PBS NEWSHOUR (2008-5) (2회)

[charliek]

EXPRESSIONS & EXERCISE (1-MAY)                                              INSTRUCTOR KIM SOO-YEON

1. 기아 위기가 특정 사건, 즉, 흉작이나 전쟁에서 기인한다고 대개 생각한다: think about hunger crisis as ~

2. 여러가지 다른 것들이 동시다발적으로 발생하다: a variety of different things ~

3. 이것은 과거에 우리가 본 적이 있는 주기적 현상이 아니다. it's not the kind of ~ we've seen in the past

4. 일부 식량 시장은 (층이) 아주 얇다:markets for some foods are ~

5. 사재기를 많이 했다: you've got ~

6. 그로 인해 시장의 거품을 키웠다: that just ~ in markets

7. 자국민들을 보호하는 차원에서 수출을 제한하다: ~ to protect their own populations

8. 단기적으로는 좋은 효과를 발휘할지도 모른다: is possibly ~

9. 국제 가격이 높아진 상황을 활용하다: ~ of these higher world prices

10. 직접적인 타격을 입다: being ~

11. 식량 가격이 세 배 가량 오르다: food prices ~

12. 직격탄을 맞다: be most ~

13. 중산층에까지 (영향이) 미치다: reaching ~

14. 가족에게 하루 두 끼를 식탁에 올리다: ~ for their family

15. 다시 한 끼로 줄이다: ~ to one

16. 이 고통을 줄이기 위해 단기적으로 취할 수 있는 조치는? :  What can be done ~ to ~?

17. 제대로 된 학교 급식 프로그램을 그 학교들에 도입시키다: ~ good ~ into the schools

18. 그 아이들이 계속 학교를 다니게 하다: keep the children ~

19. 자기 가족이 돈을 더 벌 수 있도록 돕다: help their families ~

20. 세계식량계획의 경우 예산이 7억 5천만 달러 부족한 상황에 직면하다: the World Food Programme is ~ a $750 million ~

21. 그들이 예상하는 식량 공급분을 맞추다: to ~ that they anticipated

22. AID는 2억 6천만 달러가 부족한 상황이 될지도 모른다: AID may ~ a $260 million ~

23. 현지에서 식량을 구매하다: buy ~

24. 아주 고비용에 해외로 운송하다: shipping overseas ~

PRACTICE (2-MAY)                                                               INSTRUCTOR KIM SOO-YEON

1. 세계적인 경기 침체 위기가 온다면 미국발 이 될 것이라는 것이 경제학자들의 지배적 의견이다.

Most economists agree that, if any, a world recession crisis will come from America.

2. 가끔 좋지 않은 일들이 있을 때면 동시다발적으로 진행되는 것 알고 계시나요?

You know how sometimes when bad things happen they happen all at the same time?

3. 최근 개도국 시장 주식들이 여타 시장들보다 지속적으로 실적이 좋은 것은 국제적으로 유동성이 급증한 것이 원인이 된 경제 주기적 현상이다.  

The recent sustained outperformance of emerging market equities is primarily a cyclical phenomenon, driven by a flood of global liquidity

4. 개인의 유전자적 특성에 맞춰 처방하고 치료하는 의학 분야는 가능성은 상당히 높지만 수요가 많지 않아서 아직은 시장 조건이 충분치 않다.

Personalized medicine, which prescribes and treats based on personal genetic features, is promising, but the conditions for a market are not mature enough because it is too thin in demand.

5. 휘발유세 대폭 인상에 앞서 일부 주유소에서는 사람들이 길게는 한 시간씩 줄을 서 있다는 소식이 나오고 있는 가운데 정부는 운전자들에게 사재기를 하지말 것을 촉구하고 있다.  

Motorists are being urged by the government not to panic-buy, as queues of up to an hour are reported at some petrol stations ahead of planned petrol tax hikes.

6. 주식 시장이 아직 한계에 도달하지 않았다는 일반의 생각이 아직도 주식 시장의 거품을 키우고 있다.

Widespread idea that the equity market has not hit the top is reinforcing the bubble in the market.

7. 중국은 지난 수요일 제조 부문이 좀 더 고급 제품을 생산하는 방향으로 나가도록 강제하는 차원에서 비고가의 노동집약적인 제품의 수출을 제한할 것이라고 발표했다.

China said Wednesday that it would curb exports of inexpensive, labor-intensive products to force manufacturers into making higher-quality goods

8. 자선 및 기부 활동을 촉진하기 위해서 기업들에게 반대급부를 제공하는 것이 단기적으로는 순효과를 유발할 수 있지만 장기적으로는 그렇지 않다는 연구 결과가 나왔다.

Offering incentives for companies to promote charitable giving can have a good short-run effect, but not in the long-run, according to a study.

9. 자마이카가 마지막으로 허리케인의 직접 피해를 입은 것은 1988년 허리케인 길버트였는데 당시 자마이카는 동서를 가로질러 완전히 파괴되었다.

The last time Jamaica was directly hit by a hurricane was in 1988 which completely devastated the island from east to West.

10. 이번에 복지 제도가 확대되면 중산층도 그 수혜를 입을 수 있도록 해야 한다는 것이 전문가들의 의견이다.

This time around, experts say a welfare expansion should reach into the middle class in its effects. 

2. As Food Prices Soar, U.N. Calls for International Help

JEFFREY BROWN: 오펜하이저 총재님, 우리는 대개는 기아 위기라고 하면 특정 사건, 즉, 흉작이나 전쟁에서 기인하는 것으로 생각합니다. 이번 경우는 (들어보니) 다른 것 같은데…

RAYMOND OFFENHEISER, Oxfam America: 조셑 쉬란이 앞 부분에서 말씀하셨듯이 이것은 여러가지 다양한 것들이 모두 동시에 일어나는 상황이 결합되어 나타나는 상황입니다. 호주에서는 가뭄이 있었고 바이오 연료 문제도 있습니다.

좀 더 폭넓은 문제로서는 지난 몇 년에 걸쳐 세계 시장에서 유가가 상승해서 미치는 영향들 그리고 유가 상승이 투입, 즉, 농사짓는 사람들의 비용에 미치는 영향, 이 모든 것들이 동시에 발생하면서 어느 정도는 가격 인상 측면에서 이른바 ‘완벽한 폭풍’을 만들고 있습니다.  

따라서 이것은 우리가 과거에 본 적이 있는 주기적인 현상은 아닙니다. 그래서 우리가 좀 더 심각하게 우려를 하는 이유 중의 하나이기도 하구요.

JEFFREY BROWN: 이것이 이렇게 많은 나라들에 동시에 영향을 끼치도록 만드는 원인들 측면에서 번뜩 떠오르는 생각이 있으신가요?

RAYMOND OFFENHEISER, Oxfam America: 제 생각인데 우리가 보는 한 가지는 일부 식량 시장들의 경우 (층이) 아주 아주 얇다는 것입니다. 그래서 가격이 오르기 시작했을 때, 많은 사람들이 “지금 사는 것이 좋겠다. 앞으로 가격이 오를지도 모르니까”라고 말했죠.

그러다 보니 굉장히 많은 사재기가 있었구요. 이전에는 팔 의사가 있었던 나라들도 파는 것을 중단했고 그래서 시장의 거품이 더 커졌습니다. 

JEFFREY BROWN: 그리고 일부 정부들은 자국민들을 보호하기 위해 수출을 제한하고 있구요.

RAYMOND OFFENHEISER, Oxfam America: 그렇습니다. 그리고 그것이 그들에게 단기적으로는 긍정적인 효과가 될 가능성도 있겠지만 농사짓는 사람들에게는 세계 식량 가격이 오르는 상황을 충분히 활용하지 못하게 만들고 생산을 늘리지도 못하게 됩니다. 장기적으로는 그것이 필요한 상황인데도….  

JEFFREY BROWN: 누가 직접적인 타격을 받게 되나요? 어떤 나라가 그리고 어떤 나라에서도 어떤 사람들이 타격을 받게 됩니까?

RAYMOND OFFENHEISER, Oxfam America: 아마도 나라들 내에서 가장 영향을 받을 사람들은 석유 수입업자들, 화석 연료 수입업자들 그리고 식량을 수입하는 나라들입니다. 예를 들어, 아이티는 전체 식량의 90%를 수입합니다. 따라서 예상할 수 있는 것이, 식량이 3년 동안에 걸쳐 3배 가량 상승한다고 하면 그런 나라가 아주 아주 큰 영향을 받게 됩니다. 이들 나라들의 국민들은 작게 농사짓는 사람들, 땅없이 노동하는 사람들 그리고 도시 빈민가에서 사는 사람들입니다. 이들 가족들이 가장 직접적으로 타격을 받게 될 사람들입니다.

2. As Food Prices Soar, U.N. Calls for International Help 

Impact on small farmers, urban poor

JEFFREY BROWN: And here with more on the causes and consequence of the high cost of food are Homi Kharas, senior fellow at the Wolfensohn Center for Development at the Brookings Institution. He's former chief economist for the East Asia region of the World Bank. And Raymond Offenheiser, president of Oxfam America, an international relief and development organization.

Mr. Offenheiser, we usually think about a hunger crisis as coming from a particular event, crop failure or war. This sounds different.

RAYMOND OFFENHEISER, Oxfam America: Well, I think, as Josette Sheeran said in the set-up, I mean, that this is a confluence of a variety of different things happening all at once. We've had drought in Australia. We have the biofuels issue.

We have the sort of broader question of the impacts of oil price increases in the world market over the last few years and the impacts on input, costs of farmers, all occurring simultaneously and creating, to some degree, either the perfect storm, if you will, in terms of price increase.

So it's not the kind of cyclical phenomenon we've seen in the past. And so I think that's one of the reasons why there's a deeper concern.

JEFFREY BROWN: What jumps out at you, in terms of the causes that are making this affect so many different countries at the same time?

HOMI KHARAS, Wolfensohn Center for Development: Well, I think one thing that we see is that markets for some foods are very, very thin. And as prices started to go up, a lot of people said, "Well, we'd better buy now because prices might keep going up in the future."

So you've got a lot of panic buying. And the countries that were previously willing to sell stopped selling, and so that just reinforced the bubble in markets.

JEFFREY BROWN: And some governments are now limiting their exports to protect their own populations.

HOMI KHARAS: They are, which is possibly a good short-run effect for them, but it does prevent their farmers from taking advantage of these higher world prices and increasing production, which is what we really need in the long run.

JEFFREY BROWN: Who is being hit directly, which kinds of countries and which populations within those countries?

RAYMOND OFFENHEISER: I think the populations that are probably being most affected are populations in countries that are, you know, oil importers, fossil fuel importers, and also largely food-importing nations.

So Haiti, for example, imports 90 percent of its food. So you can imagine, if the food prices have gone up sort of three times over the last three years, that's going to be a country that's very, very affected.

The populations in those countries are going to be small farmers, landless laborers, urban slum-dwellers. Those are the kinds of families that are going to be most directly hit.

JEFFREY BROWN: And from the reports I've seen, it seems to be reaching into populations in these countries beyond the poorest, reaching into the middle class.

HOMI KHARAS: Absolutely. Anybody who's a wage-earner and basically has the money to buy food is suddenly finding that they can no longer put two meals on the table for their family and they have to claw it back to one.

JEFFREY BROWN: What can be done in the short term to alleviate the suffering for people feeling it right now?

HOMI KHARAS: Well, I think one of the vulnerable groups is children and children of poor families. And if one can get good school-feeding programs into the schools, it can do two things. It can keep the children in school and very often, in these kinds of circumstances, they tend to drop out because they have to help their families earn extra money.

So you want to try to keep the children in school. And at the same time, you can help get them the kind of nutrition that they need.

Aid agencies struggle to help

JEFFREY BROWN: Your agency does this kind of thing, very kind of thing. What can be done now?

RAYMOND OFFENHEISER: Well, I think the entire humanitarian community is very concerned about the amount of money that's going to be available for food assistance over the coming year.

And as Josette Sheeran has been saying, the World Food Programme is seeing a $750 million shortfall in its budget because it needs to meet food supply that they anticipated, but with increased prices, won't have enough money. AID is reporting that it may have a $260 million shortfall.

The good news, President Bush has allocated $200 million already, Gordon Brown $60 million, but we still need a lot more funding.

Here in the United States, I think another issue is our food aid program and the need to be able to buy food locally in markets to stimulate those markets, you know, increase investment in local agriculture, and perhaps break a little bit the pattern of buying within the United States and shipping overseas at very high costs.

We need to get more efficient and more direct support to farmers overseas.

JEFFREY BROWN: And as they said in our set-up piece, with the prices higher, that makes it, of course, more expensive for the aid agencies to buy food to ship wherever it has to be going.

RAYMOND OFFENHEISER: Precisely. That's why the cash for us would be better, because we can buy locally, buy more efficiently, and buy at a better price.

JEFFREY BROWN: Now, the longer term issues here seem far more complicated, because to the extent that some of this is structural or has a kind of longer term impact. Demand, for example, in China and India, that's not going away.

HOMI KHARAS: No, that's right. But demand in China and India has been increasing now for a decade or more. And globally, the system was able to cope with that demand, up until just a few years ago.

So I don't think that we can attribute this current crisis, this sharp spike in food prices, just to the demand factors. We have to deal with the demand factors, but this is really a short-run problem.

And when we change and give more money for food, it's really important to make sure that this is additional and incremental to the amounts of money that we're giving for other things in development.

JEFFREY BROWN: What do you mean?

HOMI KHARAS: Well, there will be some agencies, agencies such as the World Bank, for example, who have a fixed amount of money that they have been given to allocate.

To the extent that they shift money into providing more for, say, agricultural development and production, it means less money for other necessary things.

But at the end of the day, this is not a problem of a global food shortage. This is really a problem of distribution. This is a problem of people who don't have enough money to buy food.

So we have to look at it as something which, in the long term, both increases the supply of food and increases jobs and wages for people so that they can afford the food.

[고양이]

@_@;; 감사합니다..

[은갱^^♡]

캄사합니다~^^