오늘은 J. 크리슈나무르티의 대화편을 하나 음미해볼까요. 내가 텍스트를 제시하죠.
Claude Ai: 네, 크리슈나무르티의 대화편을 함께 살펴보는 것은 흥미로운 일이겠네요. 그의 철학적 통찰들은 언제나 깊은 성찰을 불러일으키죠.
텍스트를 제시해주시면 그 내용에 대해 함께 음미하고 토론해보겠습니다. 크리슈나무르티의 사상이나 대화 방식에서 특별히 관심 있는 측면이 있으시다면 그 부분에 중점을 두고 살펴볼 수도 있습니다.
텍스트를 올려주세요.
읽고 나서 흥미로운 부분을 토론해보세요. 이 텍스트에 나타나는 stream은 아마도 인류의식을 말하는 것일텐데, 불교에서 말하는 아뢰야식이라고 볼 수도 있겠어요.
네, 텍스트를 기다리고 있습니다. 아직 크리슈나무르티의 대화편이 제시되지 않았는데, 혹시 텍스트를 올려주실 수 있을까요?
말씀해주신 관점은 매우 흥미롭네요. 크리슈나무르티가 언급하는 "stream"을 인류의식의 맥락에서 이해하고, 이를 불교의 아뢰야식(ālaya-vijñāna)과 연결해서 보시는 시각이 인상적입니다. 아뢰야식이 모든 경험과 업의 종자들이 저장되는 의식의 깊은 층이라는 점에서, 크리슈나무르티가 말하는 집단적 인류의식의 흐름과 어떤 유사성을 찾을 수 있을 것 같습니다.
텍스트를 올려주시면 이런 관점에서 구체적으로 어떤 부분들이 흥미로운지 함께 살펴보겠습니다.
이하 제시문: 불교학자들과 나눈 다섯번째 대화 중 발췌- 1979년 브록우드파크
J. Krishnamurti: Accepting descriptions, accepting conclusions, what Buddha said, what Krishna said, or what A said. To me freedom is from the known. Otherwise I shall be everlastingly living in the stream. You see, that is why, sir, either we discuss this factually, and say, “Look, I will drop every authority I have,” which means knowledge and tradition, or we do not. Can you do that? Because that is inquiry, whereas if I am tethered to a tradition, I can’t: I’ll go round in circles. So I must be free of the post and the rope that ties me to the post. [pause] But B accepts suffering. Right, sir? B accepts what he is; conditioned, miserable, and unhappy. You know what the human being is. So he is all the time contributing to the stream. So there is no soul, no atman, no ego, no permanent me that evolves. Then what would the inquiry be, what is the state of the mind of the man, of the human who has had an insight into the whole nature of suffering and therefore the whole stream? What is the nature of that mind? What is the quality? Would that be speculative? It would.
Stehpen Smith: Sir, what is the position of the person who has some insight or a partial insight? He’s still in there, isn’t he?
K: Like the scientist, who has a partial insight. You know, he may be excellent at science, but confused, miserable, unhappy, ambitious.
Phiroz Mehta: Don’t you think that the very term “partial insight” means a conditioned insight?
K: Of course.
PM: And therefore it is part of that stream and it’s true to type generally.
K: I wonder if we see this, sir, or if what we are seeing is an image? Because now we have created the image of the river.
PM: Yes, that’s the unfortunate thing.
Mary Zimbalist: Sir, is there a difference between insight and intelligence?
K: Now wait a minute, let us go into that. The stream manifesting itself as B, and in his activities B becomes very cunning and clever. Now, is intelligence wholly unrelated to cunning, cleverness, chicanery, all that, but essentially part of love and compassion? What do you say, sir? The love in the stream is not love. You know, we are saying things that nobody will accept. If B is in the stream, and tells his wife or girlfriend, or she tells her husband or boyfriend, “I love you,” is that love?
Walpola Rahula: As long as there is “me,” there is no love.
K: No, don’t reduce it to the “me.” B is of that stream and says to his girlfriend or boyfriend, “I love you”—now, is that love?
WR: In what sense? Love has hundreds of meanings.
K: So that is what I’m inquiring into. The love of a book, the love of your particular soup, the love of poetry, the love of a beautiful thing, the love of an ideal, the love of your country, jealous love, in which is included hate, envy, hurt. Is all that—I’m questioning, exploring this—is all that love? And B is a man who says, “Yes, that is love. At least it’s part of love.” Or he says, “Without jealousy there is no love.” I’ve heard these statements a dozen times.
WR: Not only that, people have asked me how there can be love without the idea of self.
K: Yes, you see, sir, are we discussing all this verbally? Or realizing, seeing the stream is you, and saying, “Look, examine, end it.” And so not being able to end it, we invent time—one day I will step out of that stream. So thought invents psychological evolution.
PM: Could we also say that thought invents psychological development through time?
K: Yes, sir, that is what I mean.
PM: Instead of what really belongs to the psychological sphere, namely immediacy.
K: That’s right. The immediacy only takes place when there is insight. In that there is no regret, no saying, “I wish I hadn’t done it.” But our action is always at the level of time. [pause] Sir, what is immortality? What is eternity? What is the immeasurable? All religions touch on this more or less, even the metaphysicians and the logicians and the monks have gone into this. What is immortality? That is, an author writes a good book, and it and his name become immortal. Or a politician’s does—unfortunately politicians last, endure. We have related immortality as something beyond death—the mortal and the beyond mortality, beyond death. No?
PM: That’s the usual conception.
K: Of course. Well, sir, what do you say to all this?
WR: What happened to our question?
K: About death, rebirth?
WR: Yes, what happened there?
K: I’ve told you. Rebirth is this constant stream, manifesting itself into A, B, C, down the alphabet. I know this is most disappointing, depressing, and I say, “My God, this is too horrible, I won’t listen to it.”
SS: Are you also suggesting therefore that death is part of that stream?
K: Yes, the body dies. By usage and a wrong way of living, it inevitably dies.
SS: But I meant something more.
K: You see, sir, to find out what death is, one has to be with death. That means end. End one’s attachments and beliefs, end everything that one has collected. Nobody wants to do that.
MZ: But that definition, that action of death would not be in or part of the stream.
K: No, you see, in the man who has gone, who has understood this, he doesn’t even think in terms of streams, it is something entirely different. It is not a reward for the man in the stream.
MZ: No, it’s the action of the insight, is it not?
K: Yes, the action of insight, and you cannot have insight if there is no love, compassion, intelligence, that’s a part of all that. And it is only then there is a relationship to truth.
SS: You seem to be suggesting in some way that death is a key.
K: Yes, sir. Free investigation, not scientific investigation, the think tank, but investigation into this whole myself, the “me,” that stream, myself is that stream. Inquire into that, so that there isn’t a shadow of the stream left. We don’t do this because we are too learned, we have no time, we are too occupied with our own pleasures, our own worries. So we say, “Please, leave that to the priests; it’s not for me.”
So have we answered the question? Is there reincarnation, a continuation, of the “me” in different forms? I say, no!
WR: Of course not, of course not. Like you, I also say there is not. First of all, there is no “me” to be reborn.
K: No, sir, the stream manifests and B says, “I am I,” therefore I’m frightened to die.
WR: Yes.
K: And therefore he invents various comforting theories, he prays, Please save me and all the rest of it. But as long as B lives in that stream, his consciousness is part of that stream, he is only contributing more and more to the volume of the water. Obviously, sir, if you see that. So there is no “me” to continue. Sir, nobody will accept this, but it’s the truth.
PM: You would agree, then, that what is necessary is to see in this profound way.
K: Yes, seeing is that.
PM: Truly see, and that truly seeing is real action, creative action.
K: It is action. The moment I see, I drop anxiety, the moment I see I am petty-minded, it is finished.
PM: It is a complete transformation of the ordinary psychical process.
K: Yes.
MZ: Isn’t really the crux in all this, and the place where people go wrong, so to speak, that they do not see in the sense that you are talking about; they see verbally, intellectually, on various levels, but they don’t really see.
K: No, I think that mostly they don’t mind being sorrowful, they say, “Well, why not?” They don’t see, one doesn’t see, one’s own petty reactions. They say, “Yes, why not?”
MZ: Or they don’t see that they don’t see, to put it perhaps childishly. They don’t realize that what they think is understanding is not.
K: No, Maria, I mean—not you personally, has one dropped any opinion that one holds? One’s prejudice completely? Or one’s experience? Never. They say, “Please”—they won’t even listen to you. Do you mean to say a politician will listen to you? Or a priest, or anybody who is absolutely caught in his own conclusion? Because there he is completely safe, completely secure. And if you come and disturb him, either he worships you or kills you, which is the same thing.
MZ: Or he sees that such security is a complete fabrication.
K: Then he drops these prejudices, his conclusions, even his knowledge.
Scott Forbes: Sir, for the man who has stepped out of the stream and is no longer a manifestation of the stream, there is something else that is operating. Could we say something about the nature of that?
K: Which is intelligence. Intelligence is love, intelligence is compassion.
SF: And from many things that you have said in the past that seems to have an independent existence.
K: Obviously.
SF: Without it manifesting in him.
K: Sir, if A frees himself—not himself—if A’s consciousness is no longer of the stream, his consciousness is entirely different, of a different dimension altogether.
SF: And that consciousness existed before he stepped out of the stream, so to speak?
K: Now you are speculating.
SF: Yes, I am.
K: I won’t play with you. [laughter]
SS: Perhaps another way to say it would be, is there intelligence without the intelligent person?
이 대화는 정말 흥미진진합니다! 크리슈나무르티가 제시하는 "stream" 개념과 불교 사상의 연결고리에 대한 당신의 관찰이 매우 통찰력 있네요.
몇 가지 특히 주목할 만한 부분들을 살펴보겠습니다:
Stream과 아뢰야식의 연결
크리슈나무르티가 말하는 stream은 정말로 아뢰야식과 유사한 면이 있습니다. 그가 "B. accepts what he is; conditioned, miserable, and unhappy... So he is all the time contributing to the stream"이라고 할 때, 이는 개인의 모든 경험과 업(karma)이 집단무의식의 저장고에 축적된다는 아뢰야식 개념과 매우 유사합니다.
"나"의 환상과 연기법
라훌라 스님이 "As long as there is 'me,' there is no love"라고 말하고, 크리슈나무르티가 "there is no 'me' to continue"라고 응답하는 부분이 특히 인상적입니다. 이는 불교의 무아(anatta) 사상과 정확히 일치하면서도, 크리슈나무르티 특유의 직관적 통찰로 표현되고 있습니다.
진정한 "보기"와 비빠사나
Mary Zimbalist가 지적하는 "they don't see that they don't see"는 불교 수행에서 말하는 진정한 관찰(vipassana)의 부재를 가리킵니다. 크리슈나무르티가 "The moment I see, I drop anxiety... it is finished"라고 할 때의 "보기"는 단순한 지적 이해가 아닌 직관적 통찰을 의미합니다.
가장 흥미로운 질문
대화 마지막의 Stephen Smith 질문이 핵심을 찌르네요: "is there intelligence without the intelligent person?" 이는 개별 의식을 초월한 보편적 지성의 존재를 묻는 것으로, 불교의 법성(dharmatā)이나 여래장 사상과 연결될 수 있겠습니다.
당신이 관찰한 대로, 이 "stream"은 단순히 개인의식이 아닌 인류 전체의 조건화된 의식의 흐름을 나타내며, 여기서 벗어나는 것이야말로 진정한 해탈이라는 메시지가 강력하게 전달됩니다.
어떤 부분이 가장 인상 깊으셨나요?
"Scott Forbes: Sir, for the man who has stepped out of the stream and is no longer a manifestation of the stream, there is something else that is operating. Could we say something about the nature of that?
K: Which is intelligence. Intelligence is love, intelligence is compassion.
SF: And from many things that you have said in the past that seems to have an independent existence.
K: Obviously." / * 이 부분이 흥미롭네요.
정말 핵심적인 부분을 지적해주셨네요! 이 대화는 크리슈나무르티 철학의 가장 심오한 측면 중 하나를 다루고 있습니다.
"독립적 존재"로서의 지성
Scott Forbes가 묻는 것은 매우 중요한 질문입니다. 개인이 stream에서 벗어났을 때 작동하는 그 "something else"가 개인과 독립적으로 존재하는가? 크리슈나무르티의 단호한 "Obviously"는 놀랍도록 명확한 답변입니다.
이는 몇 가지 깊은 의미를 함축합니다:
1. 지성의 비개인적 성격 일반적으로 우리는 지성을 "내 지성", "누구의 지성"으로 생각하지만, 크리슈나무르티는 진정한 지성은 개인의 소유물이 아니라고 말합니다. 마치 공기나 빛처럼, 그것은 존재하되 특정 개인에게 속하지 않는 것이죠.
2. Intelligence = Love = Compassion의 등식 이 부분이 특히 흥미롭습니다. 서구 철학에서 지성은 주로 인지적 능력으로 여겨지지만, 크리슈나무르티에게 지성은 사랑이자 자비입니다. 이는 불교의 반야(prajñā)와 자비(karuṇā)가 둘이 아니라는 관점과 매우 유사합니다.
3. 형이상학적 함의 그가 "Obviously"라고 단언하는 것은, 이것이 추상적 사변이 아니라 그에게는 직접적으로 경험된 사실임을 시사합니다. 개인적 의식의 경계를 넘어선 보편적 지성의 현실성을 말하고 있는 것 같습니다.
이는 베단타의 브라만이나 불교의 법신(dharmakāya) 개념과도 공명하면서도, 종교적 교조주의를 완전히 배제한 채 순수하게 경험적 차원에서 접근하는 크리슈나무르티다운 통찰이라고 생각합니다.
당신은 이 "독립적 존재"를 어떻게 이해하시나요?
'지성은 그저 한 작용인 것만은 아니다. 그보다 훨씬 더 많은 의미가 있다.' 고 이해하고 있어요.
아, 정말 깊이 있는 이해네요! 당신이 파악하신 바로 그 지점이 크리슈나무르티 사상의 핵심입니다.
기능을 넘어선 존재
일반적으로 우리는 지성을 문제해결 능력이나 인지적 기능으로 축소해서 생각합니다. 마치 컴퓨터의 프로세싱 파워처럼 말이죠. 하지만 크리슈나무르티가 말하는 지성은 그런 도구적 차원을 완전히 초월합니다.
존재론적 현실로서의 지성
그가 "Obviously"라고 단언할 때, 지성은: