Actual Test 04 Part 2 Lecture - Zoology

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One of the common features of almost every animal on our planet is eyes./ Yet, not all eyes are the same./ Some are better at seeing than others,/ some are more color sensitive,/ some have great night vision,/ and others hardly use their eyes at all./ Some are small and cute, and others are large and frightening./ So, today, I want to talk about,/ uh, the main types of eyes and how they have developed for the way the animal uses them./

Now just one thing before I begin./ Excuse me.../ I will be speaking in generalities./ This means that, while I will make a statement concerning eyes, I'm sure everyone or at least some of you will think of an example that contradicts what I say./ Just remember this.../ There are no absolutes in the animal kingdom./ Even now we are finding more species, and sometimes they don't fit into one of our neat little areas of classification.

There are two main types of eyes:/ directional and image forming./ Directional eyes only sense light/ and belong to a whole range of small creatures, such as worms./ They use the light to know where they are going./ For most of theses creatures, there is no need to form images since they live underground./ Now, image forming eyes are what are found in most other creatures on Earth,/ including us./ Almost all vertebrates,/ uh, animals with spines or backbones,/ have image forming eyes./ It means we see things by taking the light from it/ and projecting it onto a retina,/ which then transmits an image to the brain./ Not all creatures see the same image./

Color is important./ Humans have perhaps the most color sensitive eyes./ Our retinas have 125 million thin, straight rods that can see black and white and 7 million rods that see color./ We are attracted to certain colors, and others colors can make us have different emotions./ For example,/ blue is a calming color while red causes increased blood pressure and sometimes anger./ Some people and animals are colorblind./ Colorblindness means someone, or an animal,/ has trouble distinguishing between certain colors,/ often green and brown,/ blue and purple, or yellow and orange./ While we have done some studies on animal color sensitivity, it is difficult to study animal vision because we can't determine how they form images and what colors they see./

So,/ now, let's talk about how eyes are positioned on the head./ The position of the eyes on the head relates to the how an animal gets its food./ The two most common positions are looking forward, or binocular vision,/ and then there are those animals with sideways vision,/ with their eyes on either side of their heads./ Predators,/ hunters I mean, have binocular vision because they need to look forward,/ straight ahead at their prey while attacking./ The cat family is the perfect example of a predator with eyes designed for hunting./ They can see in a 287-degree arc,/ and their eyes are very adapted to the dark./ Some animals,/ such as hunting birds like hawks,/ have excellent long range vision used for hunting./ A hawk can spot a rabbit in a field from up to a mile away,/ swoop in,/ and strike its prey very quickly before the rabbit can bound away./

Most herbivores, plant eaters,/ have eyes on the side of their heads, so they can see to the left and right and behind them,/ where a predator is most likely to come from./ For example, deer, elk, giraffes, and a multitude of others have this sideways vision from having to avoid hunters,/ a constant pressure in their lives./

Other eyes are used to scare away danger./ For example, the eyes of baboons get large, brighten, and make direct eye contact to scare away an enemy./ If this doesn't work, they bear, um,/ show their very long teeth./ The eyes of a panda bear are small but are in a patch of black hair,/ which makes them seem larger and more threatening./ Ironically this black patch makes pandas seem cute to humans./ Our nature is conditioned to adore and love what is called the typical infant's face,/ you know, big eyes, a flat face, and the snub nose of an infant./ Perhaps this emotion was developed so mothers would not abandon their children./ Anyway,/ you can see influences of this in Japanese animation, where all the characters have unusually big eyes that are often brimming with emotion./

Okay,/ I got a little off track there./ Sorry./ Finally, other animal's eyes are not very good at vision./ They have eyes, but they have limited functions./ Bats have poor vision and use echoes to find their way at night./ Elephants can't see much after a few dozen yards./ This makes them dangerous because they can smell and sense an unknown presence and will charge./ Elephants are often feared more by people than any snake, lion, or tiger./

마지막 두 문장을 거의 못 들었는데,,,,,

그게 결국 마지막 문제에 나와서 틀리게 하네요......

오랜만에 해서인지 노트테이킹 때 스펠링을 다 쓰려는 버릇이 다시 나오려고 했습니다..

그리고,, 오랜만에 해서 그렇게 느껴진 것도 있겠지만,,,

꼭 그것을 생각하지 않더라도 말 속도가 평소에 비해 빨랐던 것은 사실입니다..

억양도 약간 다르고 해서,,, 조금 듣는데 고생했지만 그래도 이해는 잘 했다고 생각합니다..

다만 detail한 면에서 놓친 부분이 약간 있었습니다...

앞 4문제는 별 어려움 없이 풀었고요,,,

말씀드렸듯이 마지막 문제는,,, 맨 처음 강의랑 다시 들려줄 때,, 

총 3번을 들었는데도 이해가 잘 가지 않았습니다...

그래서 틀렸습니다..

[디오리지날뉴아자speaKing쌤]

그래...좋은 습관을 지키는 것은 역시 자주 연습을 하는 것이다 with 좋은 습관...하하하...잘하고 있다...홧팅...

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