Anaphoric, Cataphoric, Exophoric Words
(1) "anaphoric" (referring upward or backward to previously mentioned words),
(2) "cataphoric" (referring downward or forward to subsequent words), or
(3) "exophoric" (referring to something outside the text).
Reference is the fact of using certain items in order to interpret something else, i.e. the information is to be retrieved from elsewhere in the text. This is achieved by the use of pronouns, such as personal (he, she, they, her, him...), possessive (mine, yours...), demonstrative (this, that, these...) and comparative (similarly, likewise, such...).
This distinction of reference is a basis for a subdivision into:
I. Endophoric Reference
An endophoric reference refers to something inside of the text in which the reference is found.
Both anaphoric and cataphoric forms are endophoric reference, a reference to items in the text.
1. Anaphoric Reference:
when the pronoun refers back to a noun which has previously appeared in the text.
An anaphoric reference, when opposed to cataphora, refers to something within a text that has been previously identified.
eg 1, in "Susan dropped the plate. It shattered loudly,"
-- the word it refers to the phrase, "the plate".
eg 2. Mr. Smith lives in London. He is a friend of mine.
2. Cataphoric Reference:
When the pronoun precedes the noun it replaces.
A cataphoric reference refers to something within a text that has not yet been identified.
eg 1, in "Since he was very cold, David promptly put on his coat,"
-- the identity of he is unknown until the individual is also referred to as "David".
e.g .2, I asked him to come with me, but John refused, arguing a work to finish.
e.g. 3, (2020년 임용시험 전공영어 A-5번 기출문제)
Oh, wait on her jacket. I found this. There is a letter P on it.
II. Exophoric Reference
An exophoric reference refers to language outside of the text in which the reference is found.
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