|
exhausted / exposure and familiarity / the means and circumstances / filled more likely to survive / no longer mine alone / no longer others’ / perishable |
25-1. Communication is not merely a matter of producing effects on other communicators; it is one of actually engaging with them. Communicating is a kind of sharing. When two people communicate (rather than “talk at each other”), they come to have something in common. They must start with something in common, too, even if this is only the language they share. Communication does not demand complete agreement or acceptance, but it does demand understanding. When put into language, my thoughts, ideas, notions, and beliefs are _________________ (assuming they ever were). They have been put into a form in which they can be shared. The primary aim of language use is understanding; all of the other effects my linguistic actions may have on other people (getting my listeners to agree with me, to obey my orders, to trust me, or whatever) only come about because what I have tried to communicate has been understood.
25-2. Human memory limits which cultural variants can be remembered and transmitted successfully. People are unlikely to retain information that is easily forgotten or misremembered, particularly in cultures relying on an oral tradition. David Rubin, a professor at Duke University, provided a brilliant account of how the cognitive structure of memory affects the content of oral traditions such as epic ballads or countingout rhymes. As one example of his approach, he used work on imagery in cognitive psychology to argue that epic ballads such as the Iliad or Odyssey tend to focus on concrete, easily visualized actions because people find it easier to remember events that are concrete and easy to visualize. Homer is filled with concrete action, not because the Greeks had trouble with abstraction but because the constraint of human memory makes concrete images __________________ generation after generation of oral transmission.
26-2. As cars are becoming less dependent on people, ______________________ in which the product is used by consumers are also likely to undergo significant changes, with higher rates of participation in car sharing and short-term leasing programs. In the not-too-distant future, a driverless car could come to you when you need it, and when you are done with it, it could then drive away without any need for a parking space. Increases in car sharing and short-term leasing are also likely to be associated with a corresponding decrease in the importance of exterior car design. Rather than serving as a medium for personalization and self-identity, car exteriors might increasingly come to represent a channel for advertising and other promotional activities, including brand ambassador programs, such as those offered by Free Car Media. As a result, the symbolic meanings derived from cars and their relationship to consumer self-identity and status are likely to change in turn.
29-3. Soldiers’ wartime exposure to commercially canned foods, though occasional, generated the beginnings of consumer trust. This trust flowed back up the chain of production, providing the first faint signs of wider demand that canners needed in order to innovate and expand. Tastes were often slow to change when ordinary consumers were given a choice between new products and their go-to standards. But because army men in the American Civil War had little choice when it came to their food supply, they gave new foods a chance and widened their palates to partially accommodate canned foods. After the war, they brought these new preferences home with them. The nature of trust that these battlefield encounters fostered was not yet rooted in scientific certainty, a better understanding of the risks, or knowledge of where the food had come from. Rather, it sprang from _____________________ that made a new kind of food seem worth sampling and its convenience and accessibility worth appreciating. *go-to 믿을 수 있는 **palate 감식력, 미각
29-4. We need to find out why people are not naturally motivated to eat sensibly and take exercise, and why the motivation to consume alcohol or to smoke persists in spite of their harmful effects on the body. The probable reason is that good or bad effects are not felt immediately but only several years or even decades later. With regard to nutrition there is some feedback from research, but it takes a very long time for the results of research to spread through society. The explanation is that the mechanisms of biochemical adaptation oppose clinical manifestations of nutritional imbalances (deficits or excesses of nutrients) and pronounced disturbances or disease arise only after the adaptation reserves have become ____________________. A similar phenomenon is observed with chronic consumption of alcohol and heavy smoking over a long period.
26-3(추가) (어휘문제로good) My own reading and thinking habits have shifted dramatically since I first logged on to the Web fifteen years ago or so. I now do the bulk of my reading and researching online. And my brain has changed as a result. Even as I’ve become more adept at navigating the rapids of the Net, I have experienced a steady decay in my ability to sustain my attention. As I explained in the Atlantic in 2008, “What the Net seems to be doing is chipping away my capacity for concentration and contemplation. My mind now expects to take in information the way the Net distributes it: in a swiftly moving stream of particles.” Knowing that the depth of our thought is tied directly to the intensity of our attentiveness, it’s hard not to conclude that as we adapt to the intellectual environment of the Net our thinking becomes shallower. *rapids 급류 **chip away ~을 조금씩 깎아 내다
27-1. 아래 box 친 부분의 의미를 적으시오.
For leaders, eternally in the spotlight, the most important ingredient for gaining followers’ confidence is to live up to expectations, particularly the expectations they have created themselves. Leaders need to do what they promise and practice what they preach. Followers are very sensitive to leaders who seem to go back on their word and/or don’t take their own medicine. In many languages, the saying is that confidence “comes by foot and leaves by horse,” which goes to show that the speed at which confidence can crumble has been known to humanity for a long time. Therefore, leaders need to safeguard the faith that people have in them by acting in accordance with the expectations they have raised themselves — they need to “walk the talk” instead of only being the “sage on stage” who has all the wise words but exhibits few of the wise deeds.
27-3. 아래 box친 부분의 change와 같은 의미의 단어를 찾아 적으시오. 힌트를 준다면 아래 글이 이분화 되는 분기점을 찾으면 됩니다.
Several studies find situational cues can radically change people’s mental set about what is normatively appropriate in a social dilemma. For example, different groups of students in one study played a dilemma game according to identical rules, with only the name of the game varying. Students were much more generous and cooperative when the game was called the “Community Game” than when the same game was labeled the “Wall Street Game.” In an even more subtle manipulation of social norms, half the students in one experiment were primed for interdependence (by completing sentences containing words such as “group,” “friendships,” or “together”) while the other half were primed for independence (by completing sentences containing words such as “independent,” “individual,” or “self-contained”). The students who were primed for interdependence were later more cooperative and trusting in a public-goods dilemma.
수특영어 TEST 1
T1-4. Success obviously adds to our enjoyment of games and work. However, contrary to the rhetoric of coaches and inspirational leaders, this does not mean that we have to “win” all the time. [중략] However, I believe the biggest source of joy to Jordan and other athletes is the opportunity to use their abilities when it really counts. From the perspective of the individual working person, the key to a great workplace is _______________________.
윗글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
① reaching the goal
② knowing who you can count on
③ feeling wanted and important
④ a focus on individual achievement
⑤ accepting losing as a growth opportunity
Test1-11 (어법) Integrators uncover opportunities by combining contrasting ideas. Merging opposites can yield breakthrough discoveries. Although no one formula exists, novelty through integration is a phenomenon studied by creativity researchers. Thomas Ward, a psychology professor at the University of Alabama, analyzed the processes that uncover new ideas and found that atypical combinations yield the greatest number of emergent properties. In 2002, Ward conducted research in which college students interpreted various types of adjective-noun combinations and were told to “think of a single meaning that best describes the pair.” His most notable finding was that unusual combinations, such as “undressed enemy” or “entertaining delay,” and pairs of words with opposing meanings, such as “healthy illness” or “painful joy” __________________.
* atypical 이례적인
1. 윗글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
① required less imagination to create
② prompted the most creative responses
③ did not easily integrate with other words
④ were thought of as atypical and awkward
⑤ created conflicting thoughts in the students
2. 윗글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
① One Term Can Mean Two Things
② Creative Thought Requires Clarity
③ Integration Comes before Novelty
④ Mismatches Are Good for Creativity
⑤ Not All New Ideas Are Equally Effective
도치공부를 위해 실어놓았음.(연계가치가 높은 지문은 아님)
In the house were her aunt’s own two children, one of whom later became a prominent doctor. (T1-13)
The few books that Anna Margolin found in her aunt’s house she quickly read. She began to grow bored.(T1-13)
(T1-17 마지막 부분) 아래 box친 부분의 문맥상 의미를 적으시오.
Nonetheless, editors and translators fear that children might struggle with foreign names, thus giving rise to a dilemma that Anthea Bell cites in her ‘Translator’s notebook’: “The idea behind all this is to avoid putting young readers off by presenting them with an impenetrable-looking set of foreign names the moment they open a book. It’s the kind of problem that constantly challenges a translator of children’s literature.”
T1-18.(제거) In developing countries, ⓵maintaining the actual food production capacity for the current generation ②is likely to be more of an issue. In such contexts, the experiences of older industrialized countries in trying to protect their agricultural land resource base ③are instructive. This experience tells us that reserving areas for agricultural production, however strict, ④providing no guarantee of continued agricultural production. This depends more on the continued possibility for farmers and their families ⓹to continue to ________________________________________________.
1. 윗글의 밑줄 친 부분에서 어법상 틀린 것은?
2. 윗글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
① remember the importance of preserving their farm land
② find new ways of earning a living in an urban environment
③ earn a decent income and support a decent standard of living
④ develop the ability to keep pace with new methods and technology
⑤ produce a variety of crops to meet changing international demands
3. 윗글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
① Retraining Farmers for New Careers ② Protect Farmers, Not Just Farm Land
③ Sustainable Agriculture: Rather Idealistic
④ Make Efforts to Preserve Agricultural Land
⑤ Industrialization Increases Food Production
(T1-19) In the case of perfume and odours emitted from non-food sources, people believed they were (A)[hardly /intuitively] able to differentiate between ‘naturally-occurring’ and ‘synthetic’ odours by the nature of the source. ‘Synthetic’ is defined in the Oxford English Dictionary as ‘a substance made by chemical synthesis, especially to imitate a natural product’. Perfumes, for example, were generally described as synthetic, whereas leather was considered to have its own natural odour. However, the distinction between naturally-occurring odours and those of synthetic origin is not as straightforward as it might seem; the odour of leather, for example, comes about as a result of tanning, which is itself a (B)[chemically-dependent / naturally-occurring] process. Also, synthetic odours of leather are frequently used in product manufacturing processes in order to provide an illusion of leather and an association with quality and newness, as is the case when these odours are sprayed into some new cars. Furthermore, some odours of perfume are produced by combinations or extractions of naturally occurring products. The line between natural and unnatural, genuine and synthetic is therefore highly (C)[blurred / differentiated] with respect to the perception of smell, with distinctions varying between people. * tanning 무두질
2. (A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 문맥에 맞는 낱말로 가장 적절한 것은?
(A) (B) (C)
① hardly chemically-dependent blurred
② hardly naturally-occurring blurred
③ intuitively chemically-dependent differentiated
④ intuitively chemically-dependent blurred
⑤ intuitively naturally-occurring differentiated
Test1-23 (요약문) 여러모로 좋은 지문이다. 이분화로 구성되어있고 paraphrasing과 역논리가 존재한다.
[It may seem odd to suggest that numbers are a human invention. After all, some might say, regardless of whether humans ever existed, there would still be ①predictable numbers in nature, be it eight (octopus legs), four (seasons), twenty-nine (days in a lunar cycle), and so on.]
(A) Those boundaries may reflect a real division between quantities in the physical world, but these divisions are generally ②accessible to the human mind without numbers.
(B) Strictly speaking, however, these are simply regularly occurring quantities. Quantities and ③correspondences between quantities might be said to exist apart from the human mental experience. Octopus legs would occur in regular groups even if we were unable to perceive that regularity.
(C) Numbers, though, are the words and other symbolic representations we use to ④differentiate quantities. Much as color terms create clearer mental boundaries between colors along adjacent portions of the visible light spectrum, numbers create ⑤conceptual boundaries between quantities.
1. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
① (A) – (C) – (B) ② (B) – (A) – (C) ③ (B) – (C) – (A)
④ (C) – (A) – (B) ⑤ (C) – (B) – (A)
2. 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?
아래 문단에서 shared 와 같은 의미의 어구를 적으시오. (2개)
(Test1-24~25) The mind has a remarkable facility for categorizing new experiences into learned patterns largely shared within a culture. This process transforms the new into the familiar and allows us to make sense of the new sounds and images we encounter every day. So, no matter how musically open-minded we try to be, our experiences can lead us to expect music to exhibit certain common elements in certain contexts.
Test1-24~25 (장문)
The mind has a remarkable facility for categorizing new experiences into learned patterns largely shared within a culture. This process transforms the new into the familiar and allows us to make sense of the new sounds and images we encounter every day. So, no matter how musically open-minded we try to be, our experiences can lead us to expect music to exhibit certain common elements in certain contexts. For example, harmony, several notes occurring at the same time to form a chord, is found in virtually everything we hear on the radio and in music videos, film scores, classical music concerts, and church choirs. Thus, we may find music without harmony strangely thin and find ourselves ______________________________ ― to other dimensions of sound and to nuances of melodic variation and pitch, for instance. We also understand musical experiences through their place in our social lives, through their context. Much of the music making that we hear in Western culture comes from professionals who are paid to entertain. At a party, few nonprofessionals would feel comfortable singing a song for others. But in many areas of traditional Africa, where not singing is like not talking, everybody sings as a natural social function.
1. 윗글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
① committing to some entirely new concepts of music
② going back to the fundamental basics of making music
③ missing what’s not there instead of listening to what is there
④ trying to listen to what’s familiar and comfortable in the piece
⑤ getting used to the inferior musical structures that take its place
Test2-4 (요지)
For a long period in human evolution, our ancestors lived as hunter-gatherers. Moving across plains and mountains to hunt game and gather nuts and berries was necessary to our survival. This means that our minds and bodies evolved in the setting of an active lifestyle. Physical activity seems to be programmed into our genes. But the amount of activity that young kids, adults, and senior citizens get today is usually _______________________. The consequences of a sedentary existence are evidenced by ill health in body and mind.(box와 다음문장들간의 관계: 역논리관계) Children who are more physically fit perform better on academic tests. Elderly people who are active have a lower risk and incidence of memory loss and loss of other important cognitive functions. Providing kids with opportunities to be active and to exercise helps sharpen their mental as well as their physical muscles. And a regular exercise regimen for adults helps prevent mental decline.
* sedentary 주로 앉아서 하는 ** regimen 처방, 요법
윗글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
① closely regulated to optimize physical performance
② well below what we are genetically predisposed to do
③ increased through higher intensity and greater variety
④ beginning to exceed what the human body can handle
⑤ associated with memory function, especially in older adults
Test2-5 (주제)
The deal of a “job for life” in return for compliance has all but ①disappeared. For employers and employees alike, the challenge has become employability, with its ②paradoxical consequences: to attract and keep the best in the war for talent, employers offer future employees the opportunity to enhance their employability (competence, reputation, experience, etc.) and to be better equipped to find a job elsewhere. Extrinsic motivation factors, such as salary, health cover or security, are no longer the only parameters involved: intrinsic motivation factors, such as belonging, recognition, personal development and self-actualization, are moving up the ③priority list for the brightest and best. As new generations such as Generations Y and Z permeate the workforce, and take up positions of responsibility, they will ④reinforce the need for companies to consider the requirement for a sense of meaning in work, the need for trust and creativity, and the opportunity to become a creator in a context of collective responsibility. ⑤Achieving this, they will simply go elsewhere, create their own start-ups, or go freelance.
윗글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?
Test2-6 (제목) [When older bees begin collecting nectar and pollen from outside the hive, their brains change, and not really for the better. For example, after they memorize the surroundings of the hive, they lose the ability to learn new things.]
(A) Here’s where it gets interesting: researchers from Arizona State University discovered that going back to larvae-rearing makes their old brains work again like young brains, restoring their mental agility and ability to learn.
(B) Normally, that would mean the larvae from the new queen wouldn’t have young nursery workers available to take care of them, and they’d die. In that case, some of the field bees return to the nursery worker job.
(C) Normally, they stay that way until they die. However, sometimes “normal” gets disrupted; for example, if a hive has to grow a new queen, there can be a month-long gap before any new bees hatch. * larva 유충 ** agility 민첩성
1. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
① (A) – (C) – (B) ② (B) – (A) – (C) ③ (B) – (C) – (A)
④ (C) – (A) – (B) ⑤ (C) – (B) – (A)
Test2-14 (빈칸) [In a letter written in 1675 to Henry Oldenburg, the secretary of the Royal Society, Newton confessed that his eyes were “not very critical in distinguishing colors.”]
(A) There were seven musical notes in the diatonic scale. The world was created in seven days. And the rainbow was a sign of cosmic harmony, so it had to have seven colors ― and Newton therefore added (saw?) orange between red and yellow, and indigo between blue and violet.
(B) Although Shakespeare in King John had said it was a “wasteful and ridiculous excess” to “add another hue / Unto the rainbow,” for Newton it was necessary to add two to those he had seen. Our seven-colored rainbow was born, though more as a child of faith than as one of science.
(C) Once he saw eleven in the rainbow. Usually he saw only five ― red, yellow, green, blue, and violet ― until he looked again or, rather, until he stopped looking. * diatonic 온음계의 ** hue 색깔, 빛
1. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
① (A) – (C) – (B) ② (B) – (A) – (C) ③ (B) – (C) – (A)
④ (C) – (A) – (B) ⑤ (C) – (B) – (A)
Test2-17 (빈칸)
Desmond Morris, a British zoologist, notes in his book Catwatching that “_________________________!” Morris describes what he calls the animal’s “double life.” He feels that domestication has changed the cat very little, that “both in anatomy and behavior it is still remarkably like the African wild cat from which it was gradually developed.” Biologist John Bradshaw points out that the cat “is neither a man-made species like the dog, nor simply an animal made captive for utilitarian purposes, like the elephant.” He later asserts that “in behavioural terms, domestication has probably had less effect on the cat than on any other domestic mammal.” Mildred Kirk agrees, offering the term “house cat” in favor of “domestic cat,” as the latter does not accurately describe the feline’s nature. So people who encounter the cat in daily life may observe that the animal is both domestic and wild, or perhaps somewhere in between. * feline 고양잇과(科)의 동물
윗글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
① the cat has similarities to the dog
② the cat is a child of domestication
③ the domestic cat is a contradiction
④ the wild cat is nothing like our pets
⑤ it is terribly cruel to domesticate cats
Test2-18 (무관한 문장)
Even before we enter the store, display windows, signage, and entrances all express the image of the store and begin to ________________. In Windows: The Art of Retail Display, Mary Portas suggests that “if eyes are the window to the soul, so shop windows reveal the soul of the store.” In trying to “turn a pedestrian into a customer,” the windows make a visual statement about the store and the character of its customers. The windows are a preview of the attractions inside, so they’re designed to catch the eye and, eventually, the rest of the customer. They capitalize on what’s current and trendy in American culture, and they appeal to our desires, both deep and shallow.
* signage 간판, 표지판 ** capitalize on ~을 이용하다
윗글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
① convey important sales information
② separate what is real from the ideal
③ get a person thinking like a consumer
④ function as efficient tools for its owners
⑤ maintain their basic features for customers
Test2-19 (순서)
When we’re depressed, play can seem like a (가)__________ concept. Sometimes when I ask my depressed clients what they envision when I say the word play, they look at me with a blank stare. So I decided to conduct an experiment about play with a number of people I worked with, as well as some family and friends. It was simple: I asked them all what play meant to them. I found that many subjects I spoke with had a hard time conceiving what play is for grown-ups, because it’s different from child’s play, which was the only kind of play they knew. This finding relates to a common thought of play. In a culture that prizes productivity, adult play seems to be defined as a negative, unproductive, self-indulgent activity ─ or even something X-rated. I believe that we need to (나)___________________.
* self-indulgent 방종한, 제멋대로 하는 ** X-rated 성인용 등급의
1. 윗글의 빈칸(가)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
① familiar ② interesting ③ foreign ④ universal ⑤ unique
2. 윗글의 빈칸(나)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
① learn from child’s play ② value work more than play
③ update our definition of play ④ use play as therapy for depression
⑤ develop more diverse play for adults
Test2-20 (순서)
Fear has a dominant role in the primitive hunting age, the agricultural age, the feudal age, the industrial age, the cyber age, the age of space, the age of atomic weapons, the age of virus, the fear age, and the fearless age. In the primitive age, people had simple weapons, but later, they invented guns made of metals. They invented such powerful weapons for protection from dangerous wild animals and other enemies. It was difficult to protect themselves from storms, thunderbolts, rain, hail, snow, and winter during that period. However, they didn’t have houses in the primitive age; they began to build houses to protect themselves from such disasters. Moreover, they constructed bridges and roads. They established industries. It was a way towards production growth. They did all this for liberation from fear.(빈칸가능) Pleasure, secured freedom, and other amenities, thus, are selections by human beings.
Test2-21 (문장 넣기) Once formed, oil and natural gas do not necessarily stay trapped in the source rocks of their origin. Instead, they can ①migrate in response to pressure differentials in the surrounding rock. To do so, the source rock must have tiny pores that create pathways for the oil and gas to travel. If the source rock is too fine-grained, then the petroleum material remains ②captured within the source rock. Often the rock above the petroleum source rock is saturated with water; in this case, the gas and oil, both being lighter than water, ③ascend. As a consequence, the typical migration route is upward or sideways, and it continues until the oil and gas encounter a ④pathway in the form of impermeable rock ― rock that is too dense to contain the pores and pathways necessary for further migration. Because the gas is lighter than oil, it ⑤accumulates above the oil and just beneath the impermeable rock that ____________________.
* saturated 흠뻑 젖은 ** pore (암석 따위의) 작은 구멍
1. 윗글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?
2. 윗글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
① also migrated upward from below
② splits into thin sheets to make pores
③ can be seen when oil and gas begin to flow
④ is more saturated with water than other rock
⑤ constitutes a seal and prevents further travel
Test2-22 (문장 넣기) [In 1890, Kodak introduced a cheap consumer camera that everyone could afford. This put the portrait studios out of business; the newly unemployed photographers needed a way to distinguish between what they did and this new popular photography.]
(A) They presented their works in art galleries, next to paintings. The elements of an art world began to form: collegial groups called “photo clubs,” a journal called Camera Work, and shows and openings.
(B) However, art photography remained __________; there were no markets, buyers, or collectors, and museums were not interested in adding photos to their collections. Pictorialism eventually died out with the outbreak of World War I. An art form can’t survive without a market, places for display, and collectors.
(C) The movement of pictorialism was the response, with photographers attempting to imitate the artistic processes of painting; rather than reproducible photos, they worked directly on the negatives and other materials of the process.
* negative (사진의) 원판
1. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
① (A) – (C) – (B) ② (B) – (A) – (C) ③ (B) – (C) – (A)
④ (C) – (A) – (B) ⑤ (C) – (B) – (A)
2. 윗글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
① steady ② marginalized ③ popular ④ controversial ⑤ unchanged
Test2-23 (요약문)
We know a great deal about the Sumerians’ maths, because, unlike the Egyptians, they didn’t use papyrus to record it (papyrus slowly rots away as the moisture in the air gets to it, so other than a few existing examples, most of the documents the Egyptians produced have perished).
(A) All tablets, regardless of their size, could be bought for roughly the same price (about $5), so the sellers would break large samples into smaller pieces. The overall loss for historians is hard to calculate, but tragically sad.
(B) Fortunately, thousands of examples of their writing and mathematics have survived for us to study today, including shopping lists, business accounts, schoolwork, times tables and even mathematical research. Before the Iraq war, when tourism was still possible, you could buy ancient tablets inscribed with calculations and lists.
(C) To record both their language and their mathematics, the Sumerians made marks in a piece of clay (using a wedge-shaped stick called a stylus), which then hardened in the sun. * perish 소멸되다 ** inscribe 새기다
1. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
① (A) – (C) – (B) ② (B) – (A) – (C) ③ (B) – (C) – (A)
④ (C) – (A) – (B) ⑤ (C) – (B) – (A)
Test2-24~25 (장문)
Resident-bird habitat selection is seemingly a straightforward process in which a young dispersing individual, pushed away from its birthplace by its parents and their neighbors, moves until it finds a place where it can compete successfully to satisfy its needs.
(A) Thus, individuals of many resident species, confronted with the fitness benefits of control over a productive breeding site, may be forced to balance costs in the form of (가)[lower/higher] nonbreeding survivorship by remaining in the specific habitat where _________________________.
(B) Initially, these needs include only food and shelter. However, eventually, the young must locate, identify, and settle in a habitat that satisfies not only survivorship but reproductive needs as well.
(C) In some cases, the habitat that provides the best opportunity for survival may not be the same habitat as the one that provides for highest reproductive capacity because of requirements specific to the reproductive period (e.g., availability of safe nesting sites).
* yearling 한 살배기 동물 ** optimal 최적의
1. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
① (A) – (C) – (B) ② (B) – (A) – (C) ③ (B) – (C) – (A)
④ (C) – (A) – (B) ⑤ (C) – (B) – (A)
2. 윗글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
① food and shelter is plentiful ② the bird population is largest
③ baby birds can survive safely ④ the fewest external threats exist
⑤ highest breeding success occurs
3. (가)에 알맞은 어휘는?
Test3-3 (주제)
We are social beings, and connection to something greater than ourselves, even if we’re simply thinking about it, gives us resilience and makes us feel safe, protected, and at peace. Psychologist Dennis Proffitt at the University of Virginia and his colleagues conducted an experiment to see what effect social connection would have on perception. They had some participants stand alone and estimate the slant of a hill, while others stood next to a friend or visualized a friend next to them. What he found was that when people were accompanied by a friend (or even just visualized being with a friend), they perceived _______________. Inclining our minds in a prosocial direction creates connection and helps us to perceive our mountains as molehills ― or at least small mountains instead of big mountains. * resilience 회복력 ** slant 경사
1. 윗글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
① the hill as being less steep
② themselves as standing out
③ themselves to be less social
④ other hills hidden in the distance
⑤ the hill to be as big as a mountain
Test3-4 (요지)
According to the U.S. National Chicken Council, it takes just 2 pounds of feed to produce 1 pound of chicken, but this is a live-weight figure. After slaughter, when blood, feathers, and internal organs have been removed, a 5-pound chicken won’t produce much more than 3 pounds of meat. That puts the grain-to-meat conversion ratio back up over 3 to 1, including bones and water. So the National Chicken Council’s own figures prove that, even with the most efficient form of intensive meat production, if we really want to feed ourselves efficiently, we’ll do much better to _________________. If it is protein, rather than simply calories, we are after, we'll do better still growing soybeans. Although in the past some nutritionists claimed that animal protein is higher in “quality” ― that is, in the balance of amino acids ― than plant protein, we now know that there are no significant differences in the quality of protein between soybeans and meat.
* slaughter 도살 ** conversion ratio 전환 비율
1. 윗글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
① focus on larger animals such as pigs and cows
② eat some other kind of meat rather than chicken
③ raise chickens for their eggs instead of their meat
④ feed our chickens more than to raise more of them
⑤ eat the grain ourselves than to feed it to the chickens
Test3-6 (제목)
Most parents want to send their children to the best possible schools. Some workers might thus decide to accept a riskier job at a higher wage because that would enable them to meet the monthly payments on a house in a better school district. But other workers are in the same boat, and school quality is an inherently relative concept. So if other workers also traded safety for higher wages, the ultimate outcome would be merely to bid up the prices of houses in better school districts. Everyone would end up with less safety, yet no one would achieve the goal that made that trade seem acceptable in the first place. As in a military arms race, when all parties build more arms, none is any more secure than before. * bid up (경매에서) ~의 값을 올리다
1. 윗글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?
① The rising cost of housing presents a danger to our entire society.
② Even the best schools cannot guarantee students a good education.
③ Higher wages are only useful if they are spent carefully and wisely.
④ Nobody benefits from competition for living in a better school district.
⑤ Spending more money on education is better than buying a nicer home.
Test3-11 (어법)
[A certain amount of centrally generated coal-fired power is necessary for Africa or South Asia in the immediate future. Green alternatives are not yet scalable.]
(A) When you think how much climate change we have already triggered with just three-quarters of the world using fossil-fuel-based electricity, imagine if we added another quarter. This is why we desperately need abundant, clean, reliable, cheap electricity ― fast.
(B) The more we can bring down the price of solar, wind, or even nuclear energy, and safely get these technologies into the hands of the world’s poor, the more we can alleviate one problem (energy poverty) and prevent another (climate change and air pollution).
(C) But if all 1.6 billion people without electricity today were to connect to a power grid based on coal or natural gas or oil, the climate and pollution implications could be devastating.
* power grid 전력망 ** alleviate 완화하다
1. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
① (A) – (C) – (B) ② (B) – (A) – (C) ③ (B) – (C) – (A)
④ (C) – (A) – (B) ⑤ (C) – (B) – (A)
2. 윗글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?
① Green alternatives are ideal but not realistic.
② Power based on coal or oil is main cause of climate change.
③ Ending energy poverty can only safely be done using green energy
④ Providing electricity is more important than phasing out fossil fuels.
⑤ Poor people are more likely to use clean and cheap sources of energy.
Test3-12 (어휘)
An excellent example of the importance of making accurate predictions has to do with the Marshall Plan. After World War II, some staffers in the U.S. State Department had come up with a novel plan designed to avoid the depression that followed most wars. ① Quite simply, the plan was for the U.S. to give financial support to the European countries so they could get back on their feet economically. ② They wanted to call it the Truman Plan. ③ He sensed that many members of Congress were hostile and would vote down a good idea because his name was associated with it. ④ He recommended a different name: The Marshall Plan. ⑤ If _______________________ and Congress had defeated the measure, the world could very well have been worse off today.
1. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?
When they suggested this to the President, he rejected the idea of using his name.
2. 윗글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
① the war had ended a bit sooner ② the original label had been used
③ the staffers’ idea had been better ④ they had called it the Marshall Plan
⑤ the predications had been more accurate
Test3-14 (빈칸)
Money is frequently described as a symbol, but it is more accurate to say that money objects such as coins incorporate a specific type of symbol. The stamp on a coin typically consists of two parts that _____________________. The obverse or “heads” ― which often features, for example, a portrait of the head of state ― represents the mint’s authority, and the reverse or “tails” expresses the numerical value of the coin in chosen units. However, coins in Lydia were originally stamped on only one side, and for metaphorical convenience we can associate the stamp with heads and the physical matter with tails. Money functions as a link between these two things ― the heads and the tails, the abstract idea and the embodied reality ― which have very different properties.
* mint 조폐국 ** embodied 구현된, 체화된
윗글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
① provide conflicting information
② both show who runs the country
③ represent a number and its value
④ merge the ideas of power and number
⑤ are different but have the same meaning
Test3-16 (빈칸)
Mobilizing popular support for policy change becomes much easier if a powerful image comes to symbolize the issue for the public. A brief history of the Cuyahoga River fire in Cleveland illustrates this process. When a short stretch of the Cuyahoga River caught on fire during June 1969, it was only the most recent fire on the river. It had caught on fire at least ten times during the preceding fifty years. Two weeks after the 1969 fire, Time magazine ran a picture of “the river on fire” on the front cover of its weekly edition, and the “river on fire” came to symbolize the terrible environmental conditions prevailing on the nation’s waterways. Given that we use water to douse flames, _________________. The powerful symbolism encouraged a wide range of politicians to join Carl Stokes, then mayor of Cleveland, and his brother, Louis Stokes, a congressman from Cleveland, in working for the passage of the Clean Water Act by the federal government in 1972. * douse (물을 뿌려 불을) 끄다
1. 윗글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
① a waterway is the safest place for a fire to occur
② a river on fire could not be explained scientifically
③ only an extremely polluted waterway could actually burn
④ the picture brought a suspicion into the minds of readers
⑤ it was a sign that the war against pollution was succeeding
Test3-17 (연결어)
It’s instructive to compare and contrast two greeting rituals: the handshake, currently the predominant greeting ritual in Western countries, and the hand-kiss, which was popular among European aristocrats in the 18th and 19th centuries (but which has since fallen out of fashion). ① Both are gestures of trust and friendship, but they differ in their political implications. ② Shaking hands is symmetric and fundamentally represents equality; it’s a ritual between supposed equals. ③ Hand-kissing, however, is inherently asymmetric, setting the kisser apart from, and subordinate to, the recipient of the kiss. The kisser must press his lips on another person’s (potentially germ-ridden) hands, while simultaneously lowering his head and possibly kneeling. ④ Even when the ritual is somewhat forced, it can send a powerful political message. ⑤ Kings and popes, for example, would often “invite” their subjects to line up for public kiss-the-ring ceremonies, putting everyone’s loyalty and submission on conspicuous display and thereby ______________________. * aristocrat 귀족 ** symmetric 대칭적인, 균형이 잡힌
1. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?
This gesture is submissive, and when it’s performed freely, it’s an implicit promise of loyalty.
2. 윗글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
① forming an unbreakable bond between two equals
② prompting humiliation from the submissive people
③ creating common knowledge of the leader’s dominance
④ showing cohesion and unity among people who were there
⑤ making it easier for people to shake hands with each other
Test3-18 (무관한 문장)
One of the most effective ways to calm down from stress is intimate ①contact with people you trust and feel comfortable around. When you are in the presence of soft voices, smiles, and familiar faces, your heart rate and breathing slow down, and your sympathetic nervous system ②cools off. According to a neuroscientist who has measured these changes, what the body craves most when you are ③upset is a familiar, predictable, and safe environment, in which you are surrounded by those you care for. This has been supported by other studies that examined the adjustment of first-year students, finding that stress is significantly diminished for those who have developed social ④independence from friends. Interestingly, this does not apply to family during this critical year because one developmental task of beginning college students is to ⑤separate from older relatives.
1. 윗글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?
Test3-20 (순서) Throughout the nineteenth century, many Americans grew a substantial portion of their own food on farms or in gardens. Small general stores catered to those who lived in small communities or who desired luxuries unavailable locally. ① Food was sold mainly as a generic product measured out from unmarked barrels, sacks, and jars. ②(문삽가능)This changed as food production was industrialized. ③ Following the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition, food processors and manufacturers prospered as agricultural surpluses flooded the market and technology lowered the cost of production. ④ To accomplish this, food companies began advertising their products regionally and nationally through newspapers and magazines, and locally via circulars, billboards, and in-store promotions. ⑤ Food advertising became a major source of American opinion and action regarding what, when, and how to eat.
* generic 상표 없는 ** cater to ~의 요구를 채워 주다
1. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?
The result was the rise of large food manufacturers, who needed to persuade consumers of the superiority of branded products over generic groceries.
Test3-21 (문장 넣기)
Language, being a strong tribal identity by nature, renders music also very tribal. One might argue that peoples’ language changes from culture to culture, and often, from one country to another.
(A) Thus, well-performed dancing from any culture is equally as pleasing to most audiences regardless of culture. However, people grow more keen on the sort of music they most naturally enjoy.
(B) As peoples’ languages change, invariably their music also changes with it. This is why both music and language become a much stronger tribal identity compared to dancing or other arts.
(C) Those who develop a more sophisticated understanding of music and enjoy a much wider variety of music might be an [common / exception] to this rule. Having said that, however, of all arts, most people are ____________________. keen on ~을 아주 좋아하는
1. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
① (A) – (C) – (B) ② (B) – (A) – (C) ③ (B) – (C) – (A) ④ (C) – (A) – (B) ⑤ (C) – (B) – (A)
2. 윗글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
① enthusiastic about music from other cultures
② unable to identify the cultural origins of music
③ likely to prefer dancing to listening to music
④ attracted to music which is somewhat new and exotic
⑤ more intensely affected by their music than any other
Test3-22 (문장 넣기)
Why was it that the part of the world that had the ①least to do with cotton ― Europe ― created and came to dominate the empire of cotton? Any ②reasonable observer in, say, 1700, would have expected the world’s cotton production to remain ③centered in India, or perhaps in China. And indeed, until 1780 these countries produced vastly more raw cotton and cotton textiles than Europe and North America. But then things changed. European capitalists and states, with startling swiftness, moved to the ④margins of the cotton industry. They used their new position to ignite an Industrial Revolution. China and India, along with many other parts of the world, became ever more subservient to the Europe-centered empire of cotton. These Europeans then used their dynamic cotton industry as a ⑤platform to create other industries; indeed, cotton became the launching pad for the broader Industrial Revolution.
* ignite 불을 붙이다 ** subservient 종속하는
1. 윗글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?
Test3-23 (요약문) 강추 지문 다음 글의 줄친 부분 중에서 문맥상 어색한 것은?
Our senses grasp an infinitesimally small portion of reality, we assume. Further, our brain organizes the available sensory information or environmental stimuli in order to make sense out of millions of bits and pieces of data. In other words, we perceive what we think we need to perceive and ①miss the rest of what is occurring. What we do observe becomes the material for our interpretation and judgment, both of which are affected by our ②emotional state. We ignore what we don’t want or enjoy, unless ignoring is ③impossible because of the strength of the stimulus. If a beggar’s pleading becomes so distracting and disturbing that we cannot ignore him, we may give him some money just to be ④free of him. Otherwise, if not seeing a beggar ⑤suppresses our desires, we ignore him, as though we didn’t see him. Later, we easily forget him, as though he never existed.
* infinitesimally 극미하게
Test3-24~25 (장문) 1. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?
[In the case of high cognitive load, this type of distraction may cause dramatic impairment, including preventing the further processing of a relevant visual input coming from a spatially well-oriented ocular fixation due to lack of attention.]
The most obvious distraction while driving is looking away from the driving scene. ① Gazing at objects whose line of sight is far away from relevant locations has a potential risk that increases depending on the time a driver spends looking away from the traffic scene. ② The critical time spent looking away depends greatly on the traffic situation: half a second while following a car at a close distance on a winding road may be more critical than 2 seconds while driving on a straight, wide, and empty motorway. ③ Nevertheless, distraction times over 2 seconds are considered unacceptable as general criteria for driving. ④ In addition, even while keeping your eyes on the road, cognitive activity can be a source of distraction, that is, current thoughts unrelated to driving. ⑤ Missing the brake lights of the car in front or just being unable to react by braking while being involved in a complex thought are examples of looking without really seeing. * ocular fixation 시각적 고정
독해연습 83개 지문
1-1.(빈칸) When temperatures near 0°C, water molecules start bonding with one another to form a crystal structure. The hydrogen atoms of each molecule connect to the oxygen atoms of other molecules. The resulting structure creates a greater amount of space between the molecules than there was when the molecules floated freely about in a liquid state. All that extra space between the molecules is why ice is less dense than liquid water — and the reason ice floats. This characteristic of water is good news for fish and other animals that live underwater wherever the temperatures drop to freezing. When the water in a lake, for instance, begins to freeze, the first tiny ice crystals that form remain on the surface. Eventually, a layer of floating ice will form on the water’s surface, which (N제)[seals in the liquid water below and keeps it from freezing.] (역논리)If water became more dense when it froze — the way most substances do — then the ice crystals would keep sinking to the bottom. Eventually, the entire lake would be frozen solid from top to bottom — which would be bad news for the fish.
1-3. 빈칸=>어법 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분 중에서 어법상 어색한 것은?
One dimension of the mind’s innate search for meaning has to do with the compelling power of purpose. For example, a girl of about nine years old recently described ⓵that she understood to be the causes and best treatment for lung cancer. She was extremely articulate. Her interest had been sparked by the fact that her mother ②had been diagnosed with the disease, ③prompting her to read as much as she could find on the subject. Learning that is reducible ⓸to memorizing facts that are true or false is different from learning that engages actor-centered, adaptive decision making. This kind of decision making is the result of an authentic question generated by the learner on the basis of a genuine ⑤need to know and is one that inevitably requires more complex thinking. It is the search for meaning that organizes actor-centered questions and encourages the use of higher-order functions. *articulate (생각, 감정 등을) 명확하게 표현하는
1-6 Dr. Zajonc’s drive theory claims that the mere presence of an audience is arousing, and that this increases the tendency to produce dominant responses.
(A) This means that tasks we are skilled at, which are well learned and of which we have a long history of experience are likely to be enhanced in front of an audience.
(B) In contrast, tasks at which we are not skilled or those in the early stages of learning will be performed even more poorly in front of an audience.
(C) If the dominant responses are appropriate or correct in relation to the task, performance will be enhanced, but if inappropriate, performance will be impaired compared to when the person performs the task alone.
1-9(빈칸) => 어법으로 변형
Hindsight bias has a particular way ⓵in which it manifests. Some people refer to hindsight bias as the “I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon.” When you hear someone say, “I knew it all along” or “I knew that they would,” they are demonstrating hindsight bias. When this happens we are selectively recalling an experience that ②supports the facts we have just learned, and, in actuality, we didn’t know; we were simply emboldened by the recently revealed facts to believe that we ⓷did. For instance, when a new hire is doing a good job it is common for us to tell our coworkers that we knew ④that person was going to do well, when, in fact, we did not know; we were just hoping. Likewise, if that same person starts performing poorly we are likely, without any critical reflection of our previous comments, to say, “I knew they weren’t going to work out.” Hindsight bias allows us to think that we are better at predicting than we really ⓹do.
*embolden 대담하게 만들다
1-12. (연결사) 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
The quality of a decision cannot be determined unambiguously by its ____________[생략] What this example illustrates is that it is the potential outcomes, their probabilities, and their values to the decision maker at the time the decision is made that lead us to judge a particular choice to be wise or foolish. A general who is losing a war, for example, is much wiser to engage in a high-risk military venture than is a general who is winning a war. The failure of such a venture might not reflect unfavorably on the decision-making ability of the losing general; it is more “rational” for the losing general to take a risk.
*snake eyes 두 개의 주사위를 던졌을 때 두 개 모두 1이 나오는 것 **loan shark 악덕 사채업자
① its outcome ② self-satisfaction ③ general consensus
④ a single person ⑤ risk avoidance
2-11 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
Academic work is by its nature never done; while flexibility of hours is one of the privileges of our work, it can easily translate into working all the time or feeling that one should.
(A) And while believing in what one does is a key aspect of job satisfaction, idealism also can lead to overwork. The irony is that the more committed we are to our vocation, the more likely it is that we will experience time stress and burnout.
(B) Mary Morris Heiberger and Julia Miller Vick note this paradox: "Despite their heavy workloads, academics have more freedom to structure their own time than practically anyone else in the economy. For some people, this is the great advantage of the career path; for others, it is a source of stress."
(C) Furthermore, given the time and money required to get a PhD and its uncertain economic returns, it is clear that most of us pursue an academic career for idealistic, rather than pragmatic, reasons.
*pragmatic 실용적인
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A) ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
2-12. (연결사) [All the branches of science such as life sciences, botany, zoology, physiology, physics, chemistry, agriculture and geology, etc. are correlated and interrelated with each other.]
(A) Similarly, in the study of agriculture, the knowledge of rocks and chemicals is involved. The study of rocks and soil helps in choosing different types of soils for different crops. The knowledge of chemistry helps us in determining different types of manures.
(B) For example, if we are studying a geology lesson on the rocks and minerals of the Earth, then we must be studying the chemical composition, structure and properties of these rocks and minerals.
(C) Therefore, it is always worthwhile to deal with different branches of science in a ___________ manner for the benefit of students. It is necessary to bring out correlation of one branch of science with another branch to make science education more meaningful and effective. *manure (동물의 배설물로 만든) 거름
3-3.(변경) 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
There are no general strategies for conducting an argument because the specific something arguments are always about ___________________________ in relation to which some, but not all, strategies will be relevant and, at least potentially, effective. In the political arena, one tried-and-true strategy is to damage the reputation of your opponent, accusing him or her of all manner of crimes, lies, betrayals, improprieties, and failures of judgment. But if you do that in an academic argument — an argument between two scholars about the interpretation of a poem or the correct account of a historical event — you might be rebuked and sent away because you will have disregarded the decorum of the academic game. The ways of argument are context-specific and while there are surely some general things to be said about argument, and an entire intellectual tradition called rhetoric dedicated to saying them, in the end the study of argument will be a study of the various contexts in which one encounters argument in its various forms.
*rebuke 책망하다 **decorum 예의 ***rhetoric 수사법
① can be traced back to a conflict between the two parties
② will always be embedded in a social or institutional setting
③ is usually structured to meet the needs of the participants
④ is usually understood only by a very small group of people
⑤ must always have its origins in a culturally distinct pattern
3-5.(빈칸=>어휘) 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?
Political acts ① vary in their capacity to convey information about what citizens want and need. The vote is a notably blunt instrument of communication. Although winning candidates often claim a “mandate,” in truth they usually have only an ② imprecise understanding of what was on the minds of the voters who placed them in office. In contrast, the many forms of ③ direct expression of preferences — a sign at a demonstration, an e-mail to a senator’s office, a prepared statement at a meeting of the local zoning board — can communicate clear and, in some circumstances, quite ④ specific messages. Organized interests are especially likely to communicate detailed information when they contact public officials, and this information frequently ⑤ interferes in the process of policy formation, although it presents a particular point of view.
*blunt 무딘 **mandate 위임받은 권한
3-6. (연결사=>순서)
During their second year, children learn to use the words old and young, which indicate that they have appropriated the age dimension. They can use this dimension to classify people.
(A) Jean Piaget emphasizes that “time and space form an inseparable whole” in children’s minds. In other words, young children cannot treat space and time as separate domains.
(B) However, an understanding of an abstract time domain develops much later. Spatial metaphors for time are ubiquitous: it is difficult to talk about time without using words that originate from the visuospatial domain.
(C) This situation parallels the dimensions of height and volume, which are inseparable for preschool children but become separable when children learn that volume is a conservative dimension. Similarly, space and time start as a single metric that becomes gradually differentiated into two separable domains.
*appropriate 사용하다 **visuospatial 시공간적인 ***metric 측정 기준
3-7. 다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계없는 문장은?
No matter how hard you may try to produce an objective paper, the fact is that every choice you make as you write is influenced to some extent by your personal beliefs and opinions. What you tell your readers is truth, in other words, is influenced, sometimes without your knowledge, by a multitude of factors: your environment, upbringing, and education; your attitude toward your audience; your career goals; and your ambitions for the paper you are writing. ① Once you have identified what you want to write about, you must think about who your audience will be. ② The influence of such factors can be very subtle, and it is something you must work to identify in your own writing and in the writing of others in order not to mislead or to be misled. ③ Remember that one of the reasons for writing is self-discovery. ④ The writing you will do in the classes — and for the rest of your life — will give you a chance to discover and confront honestly your own views on your subjects. ⑤ Responsible writers keep an eye on their own biases and are honest about them with their readers.
3-8(강추) 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?
By creating artworks artists offer views of the world and their unique responses to the world. The community (audience/group) responds to the products of an artist’s efforts by attempting to ① comprehend the uniqueness of the artist. The artist creates, the community responds, the artist makes again, the community attends, and so on. In a broad sense, art making may be considered to always be a group enterprise. Shaun McNiff, an author and artist, said, “Life is always created from ② interplay among different participants who make contact, influence one another, exchange their essential natures, merge, and generate new forms.” Creating art is a ③ self-centered process. The vast majority of artists are very interested in the reactions their work inspires in others. This interest is motivated by the desire for (중요) human contact. A central healing quality of art therapy is the capacity to ④ promote the development of relationships. Although some artists state that they must be left alone to do their work, still most intend that someday others will ⑤ acknowledge their creative work.
3-9.(빈칸) [During its formative period and because it was live, the essential nature of television was argued to be intimacy.]
(A) Instead, television was to inherit its bedside manner from radio to create the illusion of the proximity between the performance and listener/viewer. At the same time, it should be remembered that some television programs were and continue to be “audience shows” and are enjoyed by large masses of people gathered in some sort of auditorium or studio.
(B) Nevertheless, such big television variety shows, broadcast from a theatre stage, continue to give the viewer at home a feeling of being in the front row, as well as among the other members of the audience sitting in the theatre.
(C) The closeness of the image to the performance of the actors, unadorned and without the tinsel of cinema spectacle, could avoid the erection of a barrier between the screen and its audience. Television, unlike the theatre, lacks a stage, orchestra pit, or footlights to separate the performer from the audience.
* unadorned 장식이 없는 **tinsel 가치는 없지만 매력적으로 보이는 것 ***orchestra pit 오케스트라석
1. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A) ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
2. 윗글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
① why most television viewers are easily distracted
② how television programs changed over the years
③ the similarities between television and the theater
④ the reason television was less popular than cinema
⑤ the quality that made early television shows special
3-11.(빈칸) 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?
Many pleasures are not a response to need or deprivation. I can be perfectly comfortable, yet ① pleased by the warmth of the sun as it breaks the clouds and comes streaming through the bay window. A light snack does away with hunger pangs; yet I am still seduced by the smell of garlic gently sizzling in olive oil. These pleasures are the bonus of life because they ② involve need. We experience them as pleasures even though we aren’t suffering from their deprivation. Thus, the enjoyment of food when chosen, rather than forced, turns eating into something more than acquiring ③ nutrition. Pleasure rather than the satisfaction of needs is the point of the experience. Such freely chosen enjoyment presupposes an excess of time, attention, and usually some resources — it is a dimension of life that is not bound up with ④ necessities, despite being part of everyday existence. It is a surplus, a form of grace, and thus has meaning that is not reducible to a ⑤ function and serves no purpose other than the enjoyment.
*pang 극심한 고통 **seduce 매혹하다, 유혹하다 ***sizzle (기름 등이) 지글거리다
독연 4-3
Institutions do not exist in timeless limbo — they have to be created, and personal initiative is required to do this. Some of the largest and strongest institutions are founded by committees or councils, which combine the reputations of the individuals involved.
4-5. 이분화(강추) 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
[Humor depends upon the perception of an appropriate incongruity; that is, the perception of an appropriate relationship between categories that would ordinarily be regarded as incongruous. A brief example should suffice to illustrate the notion: “A man goes to see a psychiatrist. The doctor asks him, ‘What seems to be the problem?’]
(A) In other words, the doctor’s denial is incongruous in that it confirms the very problem about which the patient complains. Even the physician to whom the patient turns for help seems to doubt his veracity from the first moment of their encounter.
(B) In some sense, it may even be regarded as a reflexive expression of reassurance. At the same time, “you’re kidding” registers the physician’s disbelief in the patient’s report and seems to affirm the very proposition that the physician seems to be denying — that no one believes anything the patient says.
(C) The patient says, ‘Doc, no one believes anything I say.’ The doctor replies, ‘You’re kidding!’” To understand this joke, one must apprehend both the appropriateness and the incongruity of the doctor’s response. The phrase “you’re kidding” is an expression of surprise and appropriately registers the doctor’s skepticism that the situation could be as severe as the patient describes.
*incongruity 부조화 **veracity 진실성
① (A)—(C)—(B) ② (B)—(A)—(C) ③ (B)—(C)—(A) ④ (C)—(A)—(B) ⑤ (C)—(B)—(A)
4-7. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?
No matter what emotion you’re feeling right now, you can count on one thing—it will ①change. Every emotion has a natural life span. Even the hottest flash of anger and the deepest sting of shame will ②pass away in their own time. No emotion lasts forever. Emotions are often compared to waves. Like a wave, every emotion appears, rises to a peak, and then falls. This might seem obvious. But it’s one of the first things that we ③forget when we’re feeling upset. Just as some waves rise to enormous heights, some emotions rise to great peaks of intensity. At those peak moments, we might feel that we’re drowning. The emotion feels like a ④destructive force of nature—a hurricane, cyclone, or flood that’s raging inside us. We worry that we won’t survive, that it’s too much to bear. We forget that this moment is just the peak of the wave. In fact, an emotion often feels most unpleasant right before it begins to ⑤strengthen. Remembering that emotions are impermanent helps us ride out the waves.
4-8. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?
[By four years of age, children’s judgments are more specific and differentiated.
]
Important advances in self-concept are made during early childhood as children develop an awareness of their own characteristics. ( ① ) Three-year-old children first describe themselves in global terms, based on external qualities (“I’m fast”) rather than psychological qualities (“I’m kind”). ( ② ) This global tendency leads young children to think that if they are good at drawing, they also are good at puzzles, running, or singing; that is, self-definitions are generalized to other contexts. ( ③ ) They acknowledge that they are good at one skill, but not so good at others. ( ④ ) Or they may acknowledge that they are good at doing something in one situation but not in other situations. ( ⑤ ) For instance, older preschoolers may believe that they are good at puzzles but not at drawing or that they are good at playing basketball with other preschoolers but not with older children.
4-9. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?
In The Future of an Illusion, Sigmund Freud gives his insights on what he thinks about religion. He argued that all humans have desires or instincts that need to be repressed by society if society is to ①function. For instance, social order is maintained only on the condition that people ②repress their aggressive instincts and tendencies. However, for Freud, this repression takes an intolerably heavy toll on human psychology. Humans would not be able to handle this repression of their instincts were it not for some sort of psychological compensation to ③intensify the pressure. Freud believed that religion provides “illusions” that offer the sort of compensation or relief required. He argued that a religion like Christianity provides this ④psychological compensation through the creation of the illusion that adherents will go to heaven: human suffering in the present life can be indirectly relieved by the promise and hope that adherents will go somewhere perfect when they die. Why do religions exist? For Freud, the answer is simple: because something is necessary to ⑤alleviate the friction created by social repression.
*take a toll 타격[피해]을 주다 **adherent (종교의) 신자
4-11. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?
Likewise, “I can do anything” or, “You can train me” is not compelling. You must stand for something.
Don’t try to be a jack-of-all-trades, I-can-do-anything job applicant, also known as a “slash” person. When you say you’re a computer programmer/chef/Pilates instructor, people at college mixers might be amused, but no hiring manager will be. ( ① ) Companies won’t know what to make of you. Slash identities work best if they are in related fields, such as social entrepreneur/consumer activist, or coder/app developer. ( ② ) If you’re unsure if you want a job in marketing or sales, develop slightly different pitches and resumes so each has a clear focus. ( ③ ) Remember the T-shape concept—emphasize depth in one key area and breadth in a group of related areas. ( ④ ) As a rule, the more focused the brand, the better. Swiss army knife-type brands generally end up in the rubbish bin. ( ⑤ ) Organizations with job openings are looking to fill a slot in one area, and they need someone who can jump in right away.
*slash person 이것저것 다 할 줄 아는 사람 **mixer 사교 모임, 친목회 ***pitch 홍보
4-12.(연결사)강추 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
In everyday language, central tendency attempts to identify the “average” or “typical” individual. This average value can then be used to provide a simple description of an entire population or a sample. In addition to describing an entire distribution, measures of central tendency are also useful for making comparisons between groups of individuals or between sets of data. For example, weather data indicate that for Seattle, Washington, the average yearly temperature is 53° Fahrenheit and the average annual precipitation is 34 inches. By comparison, the average temperature in Phoenix, Arizona, is 71° and the average precipitation is 7.4 inches. The point of these examples is to demonstrate the great advantage of being able to describe a large set of data with a single, representative number. Central tendency characterizes what is typical for a large population and in doing so _______________. Statisticians sometimes use the expression “number crunching” to illustrate this aspect of data description. That is, we take a distribution consisting of many scores and “crunch” them down to a single value that describes them all.
① ends up making things appear overly similar
② makes large amounts of data more digestible
③ overlooks some important individual extremes
④ presents complex patterns that are meaningful
⑤ distorts the data by unnecessarily compressing it
5-1(어법) 역논리 존재
If the problem is not confronted with a ‘why attitude’, similar to a small child constantly asking questions about something, it is almost impossible to understand and solve. In the event that mental baggage can be broken down through repeated enquiry and probing, it is likely that a delightful and practical proposal can emerge and be accepted broadly. *arduous 힘든
5-3.순서 Depending on the severity of the learning disability and its interference in making reasoned decisions, some parents may have to continue to make vital decisions affecting all aspects of their child’s life. Because planning for the future of a student with learning disabilities can arouse fear of the unknown, parents may tend to delay addressing these issues and instead focus only on the present.
5-4.어법 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?
The idea that innovation is ① linked with meeting the needs of social groups means that the problems innovative people seek to solve are at least partly socially determined. Where there is no social ② awareness that a problem exists, there may be no drive to produce solutions and thus no innovation. A simple example is the area of the design of everyday objects — tools, for example. A tool may be awkward to use and inefficient, or possibly even dangerous — a hammer is a good example. However, it may be so familiar to so many people that they have become ③ accustomed to its disadvantages and may be able to use it very effectively, despite the disadvantages and inconvenience. They may even be ④ capable of imagining that a hammer could be different. In this case, there is no social pressure to introduce effective ⑤ novelty and, in a sense, no problem, no matter how bad the design may be, because society has decided there is no problem.
5-7. 어법 [생략] Nonanthropomorphized portrayals are used when the point of including an animal is to demonstrate the work they do for us, how they are acceptable as food, or for recreation. This strategy is used to reinforce the species barrier between them and us. Also, the more a part of nature animals are meant to be, such as in travel advertising, the less likely they are to be anthropomorphized. *anthropomorphize 인격화하다
5-8. 제거 With the coming of the Industrial Revolution, the social concentration of activities of the public square and indeed the entire public realm has diminished. Technological innovations including the telephone and the Internet combined in the latest cell phone innovations are partly responsible. ① The automobile has made it possible to travel in virtual privacy and thus withdraw from contact with others in trains, buses, and other forms of public transportation.
5-9 순서 Peter Norvig, an artificial intelligence expert, likes to think about big data with an ① analogy to images. First, he asks us to consider the iconic horse from the cave paintings in Lascaux, France, which date to the Old Stone Age some 17,000 years ago. Then think of a photograph of a horse — or better, the dabs of Pablo Picasso, which do not look much ② similar to the cave paintings. In fact, when Picasso was shown the Lascaux images he remarked that, since then, “We have invented ③ nothing.” Picasso’s words were true on one level but not on another. Recall that photograph of the horse. Where it took a long time to draw a picture of a horse, now a representation of one could be made much faster with photography. That is a change, but it may not be the most ④ essential, since it is still fundamentally the same: an image of a horse. Yet now, Norvig asks, consider capturing the image of a horse and speeding it up to 24 frames per second. Now, the quantitative change has produced a ⑤ qualitative change. A movie is fundamentally different from a frozen photograph. It’s the same with big data: _______________________. * dab 붓으로 쓱 그린 그림
1. 윗글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?
2. 윗글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
① without the technology, the benefits are minimal
② when we try to go forward, we take a step back
③ by changing the amount, we change the essence
④ it has very little in common with what preceded it
⑤ it has already been done much better in the past
5-[11~12] One face of morality suggests that people treat all routine action — action that conforms to cultural expectations and meets the demands of cultural norms — as moral, and that actors must account for their deviations from even the most trivial cultural expectations or ___________________. Among the Urapmin of Papua New Guinea, with whom I carried out fieldwork in the early 1990s, one is expected to shake hands with everyone one encounters each day on the first occasion of coming into contact with them. One day I was walking with a friend on the main path that connects the villages that make up the Urapmin community when we got caught in a torrential downpour. We began to run for shelter and at one point passed another man we both knew running with equal determination in the other direction. We did not stop to shake hands. As soon as we got ourselves into a house, my friend agitatedly insisted that once the storm passed we would need to go find the man we ran by, shake his hand, and explain that it was because of the rain that we did not stop to shake his hand when we first saw him. If we did not do this, my friend pointed out, we would be in the wrong and the man we ran past could take us to the village court for failing to shake his hand.
윗글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
① simply ignore them when it is necessary
② lead by example when around foreigners
③ work together to bring about social change
④ risk being judged morally suspect by others
⑤ thank those who point out their shortcomings
*torrential downpour 폭우 **actionable 소송을 당할 만한
6-2 문장제거
In fact, past success in certain kinds of situations may be attributable to chance rather than to the particular action taken. Thus, there is frequently much to be gained by counseling with others whose own experience can add an important and uniquely different dimension to the decision-making process.
독연 6-4 The truth is, what we and many others are doing is creating a more sustainable lifestyle by living closer to the land in an ecologically and socially mindful way. We’re anything but lone rangers in our quest, and we enjoy the diversity of perspectives and approaches we learn about from our guests, friends and others with whom we cross paths. Many of the “hippies” who have stuck with renewable energy are now teaching and sharing how practical energy conservation and renewable energy generation can be. But times and technology have changed. For us, reviving, renewing and restoring a homestead steeped in history made more sense than building a new home. Our challenge has been to selectively use certain elements that can enhance our lives, such as computers, while avoiding elements that cause unnecessary clutter or conflict with our values, like fast food.
*homestead 농장의 가옥 **steeped 깊이 스며든 *clutter 혼란, 잡동사니
6-[5~6] Asking for help is something people often avoid. In one study conducted by business school professor Frank Flynn and a former doctoral student, Vanessa Lake, participants were asked to estimate how many strangers they would need to approach in order to get 5 people to fill out a short questionnaire. The average estimate was about 20 people. When the participants actually tried to get people to fill out the short questionnaire, they only needed to approach about 10 people on average to get 5 to comply with the request. Asking for some small help from strangers was apparently so uncomfortable that about one in five of the study participants did not complete the task. This dropout rate is much higher than typical in experiments where almost everyone finishes once they agree to participate. In another study, people estimated they would need to approach 10 strangers to let them borrow their cell phone to make a short call — the actual number approached to reach the target of 3 acceptances was 6.2. And people also overestimated the number of strangers they would need to approach to get someone to walk them to the Columbia University gymnasium about three blocks away. They thought it would take 7 asks, but it took just 2.3 on average.
윗 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은
One reason we are (A) to ask others for favors is that we (B) .
(A) (B)
① reluctant ······ underestimate their willingness
② determined ······ understand our inability
③ required ······ recognize their willingness
④ reluctant ······ undervalue their capacity
⑤ determined ······ expect their consent
6-10. Immoral behavior has been prohibited by every society for thousands of years. Every major religious tradition in every part of the world encourages morally good behavior. This agreement about the importance of morality is significant because there is also so much agreement about the content of morality. We all agree that killing people or causing them pain is immoral unless adequately justified, and we agree on many of the features of an adequate justification. We also agree that helping the needy is morally good. Any description of morality must explain this agreement.
However, this agreement about morality must be reconciled with the fact that not only do different societies seem to have different moral codes, but even within a single society, rational people often disagree about what morally ought to be done.
6-[11-12] 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?
[The functional importance of acoustics in signaling is even more clear in face-to-face social interaction.]
Many of us have likely had the experience of chatting on the telephone with a busy friend who during the conversation is scanning to-do lists, opening e-mail, and the like. Despite his or her best efforts to seem engaged in the interaction, we can nonetheless often detect that person’s multitasking behavior and use that perception as a cue to let our rushed and distracted friend go. ( ① ) Thus, even in the absence of visual cues and detailed contextual information, sensitive listeners can frequently make accurate and important inferences about the emotional and cognitive states of others from the way they are speaking with us, rather than from just the content of what they are saying. ( ② ) Consider, for instance, an infant who fretfully wakes from a nap only to notice several strangers gazing at her. ( ③ ) As she begins whimpering more vigorously, her father picks her up and rubs her back while whispering “It’s OK, baby” and making soft shushing sounds. ( ④ ) Using both voice and face, the father reassures the infant while focusing her attention toward the visitors. ( ⑤ ) In turn, the infant responds with alert interest, both hearing her father’s voice and checking his facial expressions as she focuses on the newcomers. * fretfully 짜증을 내어 **whimper 훌쩍이다 ***shush 쉿 하고 말하다
수특영어 26-2 이분화 [순서 또는 문삽으로 출제될 가능성 높은 지문]
다음 주어진 글 다음에 와야할 올바른 순서는?
[As cars are becoming less dependent on people, the means and circumstances in which the product is used by consumers are also likely to undergo significant changes, with higher rates of participation in car sharing and short-term leasing programs.]
(A) Rather than serving as a medium for personalization and self-identity, car exteriors might increasingly come to represent a channel for advertising and other promotional activities, including brand ambassador programs, such as those offered by Free Car Media.
(B) Increases in car sharing and short-term leasing are also likely to be associated with a corresponding decrease in the importance of exterior car design.
(C) In the not-too-distant future, a driverless car could come to you when you need it, and when you are done with it, it could then drive away without any need for a parking space.
19’37. [Clearly, schematic knowledge helps you ― guiding your understanding and enabling you to reconstruct things you cannot remember.] [이분화]
(A) Likewise, if there are things you can’t recall, your schemata will fill in the gaps with knowledge about what’s typical in that situation. As a result, a reliance on schemata will inevitably make the world seem more “normal” than it really is and will make the past seem more “regular” than it actually was.
(B) Any reliance on schematic knowledge, therefore, will be shaped by this information about what’s “normal.” Thus, if there are things you don’t notice while viewing a situation or event, your schemata will lead you to fill in these “gaps” with knowledge about what’s normally in place in that setting.
(C) But schematic knowledge can also hurt you, promoting errors in perception and memory. Moreover, the types of errors produced by schemata are quite predictable: Bear in mind that schemata summarize the broad pattern of your experience, and so they tell you, in essence, what’s typical or ordinary in a given situation. [3점] 정답률:28.1%
7-1.
The people of every culture have pondered their origins and the origins of the cosmos. What is this space around us? Where did we come from? It is no mistake that these questions — questions that many of us asked as children — remain some of the most pressing in science. Questions like these point both to our innate curiosity about our origins and, as questions (A)[do / are], to the limits of our knowledge. For millennia we could only answer these questions with myth. But since the scientific revolution, we have tried to put myth aside, (B)[leaving / leaves] the exploration of human and universal origins to scientists and their hard-fact methodologies. Modern cosmologists, though armed with fancy equations and high-tech experiments, can be said to be the myth makers of our time. Despite our precision mathematics and experiments, new surprises in modern physics and cosmology have emerged (C)[that / what] compel some of the most able physicists to resort to myth making to try and explain the mind-bending information they have uncovered about the nature of the universe. *ponder 곰곰이 생각하다
7-8. Paulo Freire, a renowned Brazilian educator, once said: “Reading the world precedes reading the word.” By this, Freire meant that, from the moment that we are born, we begin to make sense of the world around us by associating the unknown with the known. ① This is why a baby might call all males ‘Daddy’ or all animals ‘doggie’. ② If babies were not able to make these associations, they would be hopelessly confused by any new object or person that they came across. ③ In the same way, everything that you read would be totally incomprehensible if you were not able to form associations between it and what you already know about a particular topic and the world in general. ⑤ Therefore, when you are reading for study purposes, it is critical to read systematically, so that you are able to integrate the new knowledge you acquire with what you already know.
7-9. When trying to communicate a coherent message, having too many words can be just as damaging as having too few words. When revising, having too many words on the page can impede the flow of ideas. (B) However, it is often difficult to throw things away once you have worked so hard to write them. A psychological trick to use in this situation is called the bone pile. (A) Here you cut out those things that you think you can do without and move them down to the very bottom of the page in a section called the “bone pile.” This is a pile of discarded sentences and paragraphs. (C) This gets them out of the way so you can see what you are working with; however, you know that you can still go back and retrieve them if necessary. This makes them much easier to pull out. *coherent 일관성 있는 **impede 방해하다 ***retrieve 되찾다
7-10. Morels are highly distinctive and especially delicious mushrooms that pop up briefly at the height of spring and are found in woodlands ①where one can also see spring wildflowers and new foliage. The experience of searching for and finding these mushrooms ②is one in which one is immersed in a world of new growth, where one enjoys the sights, sounds, smells, and anticipating taste. The beauty is not sharply separate from the fact ③that one is foraging for one’s dinner. Indeed, it seems to be enhanced by this pursuit. Hence, the practically oriented self can be very much present because the object of the experience is valued both for itself and for other things to which it is a means. This harmony between pure delight and practical pursuits creates an appreciation of beauty in nature that can be prized as ⑤intensely as selfless absorption, but the two experiences are not to be conflated.
*morel 곰보버섯 **forage for ~을 찾아다니다 ***conflate 섞다, 융합하다
8-[5~6] [생략] But one may ask why audiences would find such movies enjoyable if all they do is give cultural directives and prescriptions for proper living. Most of us would likely grow tired of such didactic movies and would probably come to see them as propaganda, similar to the cultural artwork that was common in the Soviet Union and other autocratic societies.
The simple answer to this question is that movies do more than present two-hour civics lessons or editorials on responsible behavior. They also tell stories that, in the end, we find satisfying. The bad guys are usually punished; the romantic couple almost always find each other despite the obstacles and difficulties they encounter on the path to true love; and the way we wish the world to be is how, in the movies, it more often than not winds up being. No doubt it is this utopian aspect of movies that accounts for why we enjoy them so much. The movies provide us with the happy endings and the just solutions that we cherish in our hearts, even as we understand in our heads that they are not always found in the real world. Movies, then, offer both the happy ending that we love and the more conservative support of the dominant culture that guides behavior in “the real world.”
*didactic 교훈적인 **autocratic 독재적인
8-9. According to the British empiricists, one important aspect of how the mind works involved the concept of association. The empiricists assumed that all ideas originated from sense experiences. If that is true, how do our experiences of various colors, shapes, odors, and sounds allow us to arrive at more complex ideas? (C) Consider, for example, the concept of a car. If someone says the word car, you have an idea of what the thing looks like, what it is used for, and how you might feel if you sat in it. Where do all these ideas come from given just the sound of the letters c, a, and r? (B) The British empiricists proposed that simple sensations were combined into more complex ideas by associations. Because you have heard the word car when you saw a car, considered using one to get to work, or sat in one, connections or associations became established between the word car and these other attributes of cars. (A) Once the associations became established, the word car would activate memories of the other aspects of cars that you have experienced. The British empiricists considered such associations to be the building blocks of mental activity. *empiricist 경험주의자, 경험론자
8-[11~12] In the early 1960s, Aaron T. Beck, a professor of psychiatry at the University of Pennsylvania Medical School, made an important discovery while using psychoanalysis to treat his depressed patients. Beck had asked his patients to report any thoughts that entered their mind during the therapy session. He discovered that his patients actually had two streams of thought, which occurred simultaneously. The first stream consisted of thoughts that people were highly aware of and that dealt with the task at hand, such as “I need to tell Dr. Beck about my bad week,” or “I think I should talk about my demanding mother.” Psychiatrists focused their interpretive skills on these highly conscious thoughts. But Beck discovered a second stream of thinking that was unintended, more automatic, and just barely noticeable to his patients. He labeled this type of thinking automatic thoughts. With some effort and training, Beck was able to teach his patients to refocus their attention on these automatic thoughts. What he discovered was that people with clinical depression were frequently having very negative automatic thoughts about themselves, their personal circumstances, and their future — thoughts that they hardly knew existed. [생략]
9-1. [생략] In the twenty-first century, the food industry has put sugar, fat, and salt within arm’s reach of much of the world’s population. So the hedonic impulses that once conferred survival benefits now (B)encourage the overeating that puts people at risk of diet-related chronic diseases. Technologists now work in food industry laboratories to exploit this evolutionary lag(진화지체)(시대착오적진화) to create products that promise continued profitability. As Harvard evolutionary biologist Daniel Lieberman put it, “The food industry has made a fortune because we (C)retain Stone Age bodies that crave sugar but live in a Space Age world in which sugar is cheap and plentiful.” *binge폭식 *hedonic쾌락의
9-2. 이분화 You need to realize that there are mistakes that you can fix and there’s no need to tell your boss about, and there are others that will have far-reaching implications which you must own up to. Understanding the difference requires judgment and common sense. For example: If you call in figures to the agency preparing your company’s annual report and a few hours later realize you called in the wrong set of numbers, you can simply call back the agency and correct your own mistake. There’s no need to tell your boss what you did. But if you don’t catch your mistake and the proof of the book arrives with the wrong numbers laid out in type, then you need to admit to your boss that you made a mistake.] Point it out to him (if he hasn’t already caught it) and tell him you’ll get the agency on the phone and ask them to put together a new proof as soon as possible. Why do you need to admit your mistake? Because you will have cost the company money and the proof of the annual report will arrive later than expected. And in most practical terms because you will be found out. *proof 교정용 인쇄물
9-4. When detecting shoplifters in a store, one of the areas you focus in on is called the point of deviation. When a legitimate customer and a shoplifter enter a store, they look ①identical. There is no way to differentiate or prevent a shoplifter from ②entering a store. However, if the one person is really a legitimate customer and the other person is a shoplifter, at some point their actions will have to deviate. For example, the normal customer will put an item in their shopping cart, but the shoplifter would put the item in their pocket. If the shoplifter acts like the legitimate customer the entire time they are in the store, including when they leave, guess what; they are not a shoplifter and they are a ④normal customer. A shoplifter can be very clever and tricky but at the end of the day, their entry pattern looks identical but their exit pattern has to be different; otherwise they would not be committing a ⑤crime. *deviation 일탈, 벗어남
9-10. In a study, researchers examined the breaks taken by instructors at a cheerleading camp. Each of the instructors carried a palm-sized personal computer, and was beeped randomly throughout the day. Whenever the instructor was beeped, he or she responded to questions on the computer regarding any breaks taken since the last session. The authors coded breaks as respites if they involved “napping,” “relaxing,” or “socializing.” They coded breaks as chores if they involved such activities as “practicing material” or “preparing for upcoming sessions.” The researchers videotaped instructors performing their jobs, and raters judged the extent to which the instructors appeared energetic, enthusiastic, alert, and sincere (i.e., demonstrated positive emotional displays). The results showed that taking breaks characterized as respites was associated with higher ratings of positive emotional displays, whereas taking breaks characterized as chores was not related to the instructor’s performance. In addition, instructors reported more positive emotions when taking respite breaks, but reported more negative emotions when taking chore breaks. *respite 한숨 돌리기
9-11. One reason that some apparent sunk cost ventures may not be ①irrational is that the decision makers are choosing actions to project and preserve their reputations for being decisive or for not being wasteful. Just as the person who orders too much food might be labeled a poor judge of his or her own appetite and wasteful, these decision makers might be trying to ②protect their future reputations as morally consistent individuals or good decision makers. If, indeed, abandonment of a sunk cost negatively affects future reputation, then it may be wise not to do it. The auto maker who abandons an unpopular model may be ridiculed for making a “gutless” decision and lose future authority and actual power within his or her organization. The skier who gives up after having already paid $90 may be regarded not just as financially wasteful, but as confused or silly, and lose his or her friends’ respect. Such future reputational ④costs are perfectly reasonable factors to consider in determining whether or not to abandon a particular course of action. So long as other people believe in ⑤honoring sunk costs, the person who does not may be regarded as weird.
*sunk cost 매몰 비용(이미 지출해서 회수할 수 없는 비용) **gutless 배짱 없는
독연 10-3. (요약) 연계로 좋은지문
When people’s processing objectives do not bias the information to which they attend, goal-irrelevant factors may have an impact. One such factor may be the affective(=emotional) reactions that people happen to be experiencing at the time the information is received. A study by Bower, Gilligan, and Monteiro is illustrative. Participants under hypnosis were instructed to recall a past experience that made them feel either happy or sad and then to maintain these feelings after they were brought out of their hypnotic state. Then they read a passage about two persons that described both happy events and unhappy events that occurred to them. Finally, they recalled the information they had read. Participants who had been induced to feel happy recalled a greater proportion of positively-valenced events, and a lower proportion of negatively-valenced events, than [were / did] participants who were induced to feel sad.
10-4. Some people are better than others at uncovering deception. For example, women are consistently more accurate than men at detecting lying and what the underlying truth is. A study showed that, as people become more intimate, their accuracy in detecting lies actually declines. This is a surprising fact: Intuition suggests that we ought to be better at judging honesty as we become more familiar with others. Perhaps an element of wishful thinking interferes with our accurate decoding of these messages. After all, we would hate to think that a lover would lie to us. When intimates do become suspicious, however, their ability to recognize deception increases. Despite their overall accuracy at detecting lies, women are more inclined to fall for the deception of intimate partners than are men. No matter how skillful or inept we may be at interpreting nonverbal behavior, training can make us better. *inept 서투른
10-9.(문삽) 추가 Children have a range of attachment behaviours that signal to the parents that they need comfort — for example, a child might cry, follow or cling to the parent. The child is letting the parent know that at this moment he needs attention and nurture. Similarly, the child has a range of exploratory behaviours that signal that he is ready to investigate the world around him. These behaviours are characterized by moving away from the parent and taking an interest in events and objects in the world. The sensitive caregiver is able to read these signals and support the child on a moment-to-moment basis. A secure attachment forms between them. Beginning early in life, children use this experience to understand how relationships work. An internal working model — a template or memory of the relationship — is formed; this will be a guide for the children both in the present and with future relationships. Children learn what to expect from other people as a result of this early experience. *template 원형, 형판
10-11. Citizenship education is usually associated with educational institutions, where it is often (A)[implemented] as a subject matter, but sometimes as cross-curricular approaches, as extracurricular programs or as a broader institutional project that shapes most activities. Although schools are important sites of citizenship learning, the acquisition of (and reflection on) citizenship knowledge, skills, attitudes and values constitutes a complex process that spans from cradle to grave, and (B)[includes] a broad variety of settings. For instance, the family, media, community associations, workplaces and social movements are powerful socialization agencies for the development of citizenship values and political competencies. The ‘cradle to grave’ metaphor may suggest a chronological sequence, but lifelong citizenship learning is (C)[seldom] a continuous, uninterrupted and linear accumulation of learning experiences. It is a messy complex of learning experiences that complement and contradict each other, challenging some of our prior assumptions and creating significant tensions in our consciousness. (역논리 작용)
11-2. The teaching of economics is usually based on the theory of rational choice. To describe the behavior of an individual, economists start by describing his or her objectives. Whether the individual is selfish or altruistic, seeking profit or social recognition, or has some other ambition, in every case he or she is assumed to act as far as possible in his or her own interest. This hypothesis is sometimes applied too strongly, and not only because an individual does not always have the necessary information to make a good choice. ) As the victim of cognitive biases, this agent is also likely to make a mistake when evaluating the best way to attain an objective. Humans are subject to many biases in reasoning or perception. These biases do not invalidate the theory that rationality defines the choices that individuals ought to make to act in their best interest (normative choices), but they explain why we don’t necessarily make those choices.
11-3. 밑줄 친 부분과 interchangeable 중요
It is easy to assume that “nature” is something with a nature — something static. But it’s not: at least not in any simple sense. It’s static and dynamic, at the same time. The environment — the nature that selects — itself transforms. The famous yin and yang symbols of the Taoists capture this beautifully. Being, for the Taoists — reality itself — is composed of two opposing principles, often translated as feminine and masculine, or even more narrowly as female and male. However, yin and yang are more accurately understood as chaos and order. The Taoist symbol is a circle enclosing twin serpents, head to tail. The black serpent, chaos, has a white dot in its head. The white serpent, order, has a black dot in its head. This is because chaos and order are interchangeable, as well as eternally juxtaposed. There is nothing so certain that it cannot vary. Even the sun itself has its cycles of instability. Likewise, there is nothing so changeable that it cannot be fixed. Every revolution produces a new order.
*static 정적인 **Taoist 도교 철학 신봉자 ***juxtapose 병치(竝置)하다
11-8 It is likely that some children and young people have no idea of what needs to be changed in their life. The concept of having power and control over our lives to effect change is a fairly abstract one, and goal setting is not something we typically (A)encourage young people to do, aside from reaching academic goals or passing exams. Young people can feel (B)powerless to change their life circumstances because typically they are not in control of large portions of their day-to-day existence — they have to attend school, do what they’re told to by parents, live where they are told to, and so forth. Certainly, some aspects of their lives will be predetermined or fixed. However, helping a child to acknowledge what they can change, and explore how to change the way they respond to permanent(변하지않는) situations, will (C)create a shift in outlook and life experience. Above all, the process of setting and reaching goals is empowering, and builds lifelong skills and awareness.
12-3 Traditional cultures tend to produce aesthetic objects that we associate with “craft” rather than “art,” in part because they are typically functional objects — clothing, baskets, water vessels, hunting weapons. These artifacts have often been collected in the West, but not always by art museums — more typically they’re found in “natural history” museums. We don’t value these objects because they seem to be mostly imitative, and our conception of creativity is almost exclusively focused on originality. But imitation is a long-established, deep-rooted form of cultural transmission, even in European fine arts. For many centuries, and in many different societies, the ability to imitate and reproduce the acknowledged masters was highly valued; and developing this skill through practice was how one learned one’s craft. Yet as Nicholas Delbanco, a distinguished American writer, noted, “We’ve grown so committed as a culture to the ideal of originality that the artist who admits to working in the manner of another artist will likely stand accused of being second-rate.”
12-9 Compare the idea that “architecture applies only to buildings designed with a view to aesthetic appeal” with architecture defined as “the art of placemaking” and creation of “healing places.” ( ① ) In the former, design changes with trends in fashionable forms and materials. ( ② ) It is often indifferent to place, people, and time. ( ③ ) The goal is to make monumental, novel, and photogenic buildings and landscapes that express mostly the ego and power of the designer and owner. In contrast, the making of healing places signals a larger allegiance to place that means, in turn, a commitment to the health of other places. Placemaking is an art and science disciplined by locality, culture, and ecology requiring detailed knowledge of local materials, weather, topography, and the nature of particular places and a creative dialogue between past, present, and future possibilities. ( ⑤ ) It is slow work in the same sense that caring and careful have a different clock speed than carelessness.
*allegiance 충실, 충성 **photogenic 사진이 잘 받는 ***topography 지형(地形)
12-11. The imperative of a moral life is such that even immoral people try to justify their acts to themselves to (A)suppress the guilt inside. Even confirmed criminals do not admit their role, to themselves or to those whom they love. Despite being aware that one is a rascal, deep down in one’s heart one says: ‘Indeed, this is only a minor aspect of my life; otherwise I am a good fellow.’ One knows that one is lying but one still feels obliged to(빈칸가능성) take a false position against oneself. This, therefore, is the mystery of man’s moral life: somehow, even the evildoer (B)acknowledges integrity as a superior value. Why is evil obliged to constantly pay this compliment to the good? Because somewhere in the inner being of a man the flame of an enduring goodness is (C)caged.
독해 연습 Mini Test 중에서 연계율 높은 지문들의 변형문제
M1-3 [Generally, when prices go up, consumption goes down. This is true with meat and fresh produce, but it doesn’t seem to be true with those indulging “C” foods — candy, cookies, cake, and ice cream.]
(A) This works primarily in limited-choice environments such as schools, however. In most situations, if the price of a candy bar went up by 25 cents, people would either pay it or they would buy a different brand. They wouldn’t stop eating candy.
(B) Similarly, if a fast-food restaurant raised its prices, people wouldn’t stop eating fast food, they would simply eat it somewhere else. Raising prices doesn’t make people eat healthier, it makes them go to a competitor and eat the same food. A “sin tax” isn’t a “stopping tax,” it’s a “shopping tax.”
(C) Within a reasonable range, when the price of these items goes up, we either buy them anyway or switch to another brand. Some studies have shown that increasing the price of selected vending-machine candy caused people to buy less of that candy.
주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A) ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
M1-4(78) An early study that looked at stress in rats found that when a rat is given a wheel to turn that will stop it from receiving an electric shock, it happily turns the wheel and isn’t very stressed. If the wheel is taken away, the rat experiences massive stress. If the wheel is then returned to the cage, the rat’s stress levels are much lower, even if the wheel isn’t actually attached to the shocking apparatus anymore. In humans, too, being able to push a button to reduce the likelihood of hearing a noxious sound will reduce their stress levels, even if the button has no real effect on the sound — and even if you don’t push the button! It turns out that it’s the sense of control that matters, even more so than what you actually do. If you ______________, it will be less stressful. In contrast, a low sense of control may very well be the most stressful thing in the universe. *apparatus 장치 **noxious 유해한
윗글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
① rationally analyze your negative attitude
② can stop the sound by pushing the button
③ have the ability to completely ignore the noise
④ feel others are likely to solve a problem for you
⑤ have confidence that you can impact a situation
M1-14.(79) [Although modern medicine was founded in the 19th and 20th century as a science based on objective facts and experimental methods, one still doubts whether or not it is possible to describe health sufficiently in mere scientific categories.]
(A) It is the human ability to judge on physical and psychical states bringing health and disease into being. We need scientific knowledge to develop efficient medical therapies — and we need reflection on the conceptual framework to clear the question, ___________________ .
(B) Obviously, our understanding of health and disease is not exclusively bound to the sphere of genes, molecules, proteins, cells, tissues and organs. There is no stamp on natural things which reveals them as “healthy” or “diseased.”
(C) As a consequence of this peculiar relationship of descriptive and normative issues, our understanding of health is clearly influenced by philosophical, cultural and historical conceptions (and misconceptions). *normative 규범적인, 기준을 세우는
1. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A) ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
2. 윗글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
① why healthy organs sometimes become diseased
② how modern medicine can be effectively categorized
③ which of the physical and mental states are diseases
④ whether something offers objective evidence of disease
⑤ what is the difference between physical and mental diseases
M1-15(추가)(80) Self-defeating students are no laughing matter, but games are a little different from studying because games make it easy for us to redefine what we consider a success. When performing a stunt in the skateboarding game Skate 2, it is possible to fail in any number of ways (falling over, colliding with walls, finding program glitches, landing headfirst in a trashcan, etc.). Some players go as far as to share their most spectacular failures online. These players are nominally acting in self-defeating ways by not pursuing the official goal of Skate 2, but a more accurate description would be that they are repurposing the game _______________ . This is possible because the game does not enforce its goal too strongly and hence refrains from punishing players too harshly for failure. *glitch 결함 **nominally 겉보기에는 ***repurpose 용도 변경하다
윗글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
① to be winners on their own
② by punishing themselves for failure
③ in a wholly counterproductive way
④ by creating a new goal for themselves
⑤ without regard for the will of other players
M1-16(추가)(81) 아랫 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?
Not doing things in good time is one of the most common reasons that students fail in higher education. One of the common explanations given by students for not ① completing required coursework is “I did not feel like reading that chapter last night. I just did not have the energy.” Students often perceive a textbook as a huge, insurmountable obstacle that sits on their desk softly whispering their name just to make them feel ② guilty every time they walk past it. The solution to this is to remember that that off-putting book is made up of smaller bits. You may even find some of those passages ③ boring! Just do a few pages at a time and read the introduction. Break the ‘big, fat, terrible book’ down into sections that you feel are more ④ manageable and read through one at a time. Who knows, you may even like the stuff they talk about in there! You could become ⑤ hooked and love it. You’ll never know until you start, though. *insurmountable 극복할 수 없는 **off-putting 좋아하기 힘든, 정이 안 가는
M1-17.(82) 아랫 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
It is tempting to think that most writing problems would be solved if the writer could view the writing as if it were produced by another person. The discrepancy between the understanding of the writer and that of the audience is the single greatest impediment to accurate communication. To overcome this barrier, you must consider your audience’s needs. By the time you begin drafting, most, if not all, of your ideas would be attaining coherent shape in your mind, so that virtually any words with which you try to express those ideas will reflect your thoughts accurately — to you. Your readers, however, do not already hold the conclusions that you have so painstakingly achieved. If you omit from your writing the material that is necessary to complete your readers’ understanding of your argument, they may well _______________________ . *discrepancy 불일치 **impediment 장애 ***coherent 일관성 있는
① enjoy the opportunity to exercise their imagination
② admit their own shortcomings of comprehension
③ admire your ability to express ideas abstractly
④ fill in the blank by inferring your intentions
⑤ be unable to supply that information themselves
M1 21(83) 아랫 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
Sally grabbed a pencil, pulled out her notes, found an interesting idea to use to prime the pump, and just started writing. She wrote down the first thing that popped into her mind related to her writing topic. The ideas that began to appear on the page were strange and disjoined at first; however, as she continued to write, she started to get a sense of where she wanted to go with the paper. And the more she wrote, the more the ideas seemed to flow onto the page. In about seven minutes, she had three pages of scribbled words, sentences, half sentences, and even diagrams. Much of what she wrote was garbage; however, in that pile of garbage, she found three very good ideas that she had not previously considered. Also, out of her pile of garbage, she began to see a structure for her paper that she had not previously considered. Her conscious mind could now see _____________________ .
*prime the pump (펌프에) 마중물을 붓다, 도움을 주다 **scribble 휘갈겨 쓰다
① how important it is to establish a logical flow first
② how small amounts accumulate to make something bigger
③ what had gone wrong when she had first started to write
④ what a more efficient use of her time could have led to
⑤ how the parts might be put together to create a logical whole
M1-22(추가)(84) 아랫 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?
Regression to the mean was defined by Francis Galton in 1886 as “each peculiarity in a man is shared by his relatives, but on the average to a ① lesser degree.” His definition meant that a very tall man was likely to have shorter brothers and shorter sons and a very short man taller brothers and taller sons. The concept has been extended to describe the change in ② variables through time that results from selection at the start. Many examples of regression to the mean exist and a good example is provided when blood pressures are measured. Subjects with pressures initially higher than the mean tend to have lower pressures on the second occasion and those with starting lower blood pressures than the mean tend to be ③ higher on the second occasion. Therefore, if you select a group of hypertensive patients on the basis of their high blood pressures, their measurements will certainly be ④ lower on the second occasion owing simply to this regression-to-the-mean phenomenon. This fall in pressure and loss of repeatability should occur both in an actively treated and a control group and the provision of the control group will ⑤ confirm the effect being ascribed to active treatment. *regression 회귀 **hypertensive 고혈압의
M1 23(85) Bruce Abernethy, working with a group from Brunel University London, used fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) to examine the brains of elite badminton players as they exercised their skills of anticipation. They scanned players of various skill levels as they watched occluded clips of shots being played (the video clips would cut off just before contact was made with the shuttlecock) and tried to predict in which area of the court the shots would land. The expert players showed more brain activity in areas of the brain associated with observing and understanding other people’s actions. One theory is that this activity represents the brain (A) and creating an ‘internal model’ — a guess as to what’s about to happen based on the movements of the opponent. The more experience an athlete has, the better they are at doing this. A few years later, the same group at Brunel did a similar study with footballers, who watched occluded clips of an opponent running towards them with the ball. In some clips, the players would start a feint just before the video cut off, and the footballer in the scanner would have to predict whether they would go left or right. (B) , the bigger the difference in neural activity between semi-pro and novice footballers on fMRI scans. *occlude 차단하다
1. 윗글의 빈칸 (A)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
① recalling information ② correcting errors
③ having a malfunction ④ filling in the gaps ⑤ trying to communicate
2. 윗글의 빈칸 (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
① The better the prediction was ② The less plausible the feint was
③ The earlier the clips were cut off ④ The faster the video was replayed
⑤ The more familiar the opponent seemed
M1 24-25(86) Why do normally responsible adults like you and me ① check out of reality so completely when we’re under the spell of a compelling story? That’s something evolutionary biologists have been wondering about for a long time, and with good reason, because staying up all night to finish reading that novel was definitely counterproductive. Back in the Stone Age, making it through the night was a much riskier proposition, and putting reality on hold for even a moment left you ② resistant to all sorts of pouncing predators, human or otherwise. In other words, getting lost in a story could be deadly, which is why scientists figured there had to be a good reason for it, or else natural selection would have ③ weeded out those of us prone to getting lost in a story faster than you can say, “Just one more chapter, I promise!” There is a good reason. Story was the world’s first virtual reality. It allowed us to __________________ , so we could plan for the thing that has always scared us more than anything: the unknown, the unexpected. What better way to figure out how to ④ outsmart those potential pouncing predators before they sneak up behind you? Sure, being in the “now” is a good idea sometimes, but if you were always in the now you wouldn’t even know there was a tomorrow, let alone be able to speculate on the dangers and delights that might be lurking there. Stories let us ⑤ indirectly try out difficult situations we haven’t yet experienced to see what it would really feel like, and what we’d need to learn in order to survive. *pounce 덮치다
1. 윗글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?
2. 윗글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
① sharpen our senses to detect lurking enemies
② deceive those around us with imaginative lies
③ step out of the present and envision the future
④ temporarily distract all of our potential enemies
⑤ lose track of reality and lower our chance of survival
M2-3 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?
A 3-ton mature whale is a large animal, but in ①normal contexts even a baby whale is a large animal when compared to most other animals. So, if we argued that Baby Shamu is a whale, and all whales are mammals, therefore, Baby Shamu is a mammal, there wouldn't be ②a problem. But if we argued that Baby Shamu is a baby, and all babies are small, therefore, Baby Shamu is small, we might cause confusion. A baby whale is far from being a small animal, at least in normal contexts. In the first version of the argument, the property of being a baby was ③ambiguous, but in the second version, the property of being small is. The meanings of most words depend on their context; with ④relative terms, the meaning of the terms derives from their context. Without ⑤sufficient context, the reader or listener can misunderstand the intended meaning of the sentence.
*Shamu 샤무(SeaWorld에서 공연하는 범고래의 이름)
M2-5. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?
But facts like that don't happen often enough to be reliable.
A bad mood is like a bad smell. It can't be ignored and it can ruin a group's efforts. ( ① ) Facts don't change mood. Well, perhaps a fact such as winning the lottery will change your mood. ( ② ) When you don't have any facts to improve your mood or your group's mood you need a story. ( ③ ) This is one reason why we see movies and read stories─to manage our own moods. I knew of one executive who─when her mood was dangerously close to negatively infecting others─would take off in the middle of the day (secretly, of course) and go see a funny movie. ( ④ ) On her return, the facts were the same, but her perspective and attitude were greatly improved. ( ⑤ ) After the investment of a two-hour mood shift she accomplished much more during the rest of the day than she would have accomplished if she had stayed at the office and grumbled and groused at everyone.
*grouse 불평하다
M2-6 어법상 어색한 것을 골라 수정하시오.
These kinds of activities where children have to think about what comes first and then second and so on helping children’s thinking skills grow. Figuring out the order of the actions helps their minds grow.
M2-14(추가) 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
Risk-sharing is a widespread practice in human societies and it represents a potent source of synergy. Our highly institutionalized insurance industry provides a prime example. As Winston Churchill put it, insurance brings “__________________________.” It is a concept that dates back to the so-called “funeral societies” of ancient Greece. Since it is obviously not possible to predict exactly when a person will die, the people of Periclean Athens conceived the idea of banding together and making small annual contributions to cover the funeral expenses for whoever happened to die during the succeeding year, rather than requiring each person to be “self-insured” for the entire amount. Today, we use the same basic principle to insure ourselves at relatively low cost against every conceivable risk, from earthquakes to dental cavities. Indeed, the “futures” markets were developed to insure investors against such diverse economic risks as weather, commodity prices, monetary exchange rates, and a host of other things. *futures market 선물 시장
① peace of mind without the need for payment
② the magic of averages to the rescue of millions
③ death safely into the realm of predictable events
④ its own inefficiencies, in the form of moral hazard
⑤ the possibility of accidents and diseases closer to us
M2-15 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
The use of landscape locations to form a memory space is far from uniquely Australian. Indigenous cultures all over the world have experienced their homelands this way. Anthropologist Keith Basso described the way Native American trails served ________________________________. The associated knowledge was performed and dramatised in ceremonies; the storytelling became a form of theatre. Basso described listening for over ten minutes to an Apache quietly reciting a list of placenames. One well-documented path is a pilgrimage trail covering hundreds of kilometres that connects one of the Pueblo language groups, the Zuni, with a location in the Bandelier National Monument in New Mexico. The names of the shrines along the trail are still recited in narratives restricted to the initiated, which describe the ancient migration routes.
*shrine 성지, 사당
① to prevent strangers from entering their own territories
② to transport all the materials necessary for their survival
③ to link every event in the past to a specific location
④ as a place where they held their traditional ceremonies
⑤ as a route to introduce new culture and materials
M2-17 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?
In school, students rarely learn to view ① disagreements among scientists as a natural part of the progress of science; most textbooks are written as if science is a set of truths to be memorized. Teachers, especially in America, are under enormous pressure to cover a large number of unrelated science topics each year to prepare their students for accountability tests, which generally measure students’ ability to recall ② facts. When breadth is emphasized over depth, there simply is not time to discuss how the scientific ideas came to be. There is ③ barely time to help students grasp the meaning of the ideas themselves. On the rare occasions when students are exposed to historical ideas about science, those ideas tend to be ④ dismissed with minimal discussion of why they were replaced, or why scientists held them in the first place. Students are left with the impression that scientists held some ⑤ brilliant ideas in the past, but now they have them all figured out, and today’s scientific theories are true. *accountability test 책무성 평가, 학생 성적 책임 평가
M2-18 [The fight-or-flight response is intended to be beneficial for survival when one is faced with a threat. The body gears up to act as needed, and in doing so, turns on some areas of the body while shutting down others that are not immediately needed.]
(A) At the same time the body increases the availability of glucose and fats to burn for fuel while shutting down areas not vital in the moment such as immune function, reproductive capacity, and digestion.
(B) The responses that prepare the body for action include these: the heart beats faster, blood pressure increases, breathing becomes heavy, pupils dilate, and muscles tense.
(C) When confronted with an acute stress (e.g., being startled by a loud sound when walking on a darkened sidewalk), the body prepares to deal with the potential danger or to escape.
*fight-or-flight response 싸움 혹은 도주 반응 **dilate 넓어지다, 팽창하다
주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A) ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
M2-19(추가) 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
The yolk and white in an uncooked egg are liquid and free to slosh around slightly inside the shell. When you twist the egg fast in an attempt to spin it, the contents resist moving. That is, the contents have inertia, a desire to stay motionless until pushed by some force or other. That’s Newton’s First Law of Motion: an egg yolk at rest will remain at rest until shoved by something harder than raw egg white. (Those weren’t his exact words.) When you apply a twisting force to the outside of the egg, the force __________________________ ; it’s like trying to play pool with a liquid cue. The egg’s contents try to stay motionless and lag behind. In effect, some of your twisting force is wasted and the egg won’t spin as much as you might expect from how hard you twisted it. In a hard egg, on the other hand, the solid contents transmit your force to the whole egg mass, and the egg spins with the full amount of momentum you expect. *slosh 출렁거리다 **inertia 관성
① is minimized by the size and shape of the egg
② cannot be observed on the surface of the shell
③ isn’t transmitted effectively through the egg white
④ has enough inertia to continue at a constant speed
⑤ slowly reaches through the interior of the egg to the yolk
M2-21 강추
Better energy management leads us into people’s homes and to the topic of connected homes. Individual homes can become not only energy consumers, but also energy producers by providing for their own energy and potentially selling the excess energy back to the grid. This way, homes are going to become more environment and energy aware. But smart, connected homes are about much more than just efficient energy management; they are also about comfort and convenience for their inhabitants. By better managing the lighting, temperature, smart appliances, security, and entertainment systems, homes are going to be ____________ to people. For example, by sensing whether people are in the house or which rooms they are in, a smart thermostat can either switch off heating or cooling completely or concentrate on the rooms where the people are — both improving the energy consumption and making people more comfortable. Lights can be dimmed automatically, depending on the time of day, who’s in the room, and what that person is doing.
⓵ interesting ② adapting ⓷ unique ⓸ intelligent ⓹ economical
M2-22. [The evolution of energy-hungry bigger brains, like yours, depended on building longer feeding tubes in order to optimize the extraction of more energy from whatever entered the front end of the feeding tube.]
(A) Animals developed a more efficient and shorter feeding tube that relied on a high-quality, nutrient-rich diet. Therefore, today we have a gastrointestinal system that is efficient at extracting energy for itself and its two principal customers, your reproductive system and brain.
(B) It is not surprising then that the length of the gut, when compared across many different species, correlates with the size of the brain. As brains became larger, however, the forces of evolution shifted strategies (after all, the length of the gut can be increased only until there is insufficient room in the body to contain it).
(C) Due to the high energy demands of the brain and reproductive system, however, a surprising [cooperation / compromise] occurred during evolution: as brains became bigger, human reproductive success failed. Now you can appreciate why humans do not give birth to many babies at one time.
*gastrointestinal 위장의
M2 [24~25] 95
One of the things people noticed about light was that it could ① bend when it moved through water. The part of the object in the water is actually in a ② different position than where it appears to be to the human eye. This property of light (called refraction) had very practical implications even for primitive peoples. For example, archers hunting for fish with a bow and arrow knew that if they aimed directly at the fish in the water they would always ③ miss. Rather, if they aimed slightly below the fish, that fish would be dinner. The same thing did not work for prey in the air. Shooting arrows under birds did nothing but ④ catch them. Likewise, refraction is responsible for the magnification produced by droplets of water on leaves or other surfaces. Following the discovery of clear glass, the magnification of water droplets could be ⑤ simulated (and made permanent) by using droplets of glass. Through forming the clear glass droplets into different shapes, their magnification properties could ____________________________ , and a variety of these droplets (i.e., lenses) could be made and used individually or in combination to produce telescopes and other visual instruments. *refraction 굴절 **archer 궁수, 활 쏘는 사람 ***droplet 작은 방울
1. 윗글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?
2. 윗글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
① be altered at will ② provide entertainment ③ no longer be observed
④ be significantly reduced ⑤ be offset by their bending properties
M3-3(다시보니 별로) 96 If the arts inherently expressed or even resembled each other, we wouldn’t need but one. Still, oftener than they are differentiated they are likened. The most frequent comparison is of music with architecture, ____________________ . Architecture is no more “frozen music” than music is “melted architecture.” Music serves no purpose beyond itself, and the identifying property of that self is motion. Architecture does serve a purpose beyond itself, and its identifying property is static. Architecture would thus seem closest to painting or sculpture, while music — as flow — obviously resembles dance, or even prose. Yet unlike prose, or even dance, music has no innate content, no symbolic sense. An architect cannot improvise, thinking up a plan and the plan’s execution as he goes along the way artists can. An architect who omits a beam will see his structure collapse; if he overlooks a bathroom the tenants collapse. When an artist fails, no one but himself really gets hurt; his work is not useful.
윗글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
① because they have similar histories ② though these are the farthest apart
③ as both are associated with planning ④ despite architecture being more recent than music
⑤ which seems awkward but is reasonable in reality
M3-4. Peripheral vision provides low-resolution cues to lead our eye movements so that our fovea visits all the interesting and crucial parts of our visual field. Our eyes don’t scan our environment randomly. They move so as to focus our fovea on important things, the most important ones (usually) first. ① The fuzzy cues on the outskirts of our visual field provide the data that helps __________________. ② For example, when we scan a medicine label for a “use by” date, a fuzzy blob in the periphery with the vague form of a date is enough to cause an eye movement that lands the fovea there to allow us to check it. ③ If we are browsing a produce market looking for strawberries, a blurry reddish patch at the edge of our visual field draws our eyes and our attention, even though sometimes it may turn out to be radishes instead of strawberries. ④ If we are seeing objects for the first time, we would creatively make up connections as soon as we see each object, or slot the object into an already created memory system. ⑤ If we hear an animal growl nearby, a fuzzy animal-like shape in the corner of our eye will be enough to move our eyes very quickly in that direction, especially if the shape is moving toward us. *peripheral vision 주변시 **fovea 중심와(망막의 중심부에 있는 시각 세포가 밀집된 오목한 부분)
1. 윗글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 적절한 것은?
① us communicate our intentions to those around us
② our eyes focus on the objects that are in front of us
③ us know where we are in space and where objects are
④ our brain relax and conserve large amounts of energy
⑤ our brain plan where to move our eyes, and in what order
2, 윗글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?
M3-5. 98 I have seen many leaders use the power of a story of a personal flaw to great effect. The psychologists call it self-disclosure. One theory about why this works is that if I trust you enough to show you my flaws, you can trust me enough to show me yours. The experience of ________________ helps us conclude that we can trust each other in other ways as well. For example, a new manager meeting his staff for the first time might choose to tell about his first management job when he spent all of his time telling people what to do and ended up getting reprimanded for driving them crazy with his controlling ways. It is a bit of a shock to hear your new boss talk about having been reprimanded. At a deep level we know that true strength is found not in perfection, but in understanding our own limitations. A leader who demonstrates this self-knowledge demonstrates strength. *reprimand 질책하다
1. 윗글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
① honesty in a spiritual sense ② vulnerability without exploitation
③ being criticized by subordinates ④ having our strengths recognized
⑤ sharing a dangerous secret
2. 윗글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
① Sharing Flaws Builds Up Mutual Confidence
② Too Much Honesty Can Become a Serious Flaw
③ Know Your Own Flaws Before Reprimanding Others
④ Personal Flaws Are Acceptable, Professional Flaws Are Not
⑤ Concealing Your Flaws Can Win You Respect
M3-15 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
[Even the exact same question can elicit very different responses depending on the context in which the question occurs.]
(A) Even though the wording of the question was identical, respondents rated skin cancer as significantly more important if the question was asked first than if it came after the other health questions.
(B) In another example of the impact of previous questions, Kimberly Morrison and Adrienne Chung found that white university students indicated significantly less support for multiculturalism if they had earlier marked their race/ethnicity as ‘White’ on a questionnaire than if the questionnaire used the term ‘European American’ instead.
(C) For example, all individuals contacted in one telephone survey were asked how important the issue of skin cancer was in their lives, but this question was asked either before or after a series of questions about other health concerns. *elicit (반응을) 끌어내다
M3-16.(빈칸) 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?
The parallels, however, go much further than this.
Social life, even for nonhuman animals, requires constraints on behavior. No group can stay together if its members make frequent, unrestrained attacks on each other. ( ① ) With some exceptions, social animals generally either refrain altogether from attacking other members of the social group or, if an attack does take place, do not make the ensuing struggle a fight to the death—it is over when the weaker animal shows submissive behavior. ( ② ) It is not difficult to see analogies here with human moral codes. ( ③ ) Like humans, social animals may behave in ways that benefit other members of the group at some cost or risk to themselves. ( ④ ) Male baboons threaten predators and cover the rear as the troop retreats. Wolves and wild dogs take meat back to members of the pack not present at the kill. ( ⑤ ) Gibbons and chimpanzees with food will, in response to a gesture, share their food with other members of the group. *ensuing 뒤이어 일어나는 **baboon 개코원숭이 ***gibbon 긴팔원숭이
M3-17. (빈칸) 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
Although commonsense knowledge may have merit, it also has drawbacks, not the least of which is that it often ________________________. For example, we hear that people who are similar will like one another (“Birds of a feather flock together”) but also that persons who are dissimilar will like each other (“Opposites attract”). We are told that groups are wiser and smarter than individuals (“Two heads are better than one”) but also that group work inevitably produces poor results (“Too many cooks spoil the broth”). Each of these contradictory statements may hold true under particular conditions, but without a clear statement of when they apply and when they do not, aphorisms provide little insight into relations among people. They provide even less guidance in situations where we must make decisions. For example, when facing a choice that entails risk, which guideline should we use—“Nothing ventured, nothing gained” or “Better safe than sorry”?
*aphorism 경구(警句), 격언
① contradicts itself ② turns out truth ③ proves to be false
④ has double faces ⑤ implies metaphor
M3-20
Some people predict that, in the information age, reliance on expert intuition will gradually be replaced — or at least complemented — by computer programs processing the relevant data using rules known as algorithms. [생략] Similarly, the value of a sports star can often be more accurately assessed by analyzing statistical data on their performance than by relying on the experience and intuitions of coaches.
M3-21 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?
However, if we are not to become ‘slaves to the machine’, we should keep in mind that since computer programs are designed by people, they, too, are fallible.
Some people predict that, in the information age, reliance on expert intuition will gradually be replace—or at least complemented—by computer programs processing the relevant data using rules known as algorithms. ( ① ) Indeed, this is already happening in areas as varied as medicine, crime detection and sports. ( ② ) There are, for example, computer programs which, when they are fed patients’ medical histories, can predict health issues such as heart attacks more reliably than doctors. ( ③ ) Similarly, the value of a sports star can often be more accurately assessed by analyzing statistical data on their performance than by relying on the experience and intuitions of coaches. ( ④ ) In practice, if your intuitions conflicted with a computer program, you might still be inclined to follow them. ( ⑤ ) *fallible 틀릴 수 있는
M3-23. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?
[Clearly, managers with this view will be likely to adopt an autocratic style of leadership and will focus on extrinsic rewards.]
Douglas McGregor identified two distinct management views of workers and how they are motivated. ( ① ) He called these Theory X and Theory Y. ( ② ) Theory X managers, according to McGregor, view their workers as lazy, disliking work and unprepared to accept responsibility, needing to be controlled and made to work. ( ③ ) On the other hand, McGregor believed that the managers who held Theory Y views believed that workers did enjoy work and that they found it as natural as rest or play. ( ④ ) They would be prepared to accept responsibility, were creative and they would take an active part in contributing ideas and solutions to work-related problems—meeting their intrinsic needs in the process. ( ⑤ ) A very important point to note about McGregor’s work is this—he did not suggest that there were two types of workers, X and Y, but that the attitudes of management to workers could, in extreme cases, be described by these two theories. *autocratic 독재적인
M3-24~25 추가
The basics of brain biology are often not what we think they are. In fact, for much of the twentieth century, it was believed that the number of neurons in the brain increased as we aged. It was thought that connections must expand in number in much the same way that we grow taller or gain more knowledge over time. That’s a logical assumption, but a false one. The way the brain actually works, then, is counterintuitive: An infant has more neurons, not fewer, than anyone old enough to be reading this page. Our little Baby Andrew has an excess of neurons. If his development unfolds as it should, he will lose 40 percent of his extra neurons before he grows up. If he does not, he will not be able to function independently in society and will be considered mentally handicapped or disabled.
On a structural level, the process by which neurons are shed is remarkably similar to, and in fact is prompted by, the processes of selecting what to pay attention to; an infant’s brain matures by selection. As the infant selects from all the world’s stimuli those that matter — that deserve attention — he is also “editing” neurons. As he begins to select, concentrate, and focus on some things and not others, his brain is shearing unused neural pathways. When the brain is not making connections, the unused linkages wither away. The excess is eliminated so only the relevant data and relevant neural pathways remain.
*shear 잘라내다, 깎다 **wither away 약해지다