.
5형식으로도 쓰이고 3형식으로도 쓰이는 동사 Verbs that use either pattern:
ask | expect | (would) like | want | need |
Examples:
In all of these examples the italicized main verb can take an infinitive object with or without an actor
부정사구가 3형식으로 쓰인 경우 부정사의 동작자는 주어가 된다
즉 I asked to see the records. 에서 see 를 하는건 주어이다
라. causative 사역동사;
사역동사는
주어의 동작이 원인을 유발하여 목적이 목적보어의 상태로 만들게 하는 불완전 타동사를 말하고
let, have, get, help 등이 있다
목보로 명사/형용사나 각각의 상당어가 쓰이고
명사상당어로는 명사구, 동명사구, 부정사구 및 명사절이 있고
형용사 상당어로는 형용사구, 현분사구, 과분사구 및 부정사구가 있다
* 부정사구는 명사나 형용사 두 역할을 하기에 의미상 둘 중 하나로 될 수 있으나
목보는 목적을 수식한다는 의미에서 형용사 역할로 한다
1. 사역동사의 목보가 명사/구/절
ㄱ. 명사/구/절
명사가 주격보어로 쓰이듯 목적격 보어로도 쓰이고
목적 = 목보이므로
목적 is 목보
주어 is 보어 구조의 독립문으로 만들 수도 있다
* 명사 상당어인 명사구, 동명사구, 부정사구 및 명사절도 목보로 쓰일 수 있다
“Blessed is the man who makes [the Lord] [his trust]” (Psalm 40:4).
[the Lord] = [his trust]
[the Lord] is [his trust]
When you construct a plan for introducing your children to Jesus,
you may want to make [your motto] [“the earlier the better.”]
I was often frustrated /because I couldn't make [our home] [the sanctuary I wanted it to be].
It is your faith in the Anointed Jesus that makes [all of you] [children of God]
Psalm 40:3 reminds me () God will give me a new song /when I make [praise] [the habit of my heart and mouth]:
Dear Lord, please forgive me when I make everything [all about me].
You have made [my days] [a mere hand-breadth].
We know () He gave Himself up /completely /to make [her] His own,
that makes me [a rock star].
me = [a rock star].
me is [a rock star].
How can we make [our faith] [a more central part of our family celebrations]?
[our faith] = [a more central part of our family celebrations]
Are you ready to start making [your passions and God-given talents] [a priority]?
It is mercy /because by willing
and humble surrender to it Man undoes his act of rebellion
ㄴ. 사역동사 목보가 동명사
사역동사의 목보로 쓰이는 동명사는 아직 본적 없으나
일반 5형식동사의 목보로는 쓰임
ㄷ. 사역동사 목보가 명사절
Lord, take my life and make me [what you want me to be].
Your past may have made [you] [who you are today].
2. 사역동사의 목보가 목보가 형용사
ㄱ. 형용사
Endris pulled his board close and crawled onto it.
you have a couple of problems that might make contacts difficult for you to wear.
God did not give us a spirit //that makes us afraid
Satan has led many astray. (many = astray)
It ignites; it gets things hot.
He’s made them really clear.
We forget that he is with us by his precious Holy Spirit, and that we make him sorrowful when we're not careful how we talk,
Are your kids observing anything at home that makes them insecure?
I had a tooth out the other day,
Evil begins, in a universe //where all was good, from free will,
which was permitted /because it makes [possible] [the greatest good of all].
ㄴ. 사역동사 목보가 원형부정사
Let the whole world [know what he has done].
“Let your ‘Yes’ be ‘Yes,’ and your ‘No,’ ‘No’”
God made [this sinless man] [be a sin offering on our behalf], so that in union with him we might fully share in God's righteousness.
And let [the peace that comes from Christ] [rule in your hearts].
Let [the peace of Christ] [rule in your hearts]
These kinds of leading questions can help [the person () we’re conversing with] [reach the appropriate conclusion on their own].
One day, they’d report on a Florida farmer who let 250 acres of cucumber, zucchini, yellow squash, and bell pepper rot on the vine because there were no restaurants or cafeterias to sell to
*** 예외경우
[The person /coming to God] can’t claim () they have never sinned; that would make God out to be a liar
He made [the One who did not know sin] [to be sin for us], so that we might become the righteousness of God in Him.
* 목보로 쓰인 원형부정사와 to 부정사 차이
사역동사의 목보에 to 부정사가 쓰이고 않쓰이는 이유;
원형은 사역에 쓰여 자원이 아닌 의무나 강제로 된다는 의미이고
to 부정사는 목적의 자의적인 의지로 하는 것임을 표시한다
I made my brother carry the suitcase. 억지로 시키다
I had my brother carry the suitcase 의무감으로 자원하게 만들다
I got my brother to carry the suitcase. 자의지로 하게 설득하다
같은 맥락으로 help 동사도 전적인 도움 의존이면 원형
도움 + 자의지이면 to 부정사로 쓴다
He helped me learn. 도움에 전적으로 의지한 공부
He helped me to learn. 도움을 받아 스스로도 한 공부
ㄷ. 사역동사 목보가 현분사
And soon he has us looking backwards and looking within
we’re getting away /from the physical senses and getting our hearts moving toward the things //that are unseen and eternal.
ㄹ. 사역동사 목보가 과분사
The composition of the male eye makes it attuned /to motion and direction
* it = eye
Have [the storms of your own life] [left you doubting the goodness of God today]?
Wouldn’t you like to have that description attached to your own name
Make yourself heard.
‘In everything, by prayer and supplication, with thanksgiving, make your requests known to God’
who searches out the deep things of God /to make them known to believers. (them = the deep things of God)
Have you ever had your heart broken?
My 11-year-old self had her hopes once again dashed,
Has my encouragement ever made you feel transformed or “healed”?
Get him or her involved in the best church youth program you can find.
He makes things happen for the advancement of the Father’s purposes.
* 목적과 목보가 도치된 경우; 강조나 명확성 이유로 쓰임
Give praise to the Lord, proclaim his name;
make [known among the nations] [what he has done]
=> make [what he has done] [known among the nations]
* 과분사는 수동상태 설명 말고도 이미 완료된 동작상태 설명도 한다 ;
plowed snow 치워진 눈, fallen snow 이미 내려져 있는 눈
ㅁ. 사역동사 목보가 전치사구
It’s not only tech luminaries //who try to keep [thoughts of their mortality] [at bay].
전치사구를 생략하면 의미가 달라지므로 전치사구는 필수요소인 목보가 됨;
He locked [his keys], keep [thoughts of their mortality]
마. 감각동사 5형식
주어가 perceive 인식/감각한다 목적이 목보 동작이나 상태인걸로
It was so exactly like the sort of thing they had heard him [say long ago]
Can you see [how the words I choose] [set the stage for my husband’s response]?
'I saw her playing football'
= When I saw her she was playing. We assume that the speaker did not
watch the whole game. The game probably continued after the speaker
stopped watching.
Month after month, we saw our bank account diminishing.
* 목보로 쓰인 원형부정사와 과분사 차이
'I saw her playing football'
= When I saw her she was playing. We assume that the speaker did not
watch the whole game. The game probably continued after the speaker
stopped watching.
목보인 부정사와 분사 의미차이; 부정사는 전체, 현분사는 일부장면 묘사
진행중인 그 한순간만 본 것이니 다본것이 아니라는 영어 논리다
http://www.ecenglish.com/learnenglish/lessons/what-are-sense-verbs
We watched him playing basketball.(continuous action)
We watched him play basketball.(continuous action)
I felt my heart pumping vigorously.(continuous action)
I felt my heart pump vigorously.(continuous action)
She saw them jumping on the bed.(continuous action)
She saw them jump on the bed.(one-time action)
Tom heard the victim shouting for help. (continuous action)
Tom heard the victim shout for help.(one-time action)
The detective noticed the suspect biting his nails. (continuous action)
The detective noticed the suspect bite his nails. (one-time action)
We could smell the pie baking in the kitchen. (continuous action)
We could smell the pie bake in the kitchen. (continuous action)
ㄹ. 감각동사 목보가 과분사구
if he feel his conscience troubled with any weighty matter
cf; I feel troubled. s+v+c
And we saw it all destroyed and the sun put out.”
I never hear these discussed as a separate category.
if he feel his conscience troubled with any weighty matter
cf; I feel troubled. s+v+c
That’s why it does me good to hear [what I believe] repeated in your voice.
* 원형부정사구와 과분사의 의미차이
(1) I heard [her] call my name. 원형부정사는 목적의 능동동작
나는 들었다/ 그녀가 내 이름을 부르는 것을
(2) I heard [my name] called by her. 과분사는 목적이 당하는 동작
나는 들었다/ 내 이름이 불리는 것을/ 그녀에 의해서)
[The last instructions () Jesus left His Church] should shape our worship.
Jesus left [His Church] [The last instructions]
* leave; 8b. To cause or permit to be or remain: left myself plenty of time. 5형식
바. 일반동사 5형식
목적과 목보는 주어와 보어관계와 같다; 목적 = 목보
ㄱ. 일반동사 5형식 목보가 형용사/구
I find his question odd.
그의 질문이 이상한 상태
finds it difficult 에서 it = difficult 로 설명된다
Endris pulled [his board] close and crawled onto it.
The law was ruled unconstitutional.
I think it [quite legitimate] to feel that such things give an added interest to a person who is nice on other grounds.
the kind () he will find acceptable.
It is, no doubt, impossible to prevent his praying for his mother, but we have means of rendering [the prayers] innocuous.
Why would a world religion not consider [an atonement /necessary /for redemption] [unless], in their view,
You’d think [me] [simply phony] if I told you how I felt about my own arms.
it is the sign of the love of God. Never sympathize with someone
who finds it difficult to get to God; God is not to blame.
it = to get to God
You have judged [yourself] [inferior] /based on shifting standards.
washing her clean /of all her impurity /with water and the powerful presence of His word.
If you find that incomprehensible, you’re right.
ㄴ. 일반동사 5형식 목보가 명사/구
We find [God] [an interruption]. 목적이 목보인 명사로 재설명되는 것으로 발견되다/알게되다
Yet we will not seek it in Him /as long as he leaves [us] [any other resort //where it can even plausibly be looked for].
the Nazis stole Jewish property, and called [what they were doing] “aryanization.”
But the apostle also encountered people //who were opposed to him and caused [him] [trouble].
You do not yet look so happy /as I mean you to be.
God caused [the one who didn't know sin] [to be sin for our sake] so that through him we could become the righteousness of God.
I believe this to be no good reason for ceasing our prayers.
I want you to come. 목적의 동작 즉 오는 동작을 목적인 you 가 함
주의; 부정사구를 4형식의 직목으로 보는 견해도 있고 의미도 성립되나
다른 4형식의 경우와는 달리
주어의 본동작의 결과로 목적이 목보로 쓰인 부정사의 동작을 한다는 의미에서
5형식이 더 설득력이 있다
4형식으로 설명된 부정사구
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/627/03/
The infinitive phrase functions as the direct object of the verb asked.
me (actor or "subject" of infinitive phrase)
to bring (infinitive)
some food (direct object of action expressed in infinitive)
The infinitive phrase functions as the direct object of the verb wanted.
Carol (actor or "subject" of infinitive phrase)
to be (infinitive)
the captain (subject complement for Carol, via state of being expressed in infinitive)
of the team (prepositional phrase as adjective)
he explained that I would have to wear a contact in my left eye //that allowed me to see up close and a different strength contact in the right eye for distance.
They consider themselves to be Europeans.
For as members of one body you are called [to live in peace]
5형식이 아닌 3형식
we make efforts /to get rid of something else.
목적이 목보/부정사의 동작을 하는게 아니고 주어가 의도하는 동작임
4형식의 경우 부정사구를 직목으로 보고 간목은 부정사의 동작자로 설명한다
특이할건 사역동사의 목보로 부정사가 쓰이면 to 없는 원형 부정사로 쓰는데
이는 목적이 자신의 의지와는 상관없이 주어의 의지 때문에 사역적으로 한다는 의미가 있고
to 가 없으므로 부정사의 잠재성이 상실되어 마치 본동사와 비슷한 동작동사로 보이는 효과도 있다
허나 to 부정사로 쓰면 목적의 의지로 부정사의 동작을 한다는 의미다
5형식 도치문; 목보가 목적 앞에 나옮
We consider blessed [those who have persevered.]
who searches out the deep things of God /to make them known to believers.
In fact, he seemed to give up /on life, and before long, arthritis and other problems left him paralyzed.
him = paralyzed
he is paralyzed
A two-year crash-and-burn battle with clinical depression left me absolutely broken and helpless
When my father heard /about Penny’s sad state, he drove seven hundred miles /to bring him home.
He found our dog curled up in a little ball, unable to move.
we suggest that you keep your strong-willed teen involved in healthy activities.
Rain had kept us confined indoors all day.
you keep your strong-willed teen involved in healthy activities.
Eliab called him conceited a
he consider nothing sacred and defile what is holy ( sacred 는 형용사임)
Wouldn’t you like to have that description attached to your own name
they may even do us good /if they keep the man concerned with
himself,
* My supervisor considers [his least favorite duty] [dealing with customers].
* The teacher declared [the extra credit homework] [writing a report].
* The game show host will announce [the final challenge] [scaling the rock wall].
[What we call ‘being in love’] is a glorious state. (we call what 'being in love')
동명사구와 현분사구 비교
1. I don't call [being left behind] [living alone].
2. I kept it being alive.
1번은 동명사구가 목보로 쓰인 경우고 2번은 현재분사가 목보로 쓰인 경우인데
명사가 목보로 쓰이는 경우는 목적어를 다른 명사로 재설명하는는 역할이라 동격관계가 되나
현분사가 목보로 쓰이는 경우는 목적의 상태설명인 형용사 역할이라는 점에서 서로 다르다
1. [being left behind] = [living alone]. 명사 = 명사
2. it = being alive. 명사 = 형용사
she don't call [being left behind] [living alone].
My supervisor considers [his least favorite duty] [dealing with customers].
We have done this through the poets and novelists by persuading the humans that
a curious experience //which they call ‘being in love’ is the only respectable ground for marriage
(they call a curious experience ‘being in love’)
They douse the vehicles with barbecue lighter fluid and set them on fire
* Most critics consider [one theme of the story] [what you wrote about in your final paragraph].
* I declare [the problem] [that you do not want to learn about grammar].
5형식 문장 예문
I thought him a very nice young man.
Man undoes his act of rebellion
You would not call [a man] [humane] for ceasing to set mousetraps /if he did so
/because he believed there were no mice in the house.
* humane. 형 :marked by compassion, sympathy, or consideration for humans or animals.What more can you do /to make [each other and your family] [feel secure]?
I was the one //who insisted (that) Titus come to you
(1) I saw a gentleman (to enter/enter) the conference room.
(2) You should listen to the teacher (to explain/explain) the theory.
(3) I noticed the woman (tended/tend) to be partial and arrogant.
(4) She felt the children (insult/to insult) her much.
(5) They looked at the lion (taking/to take) care of its baby.
(6) The lady observed the young (to help/help) the poor without saying a word.
(7) I could hear the dog (to bark/barking) at a strange man violently.
(8) The machine was seen (be/to be) used by many people.
(9) The musician was watched (sing and dance/to sing and dance) to the music.
A SWAT team was ready to blow it open and rush the store.
Even as a child, she could get these no-nonsense animals to do tricks no one in her family could,
like make them line up and roll over.
A boy’s autonomic nervous system causes them to be more alert when they’re standing,
His son reported him missing and said he was prone to sleepwalking,
Stress in boys, he says, tends to increase blood flow to their brains, a process that helps them stay focused.
"They uncovered things that literally made your jaw open,
make them [line up and roll over].
It's called shoulder-tapping. It's a term I learned during middle school and, sadly, later witnessed (V) my peers(O) demonstrate(OC).
Keep it clean and you’ll get a nice, tight seal, keeping the cool air /where it belongs, in the fridge.
* /where it belongs 나 in the fridge 둘다 목적보어 같이도 보이지만
동사수식 부사역할로도 의미가 성립하므로 동사수식 부역으로 취급한다
If you keep [the fire of your relationship] well tended with romance, you’ll enjoy its warmth throughout your marriage.
When we were in college, he'd have us come back and coach American Legion.
Today, Barta and his assistants spend as much time helping players figure out what they want to do with their lives
as they do on the intricacies of game plays.
helping players figure out what they want to do with their lives
And if we make our own inability [a stumbling block or an excuse not to be obedient],
v o oc
it means that we are telling God that there is something which He has not yet taken into account.
the reader would infer the [‘d] to be a contraction of had.
When exposed to threat and confrontation, blood goes to their guts,leaving them feeling nervous or anxious.
But some of the kids — about 20% — say they ask their mom or dad to help them work out a solution to the problem.
push you to be more than what they say you can be.
요 부정사구의 동작자는 목적인 you 이기에 편의상 5 형식으로 함
* 사역동사의 경우 목보/원형이나 to 부정사는 목적의 동작안것과 같은 유형이기 때문임
It is not that people think [this] [too high and difficult a virtue]:
명 명
it is that they think [it] [hateful and contemptible].
명 형
*** 5형식 같으나 3형식인 문장
When all is said and done, it honors God
/when we make [every effort to love well and align our heart with the teachings of His Word].
부정사구 to love ~ and (to) aline ~ 은 형용사역할로 앞명사 effort 수식이다So the next time your spouse leaves you stranded by mistake, remember Bob Meisner. 5형식 보어로 쓰인 과분사
You can stew for hours sitting on the curb—or get up and wash a few windshields.
3형식에 명사 수식어인 형용사구로 쓰인 현분사