분사구 예문

[soso]

What is a participle?

A participle is a verb form /used as an adjective. It modifies a noun or pronoun.

(바로 요 used 가 동사형태지만 형용사역할로 명사수식하는걸 분사라한다)

http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/phrases.htm
Present participles, verbals ending in -ing, and past participles, verbals that end in -ed (for regular verbs) or other forms (for irregular verbs), are combined with complements and modifiers and become part of important phrasal structures.

Participial phrases always act as adjectives.

When they begin a sentence, they are often set off by a comma (as an introductory modifier);

otherwise, participial phrases will be set off by commas if they are parenthetical elements.

현분사 Present participles end in -ing ending! 능동상태 설명

과분사 Past participles end in : -d, -ed, -t, or -en endings! 수동상태 설명

케임브리지 영영사전 정의

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/participle

분사 participle; 

the form of a verb that usually ends in "ed" or "ing" and is used as an adjective:

The University of Illinois
Participial Phrases
http://www.cws.illinois.edu/workshop/writers/verbals/

Participial Phrases are present participles or past participles and any modifiers, objects, or complements. Participial phrases contain verbs which act as adjectives in a sentence.

Examples:

• Singing very softly, the boy lulled his baby brother to sleep. (the participial phrase works as an adjective, modifying "boy")
• The girls, frightened by the police car's headlights, quickly came down from the school's roof. (the participial phrase works as an adjective, modifying "girls")

Examples of Participles

분사/구가 쓰이는 유형은

1. 명사를 제한수식하는 형용사 역할로 명사 전후; Extinguish flaming spears /hurled at you /from the wicked one.

2. 비제한 삽입적으로 쓰여 앞 명사에 설명 추가 The poor horse, ridden to exhaustion, could stand.

3. 주어 수식으로 문두나 문미에 쓰여 주어의 본동작과 관련된 준동작 상태 즉 부대상황 설명이 된다

문두; Working rapidly, we completed the task in record time. 주어가 분사의 준동작을 하는 주체임; 속히 일하면서~

문미; I spent less time /contemplating where he was. 주어가 분사의 준동작을 하는 주체임; 숙고하면서 시간을 보내다

***주의***

콤마로 분리되어 삽입구로 문미에 쓰인 분사구는 앞명사 수식일 수도 있고 주어 수식일 수도 있으므로

분사의 능동/수동 주체/동작자를 잘 선별하여

명사수식이면 "분사구의 내용으로 설명되는 명사"로 해석하고

주어 수식이면 분사구의 준동작을 하면서, 한 후 또는 하기에 등등 부대상황에 따른 해석을 한다

Their husbands are physically and emotionally “elsewhere,” pursuing careers, hobbies, or both. 주어수식

he spotted a huge swell /building behind him, curling with white foam. 명사 swell 수식

Example

# 1 - Working rapidly, we completed the task in record time. 주어수식

(Completed is the verb. Working is the participle; it is used as an adjective to modify the pronoun we)

Example # 2 - The poor horse, ridden to exhaustion, could stand. 주어수식

(could stand is the verb. Ridden is the participle, used as an adjective to modify the noun horse.)

Example # 3 - They were trapped in an abandoned mine. 명사수식

(Were trapped is the verb. Abandoned is the participle, used as an adjective to modify the noun mine)

가. 명사/대명사 수식 분사/구

현분사와 과분사는 능동과 수동차이
즉 분사의 수식을 받는 명사/대명사가
분사의 동작을 하면 능동 의미인 현분사
분사의 동작을 못하면/당하면 수동 의미인 과분사를 쓴다

Don’t forget [to raise the shield of faith above all else],
so you will be able to extinguish flaming spears /hurled at you /from the wicked one.

*flaming spears /hurled at~ 를 형절로 설명하자면

 spears that is flaming  능동태

 spears that is hurled at~ 수동태

Children with Autism, Down Syndrome, ADHD, paralysis, behavioral disorders and undiagnosed but devastating symptoms.

He looked at me with questioning eyes

And then one or other dies. And we think of this as love /cut short; like a dance /stopped in mid-career

or a flower with its head unluckily /snapped off

—something /truncated and therefore, lacking its due shape.

Steve was struck /by the broken lives surrounding him.

Yet these youngsters are still innocent lambs /entering a world /filled with hungry wolves;

After days /spent ignoring and avoiding the problem in my house, I changed my tactics.

=> I spent days /ignoring and avoiding the problem in my house, I changed my tactics.

분사의 동작은 본문 주어인 '나'가 함

수동태는 능동태로 고쳐서 구조를 이해함

My temperature was rising. I was suddenly feeling closed in by the cars /surrounding me.
A frustrating “no” may be setting the stage for a forthcoming “yes.”

Your enemy the devil prowls around /like a roaring lion looking for someone to devour.

I spent less time /contemplating where he was 주어수식 현분사구

I was convinced () I would be able to make a living /selling gumballs.

It was a term /used for the signature on an IOU, a signed document /acknowledging a debt.

Life magazine photo of an anguished mother clutching her dead infant in drought-ravaged Africa

[One of the most disturbing trends /in today’s society] is [the increasing incidence of kids killing kids].

And then I saw something like a sea /made of glass /mixed with fire /flashing through it.

And yet, doubts don’t make us broken believers,

just broken people /living in a world //where things break our hearts — and God’s.

In the five-story domed screen /covering 6532 square feet of projection surface, large images put you in the center of the action

The holidays are just around the corner. For some people, that thought spurs exciting memories of beautifully decorated tables /filled with scrumptious meals, festive shopping trips, extended family time, brightly wrapped gifts under a tree … the “Walton” kind of holiday.

“[The effects of violence in the media] are measurable and long lasting.

Moreover, prolonged viewing of media violence can lead /to emotional desensitization /toward violence in real life.”

Pulling my clothes on, I went through a quick checklist of gear: crab net, bucket, towel, string, bait. My stomach turned

/at the thought of the raw chicken necks /in the refrigerator. Why are crabs attracted /to such disgusting things? I wondered. Then I laughed /to myself. [Part of what attracted my son /to this “sport”] was the chance /to watch me cringe at the sight of raw chicken /hanging on a string.

And we think of this /as love /cut short; like a dance /stopped in mid-career or a flower with its head unluckily /snapped off —something /truncated and therefore, lacking its due shape.

* shory; Abruptly; quickly:

James felt a sickening sensation as the van veered across the oncoming lane,

So since we find ourselves fashioned into all these excellently formed and marvelously functioning parts in Christ’s body,

let’s just go ahead and be [what we were made to be],

I envied her gauzy dresses, loosely catching a whispered breeze. I wanted to feel pretty and feminine and put together again.
I probably wouldn’t wear wide-brimmed hats /woven of sun-bleached straw and cinched /with a strawberry ribbon,

I am grateful /for the ongoing work of Jesus in my life and the undeserved grace given to me through his sacrificial display of humility.

The Darwinian mechanism of mutation and natural selection explains everything about life, we’re told—except how it began. “Assume a self-replicating cell /containing information /in the form of genetic code,” Darwinists are forced to say.

Tomorrow I’ll talk about the firestorm/ ignited by this outstanding book and do my part /to set the record straight.

Each bears truth and wisdom /designed by the Creator to guide and protect you and your children from harm.

When the plane came /to rest in a field, it left a trail of debris and pieces of the sheared-off tail /scattered on the runway.

It was a man wearing a tattered rag of a coat, obviously bought eons ago, and dirty, greasy, worn pants.
“Hi there, baby,” the disheveled man said.

The mother, now almost in tears herself, removed a frayed coat /from the pile of clothes and replaced it with a just-purchased hunter green jacket.

I see a little girl /skipping home from school in the late afternoon sun.
Her dress is a hand‐me‐down /intended for someone two sizes larger. Her shoes are unpolished, and her socks no longer have elastic around the top.

By the way, if you’re interested in Justin Cronin’s trilogy of novels /about man-made monsters /overrunning the planet, my friend Roberto Rivera has written an excellent review of them.

His fellow passengers had broken bones, cuts, burns, bruises.

The result is often devastating, as women tend /to derive their sense of self‐worth from the emotional closeness /achieved through relationships.

He also posted a photo that showed people walking or running away /from the downed plane, including at least a half-dozen //who appeared to have slid down an emergency chute.

Two passengers were killed when the plane, [a Boeing 777 flying from South Korea 동격구], came in at an awkward angle, clipped its tail, careened 측면으로 돌다  from the edge of San Francisco Bay /down the runway and caught fire, according to witnesses and NBC News sources.

she held out scented soaps wrapped in lavender paper.

But the confusion did fade … and I was eventually thrilled /with my improved vision and retrained brain.

Now, why did he create Lucifer? I don't know, but Lucifer was not [created evil].

Yet the first time Danae drove off /in our car alone, it was still a frightening moment / for Mom and Dad!
There is no sweeter sound /than hearing () your teen come / to a complete, controlled stop /in the driveway /after her first solo trip /in the family car.

It may interest you [to know that about a third of all lottery winners go bankrupt /within five years and that another quarter of these instant millionaires wind up /selling their remaining payments /at a discounted rate to pay off debts.

The journey promised  [black sandy beaches /nestled among volcanic rock coves],
[towering African tulip trees with orange-red blossoms], [brimming exotic plants /tucked among bamboo forests],
and [breath-taking vistas of raucous waves /crashing again rocky cliffs].

For a checklist-loving girl, there’s nothing quite /as frustrating /as feeling () you’re getting nothing accomplished.

                                        분사구     전구/부

처음 as 는 부사 다음 as 는 전치사 ; /as frustrating 은 분사구 /as feeling 은 전치사구

We can confidently approach His throne of grace /because of the finished work /done by Jesus Christ.

It may interest you [to know that about a third of all lottery winners go bankrupt /within five years and that another quarter of these instant millionaires wind up /selling their remaining payments /at a discounted rate to pay off debts.

None of us is without the human /craving for appreciation.

Out of the bag came string and dripping chicken pieces /ready to attract our prey.

When faced /with the breakup of her parents’ marriage,
a hurting teenager named Kimberly used the following word picture /in this letter to her father:

This is “a wonderful example of the biblical idea of God’s strength /being made perfect in our weakness.”

a portion of it assigned to them where they might begin the establishment of fixed laws and a regular government,"

and the rest /left in possession of their brethren who preferred remaining in their original condition.

In other words, Seales has [the technology /to read a crumbling book //that has been closed /for a millennium and a half]—even while it remains closed—Amazing! The technique, Seales says, “can turn [things /thought to be of no value] /into precious objects.”


*** 형용사구 어순: 명사 + 형역전구 + 형역분사구
한 명사를 전치사구나 분사구 두개가 수식하는 경우 전치사구가 먼저 쓰이고 다음에 분사구가 쓰인다

And just last year, Red snuck over /to my house /at midnight
and left a crockpot /of roast and veggies /plugged in on my back porch.
a crockpot /of roast and veggies
a crockpot  /plugged in on my back porch


there will be [nothing /“of our own” /left over to live on, no “ordinary” life]

We are likely to see them look for opportunity to buy created by the recent down draft.


명사수식 분사/형용사

In other words, [that met need] becomes a deposit slip /in our kingdom account.
Cut flowers are flowers or flower buds (often with some stem and leaf) that have been cut from the plant bearing it.

dancing girl = girl who is dancing
fried chicken = chicken which is fried
flying arrow = arrow which is flying
drunken man = man who is drunken

‘any number doubled is even’ = any number which is doubled is even

* 하이픈으로 두 단어 이상을 한단어로 만든 경우

Caught red-handed, I lied.
There’s a big difference between a half-hearted approach to God and whole-hearted devotion.
Jennifer’s quest takes her /in search of wisdom from a cast of colorful characters, including her Ivy-League-educated husband.
List the various tongue-related offenses () you address


* 분사와 동명사 차이

분사는 명사수식이므로 반드시 명사 전후에 쓰이나
동명사는 명사역할이므로 명사가 쓰이는 자리인 주어, 보어, 목적어, 목적보어, 전목 및 동격구로도 쓰인다

Whatever the temptation, temporary desires will never be greater than the lasting transformation //that comes from choosing truth.

lasting transformation = transformation that lasts
choosing truth = you choose truth

명사와 분사 사이에는 '=' 관계가 성립하나
동명사는 아니다

smoking room
smoking ≠ room


in extracting a thorn from a child’s finger, [hurting the finger] very much more will stop the finger hurting (아픈 손가락)

extracting a thorn from a child’s finger 전목인 동명사구

[hurting the finger] 주어인 동명사구; 손가락 아프게 하기
[the hurting finger] 관사+현분사+명사=명사구/목적

Why wouldn’t [God’s ordered sequence in creation] also be applied to our re-creation?
주어인 명사구 God’s ordered sequence in creation 형/소유격+형/분사+명+형/전구

astronomer Johannes Kepler, who famously said that his work was not [ discovering something for the first time]

but rather “thinking God’s thoughts after Him.”

보어인 동명사구  discovering something for the first time

보어와 동격인 동명사구 thinking God’s thoughts after Him.

나. 절대구/독립명사구 예문

절대구란 명사 + 분사구 = 명사구 형태로 문장 전체를 수식하는 부사적인 역할을 하는 명사구를 지칭한다
(한국에서는 독립분사구문이라 칭하나 명사를 수식하는 분사구는 독립된게 아니고 명사소속이니 오칭 - '틀린' 명칭이다)

Meghan nodded solemnly, [eyes /glistening with held-back tears]. (절대구 예문)
His face was alive with excitement, eyes wide, [gums /bared in a toothless grin]. (절대구 예문)

* eyes wide = eyes (being) wide
명사와 형용사 사이에 분사가 생략되었다 볼 수도 있지만
형용사가 명사를 후치수식할 수도 있으니 분사는 필요없다 봄

“How are you?” she responded, [her lovely British lilt /reflecting genuine pleasure].

“Why, yes,” Roma responds, [her voice /trembling]. 

Other passengers slid /down the inflatable emergency chutes, some /running when they touched the ground and others /walking away. One man told a relative later that there was so much smoke it was hard to breathe.

The net wrapped around the Maryland Blue, and I lifted him /out of the water, legs thrashing, mouth still holding the chicken.
He fell into our bucket /with a plunk, opening and closing his claws menacingly.

동격 명사구와 독립명사구(독립분사구문) 대비 비교

아래 문장에 쓰인 동격구는 동격 명사구라 하면서도

The Trocmés lived in Le Chambon in Vichy France,

a part of France not occupied by the Nazis, but run by the collaborationist French Vichy government.

요건 독립명사구가 아닌 독립분사구문이라 명명하는 유학자님들의 유식이 의심스럽다
    * His fame and fortune /virtually guaranteed by his exploits,
       Lewis disappointed the entire world by inexplicably failing to publish his journals.

a part of France /not occupied by the Nazis 구조와
명사구          분사구
His fame and fortune /virtually guaranteed by his exploits,
명사구                     분사구

구조가 어찌 다르기에 다른 명칭이랴?

단지 역할상
동격구는 앞 명사 수식이니 형역
독립명사구는 문장전체 수식이니 부역일 따름이다

Mrs. Giles continued, “I couldn’t believe () Jered was willing to give Turtle /to a stranger, but he tried.” The crying child took

one look at Turtle and threw it in Jered’s face. Stunned, he picked up Turtle and lay down on the mat, refusing to move,

Turtle clutched tightly in his arms.

다. 주어수식 형역 분사구 (소위 분사구문)

    문두에 쓰인 분사구의 경우 (한글명칭은 분사구문, 영어명칭은 participle phrase)

    분사/준동사의 동작자는 본동사의 주어와 같으므로 주절-종절과 비슷한 관계로 쓰이고

    분사의 주체이고 주어인 명사/대명사를 수식하는 형용사 역할로 설명되고

    주어의 본동작과 원인결과 관계나 cause and effect
    시간대상 전,후/동시 관계 tight timeline-relation 이 필수적으로 요구된다는 점

주어수식 분사구는 보어로 쓰이든지 분사구로 문두나 문미에 삽입구로 쓰이는데
(주어수식 형역분사구란 표현은 영어인들 방식이고 한국방식은 분사구문에 부사역할이라 한다)
주어수식이란 의미는
'분사의 동작/준동작을 주어가 하는 상태로 본동작'을 한다는 의미가 되므로 부대상황 설명이라 한다

https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/627/02/
A participle is a verbal that is used as an adjective

Removing his coat, Jack rushed to the river.

The participial phrase functions as an adjective modifying Jack. 분사구는 주어를 수식하는 형용사 역할이다
Removing (participle 분사)
his coat (direct object of action expressed in participle 분사의 목적)

분사가 떳다 하면 우선 분사는 형역이라는 영어식 분사 기초공식을 상기하고

그 분사의 동작자인 명사/대명사를 찾아 능동/수동 상태설명으로 연계하되

주어수식이면 주어의 본동작이 주절에 따로 있는바

준동사인 분사의 동작은 본동사와 동시/전후/인과 관계 설정을 하여 이해하면 된다

(이런 관계 때문에 한국에서는 주어수식 분사구를 분사구문 또는 부사구라 하며 부사절의 축약형이라 가르치고

분사구를 부사절로 전환하기를 가르치나 명사수식 분사구는 형절로 전환해야니 헛갈리지만

영어나라에서는 여전히 분사구는 형역이라하고 문두에 쓰인 경우는 주어수식이라 가르치는데

주어수식으로 되지 못하면 현수분사로 툇짜 놓고 동시/전후/인과 관계도 없으면 비표준문으로 선언한다)

Good extract on the issue: https://gmatclub.com/forum/the-use-of-participle-phrase-52478.html

Another common error is that students tend to overlook the fact that the two actions have to be in a cause-and-effect relationship or a before-and-after sequential relationship. 

Having considerate and loving parents, Mary loves sports and outdoor activities. 

Some students tend to think that the function of participle clauses is to incorporate more than one action in a sentence. They fail to realize that the two actions have to have some relationship, as illustrated in the following: 

Cause-and-effect relationship: Having considerate parents, she could do whatever she wants. 

Sequential relationship: Having locked the door, I went to sleep.

분사구와 주절의 관계 일치

https://mafiadoc.com/participle-phrases-as-reduced-relative-clauses_59d875071723dd3e64efa872.html

Another common error is that students tend to overlook the fact that the two actions have to be in a

cause-and-effect relationship 인과관계

or a before-and-after sequential relationship. 동시나 전후관계

문두에 쓰인 분사구의 준동작은 주절의 본동사의 동작과 동시나 전후 또는 인과관계에 있어야 한다

Sitting up in bed, I tried to quiet Chase down /as I pointed to his once-sleeping father.

Pulling my clothes on, I went through a quick checklist of gear:
Walking down the hill /on our way to the water, Chase chattered excitedly.
Shaken and fearing the worst, James looked /behind him—and was relieved to see all three children still strapped snugly in their seat belts,
Pulling my clothes on, I went through a quick checklist of gear: crab net, bucket, towel, string, bait.

Chase stood back, eyeing him suspiciously.
He fell into our bucket /with a plunk, opening and closing his claws menacingly.
Chase yelled, nearly dropping the string.

My son smiled /at me /as he took my hand, holding on to innocence just a little while longer.

Caught red-handed, I lied.

Out of the sun, packed in a diamond formation and flying as one that day,
the Minute Men dove at nearly the speed of sound toward a tiny emerald patch on Ohio’s unwrinkled crazy quilt below.

주어수식과 앞명사수식 비교

I need to spend a whole lot less time /trying to fix the messes in my life. 주어수식
I think you’ll find that the old thrill is still there /waiting for you. 주어수식
Help me [see Your hand working even in the midst of things]. 앞 명사/목적 수식
We hyper-focus on the lines of Scripture /containing the miracles so much that we miss the detail of the mess. 앞명사/전목

I envied her gauzy dresses, loosely catching a whispered breeze.

her gauzy dresses, (which is) loosely catching a whispered breeze.

I went /into the kitchen /to warm some tea, disgusted with the mess on the countertops—again.
I, (who are) disgusted with the mess on the countertops—again.



Shaken and fearing the worst, James looked /behind him—and was relieved to see all three children still strapped snugly in their seat belts,

Scared and miserable, Carole fled home for lunch and poured out her tale of woe to her mother.

Curious and trusting, you would return the bum’s smile, then hold out your hands to give him a hug.

Meghan slipped quietly into her own room and returned /hugging something tightly to her chest.
The twins stared /open-mouthed at their baby sister.

“Naked a man comes from his mother’s womb, and as he comes, so he departs. He takes nothing from his labor that he can carry in his hand”
* Naked a man comes from his mother’s womb,= a man comes Naked from his mother’s womb,

The father frequently stumbles home in the middle of the night, smelling of alcohol, then wakes the little girl with shouts and threats against her mother.

Mrs. Giles continued, “I couldn’t believe () Jered was willing to give Turtle /to a stranger, but he tried.” The crying child took

one look at Turtle and threw it in Jered’s face. Stunned, he picked up Turtle and lay down on the mat, refusing to move,

Turtle clutched tightly in his arms.

* Stunned, 나 refusing  둘다 주어인 he 수식

I sat numbed, staring at a powered-off TV, replaying a conversation //that aired /in real life /that morning.

As I drew closer to the man, I turned my back, trying to sidestep him

I’ve wasted a fair amount of time /searching for significance in the approval of others and of God.
time 이 search for 할 수 없으니 주어수식 현분사구

비교; 동명사구 예문
He draws emotional satisfaction /from achieving in business, becoming financially independent, developing a highly respected skill, being the “boss,” or being loved and appreciated by his patients, clients, or business associates.

My home is under attack.

Right now, skilled adversaries are probing its defences seeking a way in.

* for nothing; for no reason; They didn't call him a big gorilla for nothing.


Worrying is like sitting in the IMAX Theater /watching a documentary about the Amazon River, but thinking you’re really in the boat.
 
The result is often devastating, as women tend /to derive their sense of self‐worth from the emotional closeness /achieved through relationships.

Instead, they fix on the eternal values of the world above, knowing that “[the man //who hates his life in this world] will keep it for eternal life”
Their husbands are physically and emotionally “elsewhere,” pursuing careers, hobbies, or both.

 his plane was 140 feet off the ground, flying mostly /level at 260 mph.

He said he heard "a lot of people screaming, not really believing [what was happening to them"] and witnessed people /with what looked like head and rib injuries.

Levy started [to help other passengers off the plane], trying to keep them calm and telling them not to worry about their bags.

when a British Airways flight landed short and skidded onto the runway, injuring 47 people.

How can a wife feel safe or valued if she’s left /guessing /about what her husband is really thinking and feeling?

주어 수식이 명확한 경우 분사구가 컴마 없이도 쓰인다

For example, after a particularly grueling series of speaking appearances some years ago,

I came /dragging home on Friday night feeling () I’d earned a day off.

That seemed like a reasonable plan /for a guy //who had been out /earning a living day and night.

One day he and his father, Greg, sat in a hospital lounge /waiting for Mrs. Krebs, who worked at the hospital. Another man, shabbily dressed and emanating a peculiar aroma, was also waiting there.

It may interest you [to know that about a third of all lottery winners go bankrupt /within five years and that another quarter of these instant millionaires wind up /selling their remaining payments /at a discounted rate to pay off debts.


* 문두에 쓰인 분사구와 문미 분사구 차이는 강조상의 차이만 있다

“Some of you are living idle lives, refusing to work and wasting time meddling in other people’s business,”
문미에 단지 삽입적인 내용추가 형식으로 분사구가 쓰였다


Disbelieving what she had heard, Jo Ann looked up from her mending.
“Larry, you’re always complaining about my recording the wrong check numbers. Why stop now?”
............................진행현분사................동명사

추가적인 부대상황을 강조하기 위하여 문두에 썻다


* 현분사 being 이 생략된 형용사구

1. Startled, Adrianne answered, “I didn’t, Mommy.”

2. Confident of her mother’s approval, Adrianne smiled and said proudly, “I rolled him!”

1번은 주어인 Adrianne 이 놀람을 당하는 과분사구

2번은 (Being) Confident of her mother’s approval, 에서 주어인 Adruanne 이 자신있는 상태를 설명하는 형용사구로 쓰였으나

일반 형용사구가 분사구 처럼 문두에 삽입구 형식으로 쓰인 경우 현분사 being 이 생략된 '구'로 설명된다

  Knowing that Nathan couldn’t crawl, the mother demanded, “Well, then, how did he get /all the way /into your room?”

주어인 Adrianne 이 능동적으로 아는것이기에 과분사가 아닌 현분사구로 쓰인 경우다

라. 보어로 쓰인 분사/구

ㄱ. 주격보어; be 동사나 불자 뒤에온 보어

보어로 쓰인 현분사는 주어의 능동적인 상태를 설명/묘사 하므로
주어가 주어가 현분사의 상태를 능동적으로 '유발'하는 주체가 되나

과분사는 주어의 수동적인 상태 설명이므로
주어가 어떤 외부적인 요인으로 인해서 과분사 의미의 '되어진' 상태를 설명하므로
수동태 동작 동사처럼 동작을 가한 동작자/의미상의 주어의 존재가 있을/암시될 필요가 없이
단지 주어의 수동적인 상태 설명의 형역과분사 역할만 한다

해석은 의역한글이니 위와 같은 내용을 인식하여 한글에 자연스레 적당히 하면 된다

I am bored. 누가 나를 지루하게 만들었다는 것이 아니고 어떤 요인으로 내가 그리 되어진 상태에 있다; 나 지루해
You're boring. 당신이 능동적으로 지루함을 유발하는 주체/원천이다; 너 지루한 사람이야

I'm confused. 나 헛갈려
You are confusing. 니가 헛갈리게 만든다

Something was missing.
s          b     c
진행같으나 뭔가가 부재를 진행중이다는 의미가 아니고  부재상태다
물론 missing 이 형용사로 쓰였으니 부제상태다/부재한다 해도 되지만
현분사의 특성을 알면 이해가 쉽다

비교;
Many staffs had hooks at the end /for catching sheep that were wandering off
위 문장의 현분사는 의미상 진행중인 동작이 된다

tip
형역 분사와 진행형 분사의 구별은 분사를 현제형으로 고쳐보면
형역분사는 준동사라 의미가 어색하나 진행형 분사는 정형동사/동작동사라 의미가 여전히 통한다

Something was missing. something missss. (X)
sheep were wandering off => sheep wanders off (O)

I'm confused. => I confuse. (X)
You are confusing. => you confuse (X)
I am eating. => I eat. (O)

***주의***
* It is confused. (X)
it 는 감정이 없는 사물이기에 혼란을 당한 감정이 생길 수 없기에 과분사를 형용사로 쓰지 못하나
It is confusing. (O) 은 가능한건 사물이라도 혼란을 유발할 수 있기 때문이다

* The sense of ownership in general is always to be encouraged.

사물이 주어지만 잠재성의 부정사구로는 서술이 가능하다; 일반적인 소유감은 격려되어져야 한다



but if you’re obsessed with presenting the perfect picture, there is a problem.

We’re accustomed /to asking the Lord to wash us /after we have sinned

the one with the yard that looks somewhat unkempt

The result is often devastating,

It’s exhausting [always needing to be right].

I sat numbed, staring at a powered-off TV, replaying a conversation //that aired /in real life /that morning.

I got my contacts. The first few months were just as frustrating /as the doctor said () they would be.

When was I most encouraging /to you /during a crisis?

Two flight crew members were injured when emergency escape equipment inflated inside the airplane.

* be + pp = 수동태로 볼 수도 있으나
수동태는 동작중심에 동작자가 있으나 주어로 쓰이지 않은것 뿐이라 능동태로 바꿀 수 있으나
be + 과분사/보어 는 수동적인 상태 묘사인 경우는
동작자가 없는 경우이므로 능통태로 바꾸면 의미가 않통하거나
끝난상태에서 당하는 동작 의미로 변한다

 수동태 과분사가 수동 동작이라는데 촛점이 있지만
형역 과분사는 이미 끝난 동작상태에 촛점이 있다

현분사가 일반동사로 쓰여도 의미가 통하면 진행형
수동태가 능동태로 바뀌어도 의미가 변하지 않으면 수동태다

by 로 동작자를 써 주면 확실한 수동태 동사가 된다
Who might be transformed /by a little encouragement from us?


The result is often devastating
The result often devastate. (X) devastate 는 타동사로만 쓰이니 목적이 필요하니 않되니
devastating 은 형역현분사임을 알 수 있음

I was embarrassed. 창피스럽게된 상태였다 (형용사; 누가 그리 만들었다는데 촛점이 없고 내 상태에 촛점이 있다)
I was embarrassed by him. 그가 나를 창피하게 만들었다(수동태; 그가 나를 그리 만들었다는 동작에 촛점이 있다)


How can a wife feel safe or valued if she’s left  /guessing /about what her husband is really thinking and feeling?
                       불자              보어          b  보어 

they remain closed;

Is Your Ability to See God Blinded?

Is [Your Ability to See God] Blinded?

누가 장님되게 했다는것이 아니고 장님되어진 상태냐는 상태얘기임

He was so despairing that he was tempted to kill himself. He said he didn’t know how he could endure.
좌절이라는 동작을 진행중인것이 아니고 스스로 좌절을 유발한다는 능동적은 좌절의 상태나
과분사로 쓰면 스스로가 아닌 외부적인 어떤 요인으로해서 좌절'된 상태가 된다
He was so despaired...

Of the many influences that have shaped the United States into a distinctive nation and people, none may be said to be more fundamental and enduring than the Bible.

Large quantities of unstructured time can be devastating /for the naturally rebellious teen.

Has my encouragement ever made you feel transformed or “healed”?
I was embarrassed. My husband, Dennis, was humiliated.

Every plant in the garden was discontented and wanted to be something different, except the violet.

There is no greater sense of self‐worth than knowing that He is acquainted with me personally;
What a fantastic message of hope and encouragement for those who are broken and discouraged!
They were terrified and then were amazed,

The scene in the cabin was chaotic, but not panicked.
however, she feels ashamed, depressed, and worthless. 보어
The other six remained hospitalized.
Yet some of us are curled up /in a pitiful little ball of discouragement.

You may be battered and bruised. You may be tattered and torn. You may be crumpled and creased.

what’s being said is every bit as inspired and inspiring.

We have to know that it’s never too messed up or confusing for Jesus to help us;


ㄴ. 목적격 보어로 쓰인 분사/구

1. 현분사인 목보

There’s an old story of a king //who went /to his garden and found everything withered and dying.

He said he heard "a lot of people screaming, not really believing [what was happening to them"] and witnessed people /with what looked like head and rib injuries.

In Mark chapter 5, we see Jesus interacting with a woman desperate to be healed from her bleeding disorder. He frees her from her suffering and gives her peace.
 And we find Him healing the young daughter of a synagogue ruler.


All of this has made [evangelism and discipleship] [challenging].
Are there complications //that have [your heart] [grieving and sifting through ashes]?
I often find myself thinking about that day

You’ll feel a crab pulling on the line.

 You didn't pray for Johnny. I felt the Holy Spirit speaking to my spirit.
You can see Johnny, I felt the Holy Spirit pointing out to me.

감각동사에 쓰인 목적보어가 현분사일 경우,
현분사는 진행중인 동작의 한 순간을 설명한다

He sees you forever in the nursery pulling the wings off a fly,
나비 날개를 뽑는 한 순간을 본다

비교;

they saw a young man /dressed in a white robe /sitting on the right side
1. they saw [a young man /dressed in a white robe] [sitting on the right side] 5형식
2. they saw [a young man /dressed in a white robe /sitting on the right side] 3형식

5형식으로 하면 젊은이가 막 앉으려하는 한 순간을 보았다
3형식으로 하면 앉아 있는 젊은이를 보았다가 되는데
문맥에 따라 어떤 경우인지 구분된다 하겠다

And that’s when I saw him working his way /forward against the others.
이 경우는 문맥이 없어도 의미상 닦아오고 있는 상황을 인식하다는 5형식이 된다

* 현분사와 동명사 비교
She didn't call [being left behind] [living alone]. 목보;동명사
they had her doing (the work)  목보;현분사

* 현분사와 부정사 비교;
현분사는 능동/진행동작 상태; 의아해 하고있는, 부정사는 잠재성 동작상태; 의아해 하게
And though we’re serving God, things seem at times to be out of control, leaving us to wonder what in the world is going on.
And though we’re serving God, things seem at times to be out of control, leaving us wondering what in the world is going on.
한글 해석은 둘 다 비슷하나 준동사의 성격 차이로 보자면 그렇다


2. 과분사인 목보

Rain had kept [us] [confined indoors all day].
arthritis and other problems left him paralyzed.

And history declares her blessed among women.
.......s..........5vt.....o.....oc


He found our dog curled up /in a little ball,



[all //that seems to divide us from God] can flee away, vanish, leaving us naked before Him, like the first man,



마. 수동태동사인 과거분사 [be + pp]; 동작동사

In the 1980s and ’90s this “widening” was accompanied /by “deepening,” as Europe set /about removing many of the remaining obstacles /to full economic integration.
Borders were opened; freedom of personal movement was guaranteed; and product, safety and food regulations were harmonized, a process/ immortalized /by the Eurosausage episode of the TV show “Yes Minister,” in which the minister in question is told that under new European rules, the traditional British sausage no longer qualifies as a sausage and must be renamed the Emulsified High-Fat Offal Tube.

Thus Nevada accounts for a disproportionate share/ of the losses/ incurred by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, the government-sponsored mortgage companies — losses that, like Social Security and Medicare payments, will be covered /by Washington, not Carson City.

주의!
수동태에 쓰인 과분사는 동작자가 확실히 존재하거나 암시된 경우만 수동태의 동작동사로 이해하고
동작자가 없거나 모호한 경우엔 수동상태 설명의 형용사로 이해한다

Hitchens was sincerely impressed /by Taunton’s commitment to his faith, 동작자 확실
I was determined to get some in order to quench my thirst. 동작자 불확실에 형용사+부정사구 패턴임


바. 완료에 쓰인 과분사는 [have/has + pp] 동작동사/정형동사다

Two years of intense suffering have brought Irish wages down /to some extent, although Spain and Greece have barely begun the process.
And now you see why many American (and some British) economists have always been skeptical /about the euro project. U.S.-based economists had long emphasized the importance of certain preconditions/ for currency union — most famously, Robert Mundell of Columbia stressed the importance of labor mobility, while Peter Kenen, my colleague at Princeton, emphasized the importance of fiscal integration.


사. 보어로 쓰인 분사 형용사;
 
 주어의 상태를 현분사의 동적, 과분사의 수동적인 상태로 설명한다

Over the course of the past year or so, first Greece, then Ireland, became caught up in a vicious financial circle:
I'm sorry to say I felt relieved.
I got tired of him.
He looks interesting. 흥미있는 사람으로 보인다
He looks interested.  (어떤 일에)흥미이있어 하는것 같아 보인다


분사는 수동태로 쓰인 경우를 제외하고
보어로 쓰인 경우는 주어수식
그밖에는 명사나 대명사를 앞뒤에서 형용사처럼 수식하나
문두, 문미나 중간에 콤마로 분리되어 쓰인 분사구는 명사나 대명사인 주어 수식 형역으로 되므로
분사/구와 명사는 형용사와 명사처럼 수식관계로 연결되어져야 하니
분사/구는 항상 수식받는 명사가 있어야 한다



아. 분사/부정사 대비

    I'm waiting on John /doing something 지금 뭔가를 하고있는 상태의 잔을 기다림; 본동작과 동시동작 상태
    I'm waiting for John /to do something  뭔가를 할 잔, 즉 잔이 뭔가를 하기를 기다림; 잠재/미래성

...so it's always I'm waiting on John arriving or I'm waiting for John to arrive, never the reverse.

현분사는 진행중의미라 지금 오고있는 잔을 기다리나
부정사를 쓰면 지금 오고있는지 아닌지 확실치는 않지만 오기'를' 기다림
부정사의 동작자는 for+ 동작자로 쓰나 분사의 동작자는 분사의 수식을 받는 명사가 됨
허나 부정사가 명사를 수식하는 경우 그 명사가 부정사의 동작자는 아님; something to eat



자. 독립분사구문 오명 벗기기

***독립분사구문이라는 오명을 벗기자***

Mrs. Giles continued, “I couldn’t believe () Jered was willing to give Turtle /to a stranger, but he tried.” The crying child took

one look at Turtle and threw it in Jered’s face. Stunned, he picked up Turtle and lay down on the mat, refusing to move,

Turtle clutched tightly in his arms.

* Stunned, 나 refusing  둘다 주어인 he 수식이지만
Turtle /clutched tightly in his arms 에서 clutched 는 앞 명사인 Turtle 수식이라

 "clutched tightly in his arms" 는 당연히 분사구이지만
 Stunned, 나 refusing 처럼 컴마로 분리/독립되어 쓰인 분사구는 아니고
명사를 제한수식하는 수식어라 명사 수하/소속이요

"Turtle clutched tightly in his arms" 는 명사+분사구=명사구이고

바로 이 명사구가

독립적으로 쓰여 문장 전체를 수식하니 절대구 혹은 독립명사구로 부사역할이다 한다

The net wrapped around the Maryland Blue, and I lifted him /out of the water, legs thrashing, mouth still holding the chicken.

He fell into our bucket /with a plunk, opening and closing his claws menacingly.

차. 분사/구 예문

The story is told of a young man //who was sitting on a park bench /reading his Bible. Suddenly he began to shout. “Praise the Lord! What a miracle!” An older, very distinguished man walking by stopped and asked what he was so excited about. The young man replied, “I was just reading how God parted the Red Sea and the whole nation of Israel walked across on dry ground.”

The unbeliever returned / asking, “What are you shouting about now?” “I just read how God drowned the whole Egyptian army in just a few inches of water!”

In the five-story domed screen covering 6532 square feet of projection surface, large images put you in the center of the action, and the surround sound gave the illusion //that you were indeed wherever the screen took you.

These achievements are now in the process of being tarnished, as the European dream turns into a nightmare/ for all too many people.
The answer is that Brooklyn, located //as it is in the middle of metro New York/ rather than in the middle of the Atlantic, has an economy deeply enmeshed /with those of neighboring boroughs.

You still hear people talking about the global economic crisis of 2008 //as if it were something/ made in America.
And so there’s a crisis.
Over the course of the past year or so, first Greece, then Ireland, became caught up in a vicious financial circle: as potential lenders lost confidence, [the interest rates that they had to pay /on the debt] rose, undermining future prospects, leading /to a further loss of confidence and even higher interest rates. Stronger European nations averted an immediate implosion /only by providing Greece and Ireland /with emergency credit lines, letting them bypass private markets/ for the time being. But how is this all going to work out?

It’s hard to avoid the suspicion that something similar may be in the cards/ for one or more of Europe’s problem economies.
After all, [the policies /now being undertaken /by the crisis countries] are, qualitatively at least, very similar
/to those () Argentina tried /in its desperate effort / to save the peso-dollar link:
harsh fiscal austerity/ in an effort /to regain the market’s confidence, backed in Greece and Ireland /by official loans /intended to buy time //until private lenders regain confidence.



ROME Students protested planned changes /in the university system on Dec. 22 in Italy, where youth unemployment is about 25 percent.
But the architects of the euro, caught up in their project’s sweep and romance, chose to ignore the mundane difficulties () a shared currency would predictably encounter — to ignore warnings, which were issued /right from the beginning, that Europe lacked the institutions/ needed to make a common currency workable. Instead, they engaged /in magical thinking, acting //as if the nobility of their mission transcended such concerns.


The advantages of a single European currency were obvious. No more need/ to change money when you arrived in another country; no more uncertainty /on the part of importers /about what a contract would actually end up /costing or on the part of exporters/ about what promised payment would actually be worth. Meanwhile, the shared currency would strengthen the sense of European unity. What could go wrong?
But the persistent decline of the Argentine economy, combined /with deflation, frustrated the government’s efforts, even as high unemployment led to growing unrest.
Troubled European economies could, conceivably, reassure creditors/ by showing sufficient willingness/ to endure pain and thereby avoid either default or deval‎!uation.




In much of Europe, rules /governing worker firing helped [limit job loss], while strong social-welfare programs ensured that even the jobless retained their health care and received a basic income.

Yet Europe is in deep crisis — because its proudest achievement, the single currency/ adopted /by most European nations, is now in danger. More than that, it’s looking increasingly/ like a trap.


Imagine that you’re a country that, like Spain today, recently saw wages and prices/ driven up by a housing boom, which then went bust.
But in 1993 a deval‎!uation of the Irish punt brought an instant 10 percent reduction/ in Irish wages/ measured in German currency.

Greece, with its long history of debt defaults and bouts of high inflation, was the most striking example. Until the late 1990s, Greece’s fiscal history was reflected /in its bond yields: investors would buy bonds/ issued /by the Greek government only if they paid much higher interest /than bonds/ issued/ by governments/ perceived /as safe bets, like those by Germany.
And it wasn’t possible /to imagine any member of the newly minted monetary union/ going bankrupt, was it?

You still hear people talking about the global economic crisis of 2008 //as if it were something/ made in America.
In both cases, real estate bubbles temporarily masked the underlying unsustainability of the borrowing: as long as housing prices kept rising, borrowers could always pay back previous loans /with more money/ borrowed against their properties.

Sooner or later, however, the music would stop. Both sides of the Atlantic were accidents/ waiting to happen.

people talk about Ireland/ getting a “bailout,” but it has to pay almost 6 percent interest /on that emergency loan.



Ireland, hailed as the Celtic Tiger/ not so long ago, is now struggling /to avoid bankruptcy. Spain, a booming economy /until recent years, now has 20 percent unemployment and faces the prospect of years of painful, grinding deflation.

 Instead, they engaged /in magical thinking, acting //as if the nobility of their mission transcended such concerns.

The Europeans have shown us that peace and unity can be brought to a region /with a history of violence, and in the process they have created perhaps the most decent societies/ in human history, combining democracy and human rights /with a level of individual economic security that America comes nowhere close/ to matching.


Liberal American economists, myself included, tend /to favor freely floating national currencies that leave more scope 영역 /for activist economic policies — in particular, cutting interest rates and increasing the money supply/ to fight recessions. Yet the classic argument /for flexible exchange rates was made /by none other than Milton Friedman.

Before the euro was introduced, it was really anybody’s guess how much this ultimately mattered: there were relatively few examples of countries/ using other nations’ currencies.

Similarly, Friedman argued, [adjusting your currency’s value] solves the coordination problem when wages and prices are out of line, sidestepping the unwillingness of workers /to be the first to take pay cuts.

The answer is that Brooklyn, located //as it is in the middle of metro New York/ rather than in the middle of the Atlantic, has an economy deeply enmeshed /with those of neighboring boroughs.

Both are now suffering roughly 14 percent unemployment. And both are members of larger currency unions: Ireland is part of the euro zone, Nevada part of the dollar zone, otherwise/ known as the United States of America.

And there’s one more advantage/ to being a U.S. state: it’s likely that Nevada’s unemployment problem will be greatly alleviated /over the next few years/ by out-migration, so that even if the lost jobs don’t come back, there will be fewer workers/ chasing the jobs that remain.

In an attempt to avert a massive run /on the financial system, Ireland’s government guaranteed all bank debts — saddling the government itself/ with those debts, bringing its own solvency /into question.
But debts do not, so debtors have to meet the same obligations/ with a smaller income; to do this, they have to cut spending /even more, further depressing the economy.



 You didn't pray for Johnny. I felt the Holy Spirit speaking to my spirit.
You can see Johnny, I felt the Holy Spirit pointing out to me.

But the persistent decline of the Argentine economy, combined /with deflation, frustrated the government’s efforts, even as high unemployment led to growing unrest.
The link between the peso and the dollar collapsed, with the peso plunging; meanwhile, Argentina defaulted /on its debts, eventually paying only about 35 cents /on the dollar.

At the same time, Iceland took advantage of the fact that it had not joined the euro and still had its own currency. It soon became more competitive /by letting its currency drop sharply /against other currencies, including the euro. Iceland’s wages and prices quickly fell about 40 percent relative/ to those of its trading partners, sparking a rise/ in exports and fall in import!s that helped offset (상쇄하다) the blow/ from the banking collapse.

분사/구 가 쓰인 문장 예문

police picked up a man /using Schrenker's Indiana driver's license and carrying a pair of what appeared to be pilot's goggles.
With his personal and financial worlds crumbling around him, investment adviser Marcus Schrenker opted for a bailout.

In neighboring North Dakota, Grand Forks dropped to a record low for Jan. 13 of 37 below zero, lopping six degrees off the old record /set in 1979,
The weather service warned that exposed flesh can freeze in 10 minutes when the wind chill is 40 degrees below zero or colder.
His son reported him missing and said he was prone to sleepwalking,
Then the negotiator settled into a long conversation /calculated to keep McAninch calm.

He kept the engine[O] running[OC].

Then he became concerned. 형역 분사

there was a gaping hole under his chin/ pulsing out blood.
“Boys interpret the world as objects /moving through space

And there are the guardians of Las Vegas' image, the ad execs/ tasked with making sure tourists still want to come here.
There are plenty of men and women /trying to revive the enterprise.
A growing number of companies promise to help people /drowning in debt.
You’re told to cash the check and wire off the money /required to claim your winnings.

Pulling the handle fired initiation cartridges that sent gas /spewing through a system of tubing in the seat. In turn, that released a high-tension spring, /tightening the harness and leg straps, /yanking the flier into position.
Right now, me /walking at sea level is like you /walking at 5,000 feet. But that's a small price to pay.

the great white shark /plowing through the water, about to knock him off his board.
You're in perfect sync with an actual moving force of nature,"
Endris lived for the adrenaline rush that came with outracing a roaring wave, the cold salty spray/ stinging his face as he barreled underneath the curving white water.
He launched a business taking care of large saltwater aquariums owned by wealthy clients after he graduated.
During his six days in the hospital, Endris, often in a painkiller-induced fog, thought about the ocean.
There's a small swell coming
He scanned the surface of the bay until he spotted a huge swell /building behind him, curling with white foam. It was an ideal wave, smooth and cylindrical.

Kids usually feel upset when they see or hear parents arguing.

He barely noticed the dolphins leaping over his head.
Glancing over his shoulder, he spotted a gray creature /rising 12 feet out of the water with Endris and a blue surfboard in its mouth
Landing headfirst in the water, he felt his pulse quicken
Not knowing what to do, Tammi ducked behind a food rack at the back of the store.

Another part of you might imagine your crush noticing you and sharing the same feelings.

In 1965 a small group at the Leo Burnett advertising agency sat around a table surrounded
by cans of dough trying to create an advertising and marketing campaign
for Pillsbury’s refrigerated dough account.

An argument is a fight using words. 명사 수식
She never saw it coming. 목보
Angelo didn't seem depressed. 주격 보어
She began making the rounds of local service groups, foundations, and corporations, seeking donations. making 은 동명사/목적, seeking 은 주어수식 분사; she 가 seek 하는것

The most gripping story is her son's.
He planned a stunning solo maneuver:
No trays means no water or energy spent   washing them.
spent ; modify energy  washing; modify spent

He lives in a spacious home /overlooking the Atlantic Ocean.
the organic dye /used to record the data on the disc will eventually spoil if it is not used.
As looming icebergs blotted out the low sun,
Spray /kicked up by his paddles froze instantly against his wet suit,
the piercing chill didn't faze Pugh:
Polar landscapes had been his proving ground before.
the reigning king of extreme swimming was back, battling to achieve another kind of superhuman feat:
Bear!" shouted a lookout on the small ship /escorting his kayak.

they'd seen mailboxes /hanging open.
Put him in a crowded room and he would blend into the background, like a camouflaged moth on a tree trunk.
The Swedish police do not arrest the men right away. They want to catch them selling Wittman the stolen Rembrandt.
this guy drove like someone /casing houses. casing; thief looking for possible target to hit

부사적 의미의 형역 현재/과거 분사; 즉 주어수식으로 본동사와 동시, 전후, 인과관계에 있는 분사구

Each flame should be steady and mostly blue, tapering to a small, but distinct orange tip.
All things considered 전치사, it's best to buy new discs on an as-needed basis, rather than purchasing a large quantity to use over several years.

When exposed to threat and confrontation, blood goes to their guts, leaving them feeling nervous or anxious.
Girls work well in circles, facing each other.
McAninch sat thinking
The kids were already up, eating cereal and watching cartoons. PP 주어 수식  콤마 is the key.
an off-duty policeman noticed the car slowly cruising a neighborhood. PP 목적수식
McAninch pulled over and lifted his shirt, showing his fried, Scalf, the 9 mm semi-automatic in his belt.

Leaving the courthouse, she checked her watch
Intending to dash in and pick up some sodas, she left her keys and cell phone on the seat.

he has checked into a hotel under a false name, using false travel documents
Saving these things brings us closer together as human beings," says Wittman, explaining why he goes to work every day.
Then the reality of what had happened hit so hard that nurses came running to see why his monitors had spiked and set off alarms.
Pulling up hard, Stricklin was trying to get the plane into a position in which he just might survive an ejection and still spare the crowd below.
Taking off at high speed, he would initiate a sharp climb, roll the plane upside down, and complete the loop by diving and pulling up at the last moment.
After high school, Endris, wanting to be close to the water, enrolled at California State University, Monterey Bay.
By age 16, he was an expert, teaching surf camp kids what he knew.
Six bottlenose dolphins were leaping in and out of the water, stirring up whitecaps
Glancing over his shoulder, he spotted a gray creature rising 12 feet out of the water with Endris and a blue surfboard in its mouth
a man stood looking quizzically at her,
The large woman and her companion stole glances at Karen, looking increasingly nervous.

sat out in the cutting wind wearing nothing more than half a neoprene wet suit.
Soaked from spray and covered in goose bumps, he refused to go somewhere more comfortable

On a one-mile swim in Antarctica in December 2005, just yards from the finish, his body began to succumb. His limbs turned leaden, and his team reported that he looked dazed. 연결 동사뒤에온 분사

Working with experts at the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Pugh began a punishing training regimen.
In 2006, living in London and working in a law firm specializing in shipping cases, Pugh swam from the open Pacific into Australia's Sydney Harbour;
Swimming around the Cape of Good Hope, he passed over the shadow of a great white shark.
Before big swims, Pugh spends up to four hours a day preparing mentally.

Another vehicle had hit the car, killing the driver.

He has cruised the San Diego highways looking for motorists flummoxed by flat tires or dead batteries.
Driving in an Illinois blizzard when he was 16, he got stuck in a snowdrift.
Hunched against the bitter wind, he paddled for four hours at a stretch.
Growing up in Devon, active but not athletic, he was spellbound by romantic stories of polar explorers told by his father, a naval admiral.




Function in Question 의문시되는 역할 토론

forum discussion;

According to one site I looked at, adverbial clause (such as “while I was watching televison”) can be reduced only when the subect of the adverbial clause is the same as the subject of the main clause.

***Unreduced:  I fell asleep while I was watching television.
***Reduced:    I fell asleep watching television.

That being the case,
Reduced ; “We played a fun game, trying to remember the day’s coaching tips” could be a reduced form of
Unreduced ; “We played a fun game while we were trying to remember the day’s coaching tips” or
                     “We played a fun game by trying to remember the day’s coaching tips”

Then, again, if “trying to remember the day’s coaching tips” is the game bing played, it’s a gerund phase serving as an "appositive".

“The adviser urged us to be sensitive to our neighbours, implying that we might offend someone verbally” could also be:
“The adviser urged us to be sensitive to our neighbours by implying that we might offend someone verbally,” makinng the clause a gerund and object of a prepositioin. Or

“Most people have left early to avoid the rush hour, meaning there are only 18 people taking part in the end-of-weekend mixed doubles tournament”
could be rewritten, “Most people have left early to avoid the rush hour, which means that there are only 18 people taking part in the end-of-weekend mixed doubles tournament”

Without getting into some other form of higher grammar, I think that it’s sufficient to say that we have the ability to say the same things in a variety of ways, and that changes in the way we say things can result in structural (and therefore grammatical) changes to the sentence.

I’m sure that some would argue, but, in my opinion, grammar is a way to analyze speech and writing, not vice versa. Therefore, what we say and write is sometimes hard to put into a static grammatical framework. Grammar should describe the many correct ways of saying the same thing in a variety of ways rather that prescribe the ways we communicate.

I would regard the following as adverbial participles:

He has done well, considering his age.
She will pass the test providing she concentrates (or provided [that] she concentrates).
Nothing much can be done, given the economic situation.


Here is a site explaining adverbial participles:

부사적 역할 분사구라 하는 이유는

분사는 준동사이기에

주어수식인 분사구의 경우

주어의 본동사가 따로 있으니 분사는 준동작이 되고

준동사는 마치 종속동사와 같은 역할을 하므로

부사절로 고칠 수 있기에 부사적으로 설명을 하나

문법상으로 분사는 기본적으로 명사/대명사 수식인 형용사 역할 이므로

주어인 명사/대명사의 동작상태를 설명하는 형역 분사구로 설명하는 학자들이 더 많다

Consider these sets of made-up examples:

1a. The noise made by the car suggested an engine problem.
1b. Tired from the trip, we went to bed right after dinner.

2a.  The tall women standing in the corner are from Brazil.
2b.  Standing in the corner, the tall women watched the other people in the classroom closely.

1a and 2a show participle clauses that have adjectival function; they come after the noun and are attached to it and have become part of it.  They can be analyzed as reduced relative clauses:

명사뒤에 와서 선행 명사를 수식하므로  형용사절의 간략형이라 할 수 있다

1a. The noise that was made by the car suggested an engine problem.
2a. The tall women who are standing in the corner are from Brazil.

While the other clauses have the same types of words and the same organization, they have different functions—and are analyzed as coming from different sourses.  1b and 2b are actually adverbial in function and meaning.

1b and 2b 는 부사적 성격을 보이는 분사구이다

Tired from the trip, we went to bed right after dinner.
=> Because we were tired from the trip, we went to bed right after dinner.

Standing in the corner, the tall women watched the other people in the classroom closely.

=> While they were standing in the corner, the tall women watched the other people in the classroom closely.

When I walked home, I spotted some criminal activity.
Walking home, I spotted some criminal activity.

Adverbial participles:

원래 분사의 기본 역할은 형용사 역할이나

문장 전체 수식으로 될때 (사실은 주절의 주어 수식이나)

본동작에 대한 동시, 전후 또는 인과 관계로 제한되는 부사적 의미를 첨가하는 역할을 하니 부사절로 바꿀 수 있다

Adverbial participle clauses can give more information about another clause, and they can come before or after the other clause. They usually tell you why, how or when the situation in the other clause happens.

Being a decent pianist, he soon found work. (=Because he was a good pianist, …)
Treated with care, a good violin will increase in value. (=If it is treated with care, ...)
Having passed her final exams, she decided to go traveling. (=After she had passed her final exams,…)

I suppose the adverbial participle here is the participle other sites explain; however, these other sites don’t call them adverbial in nature; instead they say they are modifying a noun, which I suppose is just another way of looking at it.

단지 주절의 주어를 수식한다고만 하는 학자도 있다

So here is list of the uses of a participle as a modifier: 수식구로 쓰이는 분사구의 종류**************

1) Adverbial (or can be seen as modifying the noun):

Being a decent pianist, he soon found work. (=Because he was a good pianist, …)

2) Participles used after a noun to introduce more information about it (reduced relative clauses):

The Minister, who was looking tired after the meeting, gave a brief press conference.
à The Minister, looking tired after the meeting, gave a brief press conference.


3) Participles used after a clause to introduce more information about it:

They use a sitar on most tracks, which gives their music an Eastern feel.
à They use a sitar on most tracks, giving their music an Eastern feel.

 4) Finally, like other modifiers, participles can be restrictive and non-restrictive:

제한/비제한 용법 (한국에서는 비제한 용법을 계속용법이라 한다 영어로 검색하려면 non-restrictive 로)

The old man standing next to my father is my uncle. [restrictive]

다른사람아닌 바로 거기 서있는 사람이어야 한다니 콤마 안씀
The old man, standing next to my father on the street corner, was waiting on the bus. [non-restrictive] 콤마로 분리하며 첨가사항으로 이해

  I should discuss the underlying problems for why the conflict exists, helping to solve the problems in a group, rather than individually.

Again, the italicised phrase has an adverbial feel but can be analysed as adjectival (‘I’ should ‘help to solve’),

so I would prefer to go with the latter.  However, the sentence is rather awkward. It would be better to say:

I should discuss the problems /underlying the conflict, and help to solve them, in a group rather than individually. 

A wise man once told me that everything we read becomes a part of us, molding our personalities and points of view.”


Q: Here is yet another questionable participle phrase. It doesn’t modify the subject or any noun at all.

Some may say this is a dangling modifier. But after a lengthy discussion on this forum, I would say this is either

1)a gerund (object of the omitted preposition ‘by’)

2)an adverbial participle modifying the finite verb in the noun/that clause, ‘become.’

Would you say these two alternatives are correct? Or would you see this is ungrammatical?

A; The quoted sentence is perfectly grammatical.  I would say the participle phrase is adjectival, modifying the noun phrase ‘everything we read’. (Is the sentence saying that everything we read moulds our personalities and points of view? Yes.)  You could alternatively regard the participle phrase as adverbial, modifying ‘becomes’.  But I think it would be too much of a stretch to regard it as a gerund.

As I recently pointed out in another thread, my rule in these cases is:  Regard the participle phrase as adjectival unless the meaning makes this impossible. (my addition; because a participle phrase is to modify the subject of the main clause)

Then he became concerned.
he wanted a live television crew filming his surrender
"I usually have [people following me for a while.] or [people]o  [following me for a while.]oc?
her life sent reeling out of control.

Active voice present particles pretty much always work, as long as the subject of the main clause also performs the action described in the participle.

Punishing the young child, he turned red in the face.
Wanting to see a Yankees’ game, John booked a flight to New York.
Enjoying the sight of fresh flowers, Linda went to the florist each week.

Active voice past participles generally require the perfect tense when the subject of the main clause also performs the acting of the participle.

Having punished the young child too severely, the father apologized.
Having seen a bear on his previous outing, the camper looked carefully in all directions.

Simple past particles seem to be naturally passive, because the subject of the main clause is the recipient of the action of the participle.

Caught by the tide, the swimmer began drifting out to sea.
Punished by the enemy for several years, the soldier was glad to be free.
Sighted by the rescue team, the hikers soon found themselves at a local hospital.

*****passive voice or past participle functioning as adjective?************************************

동작을 당하는 수동태로 볼까 과거분사의 형용사적 역할로 보아 상태의 묘사로 볼까?
Test;

One of the best ways to determine whether a past participle is part of a passive-voice verb or an adjective is to recast the sentence and see whether the participle makes sense as an adjective.
분사를 명사 앞의 형용사 위치로 보낸 문장을 만들어 보아 말되면 형용사역이다

The vase was stained. It was a stained vase. [yes]
The window was broken. It was a broken window. [yes]
The soldier was promoted.  He was a promoted soldier. [no]
The fossil was discovered. It was a discovered fossil [I would say no]

My feeling is that the sentence is in passive voice with the discoverer not named. This is not 100-percent effective, but helpful.



          Underline the present and past participles that are modifying nouns/pronouns in the sentences below.
        *

          Draw arrows from the participles to the nouns/pronouns they modify.
        * Do NOT mark participles that are part of the main verb. Only mark those used as modifiers of nouns or pronouns.

   1.

      Where did you hide my running shoes?
   2.                                   ------>

      She dropped the burnt toast into the trash when my stressed mom was not looking.
   3.                        ----->

      The students surprised their hard-working principal with a loud hurrah.
   4.                                          --------->

      Many advertising companies target women in their late teens.
   5.            --------->

      Abandoned cats and dogs have become a too-common sight in our cities.
   6. -------->

      The reporting journalist squinted at the bright lights.
   7.       -------->

      Most of the skilled trapeze artists trained in Florence, Italy.
   8.

      There are no quick fixes for broken people.
   9.

      The movie star waved at her cheering fans.
  10.

      We placed the frozen enchiladas on the counter.

Participial Phrases
              Participial phrases are made up of participles and accompanying modifiers.


    *Hoping to do his part to protect them, he joined several organizations dedicated to their preservation.


          o

            Ex: The jogger running in the puddle is going to be very wet and cold.
    *

      Just like simple participles (above), participial phrases can be made up of present or past participles and accompanying modifiers.
          o

            Ex: The police scattered the protesters loitering outside the museum.
          o

            Ex: The Great Smoky Mountains National Park contains rolling hills blanketed by bluish haze.
    *

      Simple participles usually appear immediately before the noun/pronoun modified. Participial phrases follow the noun/pronoun modified.

Sentences

    Directions:

        *

          Underline the present and past participles and participial phrases modifying nouns/pronouns in the sentences below.
        *

          Draw arrows from the participles and participial phrases to the nouns/pronouns they modify.
        *

          Ignore participial forms that are part of the main verb. In this exercise, we're just looking at participles and participial phrases that are modifying nouns or pronouns.

   1.

      Stock traders investing in foreign markets have enjoyed a 40% yield this year.
   2.                   <------

      The Napa Symphony strives for fun performances filled with musical details polished to a high degree.                                                                 <-----                             <-------
   3.

      The panel of judges denied the objection made by the plaintiff's attorney.
   4.                                                           <-----

      The National Institute of Health draws on research accumulated over decades.
   5.                                                                        <---------

      Children can be hurt by parents suffering job distress.
   6.

      The first city attacked by the troops was in the middle of the desert.
   7.

      Some plants growing at an angle can straighten themselves up.
   8.

      Three teenagers treated in the emergency room yesterday required stitches.
   9.                        <--------

      The ski run covered with the most new powder attracted huge crowds of skiers.
  10.                <------                                눈

      Throngs crowding Lincoln Avenue cheered the Cinco de Mayo parade in Calistoga.
  11.

      Six Greek statues carved out of marble were returned to Athen's museum.
  12.

      Nearly bankrupt reaching hospitals all over the country are re-examining their finances.
  13.

      The reporter describing the fiesta didn't reveal all of the colorful details.
  14.

      Most of the trapeze artists trained in Florence work in other cities.
  15.

      The clothing styles sold at this sleazy thrift store are not available in department stores.
  16.

      The restaurant served potatoes baked in a special salt shell.
  17.

      The Red Cross sent helpers to all the countries stricken by the tsunami.
  18.

      The game scheduled for Tuesday was moved up to Monday.
  19.

      Hail beating on the roof made a startling noise.
  20.

      The horse terrified by the barking chihuahua bucked and reared.
                     <-------        ------->
예문

Growing up, I knew it was wrong to drink alcohol before the legal age of 21, but the age limit certainly wasn't going to stop me -- or any other kid I knew.

Even if an adult is supervising underage drinkers, it makes the situation even more outrageous because we as teenagers are not being held accountable for our mistakes.수동진행

I've seen the devastating effects that alcohol has had in many people's lives, including my own.

It's torn families apart, created unnecessary crimes and resulted in avoidable deaths.
   has torn 완료
I'm not sure if it's that some adults these days are not well-informed about the effects of alcohol on the human body,
"We like the same things and when I'm around him, I always end up feeling happy even if before I felt really sad."                                                                                  동명사
"He understands me. He's not afraid of love. He's not afraid of people knowing () we like each other and he makes me feel safe."

I was here just last week cleaning your carpets, painting your shutters, or delivering your new refrigerator.
Yes, I really do look for newspapers piled up on the driveway.

Most refrigerators will have a diagram on the back or folded up under the front grille showing the location of the major parts.
Keep it clean and you’ll get a nice, tight seal, keeping the cool air where it belongs, in the fridge.

Over the next four months, the Redmen went on to beat each and every one of their opponents, racking up another perfect season.
I was a new father living in Manhattan, far from my Midwestern roots.
All Redmen sign a contract vowing not to drink, smoke, or take drugs.
Growing up in Plainville, an hour away, Barta learned the art of mentoring from his own high school football coach,

The Republican walks away /feeling very satisfied that good has been done here.

, ‘The Conservative Party should come clean. If this is the Tory party trying to airbrush the embarrassing past of their new friend in Europe from the record, they should have the courage to say so.’

when you are grown up, you'll be the parent having to break up the fights! (have to break up the fights)

A lot of kids agreed with Nick about brothers and sisters sticking together through the years.

European officials, increasingly concerned that the Continent’s debt crisis will spread, are warning that any new rescue plans may need to cover Portugal as well as Ireland /to contain the problem () they tried to resolve six months ago.

*****전치사화한 분사구**********************************

Using “being that” to mean “because” is nonstandard, as in “Being that the bank robber was fairly experienced, it was surprising that he showed the teller his ID card when she asked for it.”

“Being as how” is even worse. If “because” or “since” are too simple for your taste, you could use “given that” or “in that” instead.

being that 이라는 표현은 표준영어가 아니니 because 로 쓰던지

given/in that 으로 쓰시오 ( 전치사 역할 given)

전치사로 쓰이는 분사 종류; 분사 전치사라 불림

분사가 전치사로 쓰인다는 말은

분사는 항상 명사를 수식하는 역할이지만

전치사는 명사말고도 동사도 수식할 수 있기에 부사적인 기능으로 쓰일 수 있다는 점이다

The frequently used Participle Prepositions are :

1. Barring
   
   
   
2. Considering
   
   
   
3. During
   
   
   
4. Following
   
   
   
5. Given
   
   
   
6. Gone
   
   
   
7. Including
   
   
   
8. Notwithstanding
   
   
   
9. Pending
   
   
   
10. Regarding
    
    
    
11. Accepting
    
    
    
12. Concerning
    
    
    
13. Counting
    
    
    
14. Excepting
    
    
    
15. Excluding
    
    
    
16. Failing
    
    
    
17. Respecting
    
    
    
18. Saving 설