[형태론] compound의 종류 - endocentric compound vs exocentric compound

[Dio Jin 교수]

두개 이상의 단어가 합쳐져서 하나의 단어를 형성할 때, 그 새로운 단어를 compound라고한다

보통은 compound의 의미가 오른쪽 단어의 의미를 투영할 때가 많고, (에:armchair의 경우, 일종의 의자)

compound의 품사도 오른쪽단어의 품사를 따르는 경우가 많은데,

이것을 right-headed rule이라고 한다

Most English compound nouns are endocentric. This means that the central meaning of the compound is carried by the head. The head of English compounds is on the right. In some cases, though, the central meaning isn't carried by the head. Such compounds are called exocentric.

<The right-heded rule>
The head is the part of a word or phrase that determines its broad meaning and grammatical category. Thus, when the two words fall into different categories, the class of the second or final word determines the grammatical category of the compound

head의 의미가 투영되는 복합어를 endocentric compound

head의 의미가 반영되지 않고, 아주 새로운 의미가 생긴경우는 exocentric compound로 구분한다.

1. Endocentric compound

The English compounds newspaper, textbook, classroom, handbag and bookstore are examples of endocentric compounds. The central meaning of each one is carried by the second word of the compound. For example, a newspaper is a kind of paper and a textbook is a kind of book.

2. Exocentric compound

With exocentric compounds, however, the central meaning of the compound isn't conveyed by the head. The meaning is external to the literal meaning of the compound. Examples of exocentric compounds include scarecrow, redhead, pickpocket, showoff and paperback. They're called exocentric because a scarecrow isn't a kind of crow and a redhead isn't a kind of head. A scarecrow is an object designed to scare not only crows but all birds, a redhead is a person with red hair, a pickpocket is a person who steals from people's pockets, a showoff is a person who shows off, and a paperback is a book which is paper-bound.

compound를 분류하는 다른 방식도 있다

Syntactic compounding vs. Lexical compounding

1. Syntactic compounding:

one can always figure out what a syntactic compound means. Such compounds are formed by regular rules of grammar and they are not listed in a dictionary. --- transparent

Playing quartet is fun.

Quartet playing is fun. (a syntactic compound)

e.g.

birthplace (a place of birth)

bookkeeper (someone keeps the books in order)

washing machine (we wash things with the machine)

moonlight (light provided by the moon)

sunrise (the rising of the sun)

policymaker (someone who devises policies)

2. Lexical compounding:

Where the meaning is not obviously computable, some dictionaries list them as lexical compounding. We cannot figure out what ice cream or iced cream means just from the rules of grammar. ice cream is a lexical compound which has to be looked up in a dictionary like a totally novel word. (if we don’t know the meaning) --- opaque

e.g.

crybaby: (not babies that cry but people who act like babies that cry, i.e.

who complain when anything makes them unhappy.)

bread-winner

breadhead

blue-collar

cf. Phrasal words:

good-for-nothing

made of honor

man of the world

jack-of-all-trades

a ‘devil-may-care’ attitude

a ‘dyed-in-the-wool’ scoundrel

#Compound #CompoundWords #Endocentric #Exocentric #형태론 #음운론

#단어형성규칙 #RighrheadedRule #lexicalCompounding #SyntacticCompounding

#진미주임용전공영어 #지스쿨 #박진이팀 #영어학개론