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당신은 무엇을 겁내나
영어 이야기
trepidatio
[trèpədéiʃən]
(앞일에 대한) 공포
전율 (戰慄)
유행어 (流行語) 나 유행가 (流行歌)는 그 시대에 맞게
말해지고 불리워지다가 사라지는 일이 많다.
"잘 났어'라는 말이 정말 잘 나가는 사람에게 쓰는 말이 아니라
어떤 사람이 유별난 말이나 행동을 했을 때 쓰던 드마라 출신 유행어다.
'(공부는 못해도 좋으니) 건강하게만 자라 다오'는 광고 유행어,
요즈음 비교적 많이 쓰는 '내 Ro 남 不'이라는 세 나라 말의
정치적 유행어 등이 있다.
영어에도 언어가 유행하는 것이 있는데
"Where is beef? 햄버거 광고용 유행어가 있었고
요즈음 처럼 말을 축소해서 쓰려고
BOGO (Buy One Get One free / 한국식으로 one plus one) 도 있으나
그 또한 '사라지리라.'
그런데 오늘 소개하는 trepidation 은 잘 쓰이지 않다가
Covid 가 창궐할 때 시작해서 비교적 자주 쓰는 낱말이 되었다.
The threat of an epidemic caused great alarm and TREPIDATION.
유행병의 위협은 커다란 경고와 공포 (恐怖)의 원인이었다.
여기서 trepidation 은 1800 년 중반에 많이 쓰이다가
주춤했으나 COvid (Pandemic) 때부터 많이 쓰고 있다.
나는 trepidation 아라는 낱말을
보면 그렇게 많이 알려지지 않은
철학자 Musonius 생각이 난다.
로마의 편집증 환자였던
Nero 황제에게 3번이나
해외로 쫓겨난 인물인데..
His school was not some concert hall, where people came to be amused and entertained, but a hospital, where they came in TREPIDATION to be treated.
(그가 이끌던 학파의) 학교는
음악 연주를 하듯 신나는
음악당이 아니라 공포에 떨며
치료를 받고 싶어 하는
'병원'이라고 했다.
(공포 가운데 그 철학자를 찾았던
제자들에게 희망 치료를 했던)
(Psychology Today, November 24, 2023)
As TREDIDATION means a state of being careful,
공포는 (누구 또는 무엇의)
보호를 받아야할 상태이므로,
most of us exclaim,
"Help me get out of
this TREDIDATION. "
우리 대부분은 "이 공포의
도가니에서 벗어나게
도와 주세요,"라고 외친다.
나는 비교적 새로운 환경에
잘 대처하기 때문에..
I used to approach a new
project with TREDIDATION.
나는 위험부담울 안고
새 계획에 접근하곤 했다.
어떤 정치인은 검찰 조사를
받기 전에 애써 미소를 짓지만
국민들은 안다.
Behind his smiles, was great TREPIDATION.
그의 미소 뒤에 커다란
공포가 도사리고 있음을..
어떤 담대한 여장부의
고백이 흥미롭다.
Even though I'm not afraid of most things (my husband is), I do have a TREPIDATION for cockroach.
나는 대부분의 일들을
겁내지 않고 하지만 (내 남편이 겁내고 있는),
바퀴벌레에 대한 공포는
확실히 갖고 있다
That's why I summon my coward husband by shouting, "Honey, here's a cockroach."
California Eureka
Neel Burton M.D.
Ataraxia
The Life of Musonius
The great Stoic teacher was three times exiled from Rome.
“the more one pushes the intelligent person away from the life he was born for, the more he inclines towards it.”
His school, he liked to say, was not some concert hall, where people came to be amused and entertained, but a hospital, where they came, in trepidation, to be treated. His students should expect to feel not pleasure but pain because they are sick and came to him in the hope of being cured. Thus, he measured the success of his lectures not by the applause that they received but by the shock and silence that they provoked.
Exile, he says, does not deprive us of water, earth, air, or the sun and stars. Nor does it deprive us of human companionship. But by removing us from luxurious living, it can cure our bodies and souls of many ills.
1840 높다가 2020년에 최고로 높아
*****************************************
It's personal, and you can sense, amidst the all the uncertainty and trepidation, American resolve stiffening.
The expectation of our first meeting filled me with trepidation.
The threat of an epidemic caused great alarm and trepidation.
I do admit, while I'm not afraid of most things, I do, however, have a trepidation for cockroach.
We view future developments with some trepidation.
"it was with some trepidation that she opened the envelope from the court.
behind the smiles, was great trepidation
Have you had a sense of trepidation about what was going to happen/
I used to set off in fear and trepidation
TREDIDATION means a state of being careful.
Whenever I approach a new project with the same TREDIDATION..
Updated November 24, 2023
Reviewed by Davia Sills
KEY POINTS
sinfg a sone with TREPIDATION
Though less famous than Seneca or Epictetus, Musonius is one of our principal sources on ancient Stoicism.
As an uncompromising Stoic teacher, he was three times exiled from Rome.
His lectures were full of practical, everyday advice aimed at instilling virtue.
Source: Olaf Tausch/Wikimedia Commons/CC BY 3.0.
Nero banished Musonius to Gyaros, the Alcatraz of the Mediterranean.Source: Olaf Tausch/Wikimedia Commons/CC BY 3.0.
Stoic philosophy has exerted an important influence on the history of ideas, including on the thinking of Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz, Schopenhauer, Adam Smith, and J. S. Mill.
In the field of mental health, Stoicism inspired what has become the most common form of talking treatment, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Aaron Beck (who passed away in 2021), the father of CBT, wrote that “the philosophical origins of cognitive therapy can be traced back to the Stoic philosophers.”
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Musonius is one of only four primary sources on ancient Stoicism, along with Epictetus, whom he taught, Seneca, and Marcus Aurelius. But of the four, he is the most obscure or overlooked.
So, who was this great Stoic teacher?
Beginnings
Gaius Musonius Rufus (c. 25—c. 100 CE) was born in Etruria into a family of Roman equestrians.
As a young man, he went around inquiring into the health of people’s souls, suggesting that his sympathies then lay more with the Cynics than with the Stoics.
In later life, he established himself as a Stoic teacher in Rome.
When, in 60 CE, the paranoid Nero banished Rubellius Plautus, a Stoic and distant cousin of Nero, Musonius followed his friend to Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey) and only returned to Rome after his death in 62.
trepidation (n.)
c. 1600, from French trepidation (15c.) and directly from Latin trepidationem (nominative trepidatio) "agitation, alarm, trembling," noun of action from past-participle stem of trepidare "to tremble, hurry," from trepidus "alarmed, scared," from PIE *trep- (1) "to shake, tremble" (source also of Sanskrit trprah "hasty," Old Church Slavonic trepetati "to tremble"), related to *trem- (see tremble (v.)). Related: Trepidacious (1915).
also from c. 1600
Entries linking to trepidation
tremble (v.)
c. 1300, "shake from fear, cold, etc.," from Old French trembler "tremble, fear" (11c.), from Vulgar Latin *tremulare (source also of Italian tremolare, Spanish temblar), from Latin tremulus "trembling, shaking, quaking," from tremere "to tremble, shiver, quake," from PIE *trem- "to tremble" (source also of Greek tremein "to shiver, tremble, to quake, to fear," Lithuanian tremiu, tremti "to chase away," Old Church Slavonic treso "to shake," Gothic þramstei "grasshopper"). A native word for this was Old English bifian. Related: Trembled; trembling. The noun is recorded from c. 1600.
intrepid (adj.)
"unmoved by danger, undaunted," 1690s, from French intrépide (16c.) and directly from Latin intrepidus "unshaken, undaunted, not alarmed," from in- "not" (see in- (1)) + trepidus "alarmed," from PIE *trep-(1) "to tremble" (see trepidation). Related: Intrepidly; intrepidness (1620s).
trepid (adj.)
"trembling from fear or terror," 1640s, from Latin trepidus "scared" (see trepidation). Related: Trepidly; trepidness.
Second and third exiles
When, in 65, Nero learned of the Pisonian conspiracy, led by the senator Gaius Calpurnius Piso, to have him overthrown, he condemned 19 people to death, including Seneca.
Though not involved in the plot, Musonius was banished to the barren island of Gyaros, the Alcatraz of the Mediterranean.
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Exile, however, seemed to weigh lightly upon him, even on Gyaros, and one of his surviving lectures is entitled, Why Exile Is Not an Evil.
Exile, he says, does not deprive us of water, earth, air, or the sun and stars. Nor does it deprive us of human companionship. But by removing us from luxurious living, it can cure our bodies and souls of many ills.
More significantly, exile does not prevent us from caring for our real needs and acquiring virtue.
On the contrary, it provides us with more leisure in which to study and do good deeds.
Resourceful people are resourceful no matter where they find themselves. Those who lack resourcefulness have vice, and not exile, to blame for their miseries. Ergo, it is vice, and not exile, that we should fear.
Musonius returned to Rome in 68, in the reign of Galba. In 70, in the reign of Vespasian, he accused and obtained the conviction of Egnatius Celer, who, despite calling himself a Stoic, had colluded with Nero in condemning the Stoic Barea Soranius and his daughter Servilia to death.
When, in 71, Vespasian banished all philosophers from Rome, his reputation rode so high that he was tolerated to remain—before being banished all the same into his third and longest exile, this time in Syria.
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He returned to Rome in 79, in the reign of Titus, and died around 100 CE.
Teaching style
Musonius was a celebrated teacher. He exerted an important influence on his two most famous pupils, the teacher Epictetus and the polymath Dio Chrysostom (“Dio the Golden-Mouthed”).
To separate the wheat from the chaff, Musonius would often turn would-be students away, explaining to a young Epictetus that
“the more one pushes the intelligent person away from the life he was born for, the more he inclines towards it.”
His school, he liked to say, was not some concert hall, where people came to be amused and entertained, but a hospital, where they came, in trepidation, to be treated. His students should expect to feel not pleasure but pain because they are sick and came to him in the hope of being cured.
Thus, he measured the success of his lectures not by the applause that they received but by the shock and silence that they provoked.
PHILOSOPHY ESSENTIAL READS
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The Life of Marcus Aurelius
He quoted Homer after Odysseus had related the length of his labors: “Thus he spoke, and they all stayed softly in silence/And they were held by a magic spell in the shadowy hall.”
In his Discourses, Epictetus quotes Musonius as saying:
Am I to sit down and tell you clever slogans and sayings so that you praise me as you leave, even though the shoulder is no better than it was, the head still hurts, and the abscess and fistula remain? Do young men leave home for these reasons and leave behind their parents, friends, kinfolk, and property so that they may yell “hooray” when you utter witticisms? Did Socrates do this, or Zeno, or Cleanthes?
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Musonius could be severe. By Epictetus’ own account, he once rebuked him for overlooking the omission in a syllogism (formal logical argument). Epictetus sought to excuse himself, saying, “It’s not like I burnt down the Capitol”—to which Musonius replied, “Idiot, the omission here is the Capitol.”
Musonius insisted that nothing good is acquired without pain. But if we think that the path of virtue is too arduous, let us consider the alternatives and how much more trouble people put up with for the sake of gain or how many ills they suffer for the sake of fame, even though these things are worthless.
The Lectures
Insofar as we know, Musonius did not work on anything for publication. However, two of his students wrote down his sayings and opinions. The Discourses, collected by a certain Lucius, form the basis of the 21 short lectures preserved in Stobaeus. But a second work, by one Pollio, has been lost except for fragments.
All in all, there remain 31 fragments (preserved in Stobaeus, Epictetus, and Aulus Gellius), as well as the 21 lectures, which altogether fit comfortably within 80 or so pages.
Musonius’ lectures are full of practical, everyday advice aimed at instilling virtue and include a lecture on home furnishings and even a lecture on hair. Men, he advised, ought to grow a beard on the grounds that the beard is the mark of manhood, on a par with a cock’s comb or a lion’s mane.
The beard became fashionable in Rome after the emperor Hadrian (76-138 CE) began sporting one, possibly in a bid to look more like a philosopher. As a young, clean-shaven man, Hadrian had attended lectures by Epictetus, who might have echoed to him Musonius’s musings on facial hair.
Besides facial hair, Musonius advocated a vegetarian diet (preferably raw and unprepared), functional clothing, and shelter of a kind that offers little more than the protection afforded by a cave.
He once gave a thousand sesterces to a man claiming to be a philosopher. When people told him the man was a charlatan, he let him keep the not-inconsiderable sum, explaining that money was exactly what he deserved.
To do philosophy, said Musonius, is to reason correctly, and to reason correctly is to behave or act correctly. The person who does philosophy thereby takes care of his country, family, and friends—in a word, everybody.
The person who does not do philosophy, even if he be a doctor, lawyer, or some such, is thoughtless, and thoughtlessness is very near to insanity.
Even if one rules only oneself, no one is more kingly than a philosopher or more fit to rule because one cannot rule others unless one first rules oneself.
Neel Burton is author of Stoic Stories.
References