스크랩 조동사(Auxiliary Verb)

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조동사(Auxiliary Verb)

 may(might), must, can(could), shall(should), will(would), ought to, need(dare), used to, do....

1. May, Might의 용법

   1. 허가 : (- - 해도 된다)       [ ↔ must not (금지)]
          may = be allowed [permitted] to    [ ↔ may not (불허가) ] 
   2. 추측 : - - 일지도 모른다           [ ↔ may not  ]
          may have + P.P.: 과거추측  
   3. 목적 : (so [in order])that - - may
            = (so as [in order]) to - - 하기위해
   4. 양보: - - 한다 하더라도
   5. 가능  
   6. 기원문 : (May) + S + Root - - - !

    1. You may come with me.

        May I smoke here?    → Yes, you may.  → No, you may (must) not.
    2. It may not be true.
    3. He worked hard (so) that he might live in comfort.
    4. However tired you may be, you must do it now.
    5. Gather roses while you may.(기회를 놓치지 마라)
    6. May he rest in peace !

☆ May의 관용적 용법

   ⊙ may well + Root [- - 하는 것도 당연하다] (= It is natural that ~ should~, have good reason to do)
   ⊙ may as well + Root [ - - 하는 것이 더 낫다] (= had better, It would be better for ~ to do)
   ⊙ may as well A as B [- - B할 바에는 A 하는게 낫다](실현가능)
   ⊙ might as well A as B [   〃           〃        ](실현 불가능)

    1. You may well say so.
       = You have good reason to say so.
       = It is natural that you should say so.
    2. You may as well start right now.
       = You had better start right now.
       = It would be better for you to start right now.
    3. You may as well not know a thing as know it but imperfectly.
    4. You might as well expect the river to flow backward as expect to
       move me.

2. Must    

1. 의무,필연,당연 : [ - - 해야만 한다]
      must = have to   
      과거 : had to, 미래: will[shall] have to
      반대 : need not = don't have to  
   2. 강한추측[ - - 임에 틀림 없다.]   
      반대 : cannot  
      must have P.P [- - 이었음에 틀림 없다]
   3. 강한주장 : [ (반드시) - - 하겠다고]
   4. have only [but] to - - [ - - 하기만 하면 된다] (= All that you have to do is ~)

    1. Must I go after all? (의무)
       We all must die someday. (필연)
    2. She must be in her twenties.
       He must have failed again.
    3. ·He must always have his own way.
         = He always insists on having his own way.
    4. You have only [but] to sit dumb.   
       = All that you have to do is to sit dumb.

☆ Must를 활용한 문장 전환

      S + must + Root (현재사실)
          He must be foolish  
          = I'm sure that he is foolish.
          = It is certain that he is foolish.
                                                           
      S + must + have P.P. (과거사실)
         She must have passed the exam.
         = I'm sure that she passed the exam.
         = It is certain that she passed the exam.  

3. Can

   1. 능력,가능 [ - - 할 수 있다]  
       can = be able to ↔ be unable to
   2. 허가,허락 : 가벼운 may의 뜻  
   3. 강한의심 : 의문문에서 { - - 일까}
   4. 강한부정의 추측 :부정문에서 ↔ must
       cannot + Root [ - - 일리 없다] (현재)
       cannot + have + P.P. [ - - 이었을리 없다](과거)
   5. 공손한 표현 : could 가 can보다 더 공손     

    1. He can stand on his hand.
       ☞ can은 현재형,과거형만 있으므로,미래,현재완료,과거완료등은
          be able to를 이용.
       She is [was/will be] able to read.
       She has been [had been/will have been] able to read.
    2. You can use my car such as it is.  ※ such as it is [변변치 않지만]
       Can I come in ? - Yes, you can.
    3. Can it be true ?
       Can it have been true ?
    4. The report cannot be true.
       He cannot have taken my bag by mistake.
    5. Could I speak to you a minute?

★ 관용적 표현

     ⊙ Cannot - -  too [much] : 아무리 - - 해도 지나치지 않다
          You cannot praise him too much.

           = You cannot praise him to excess(in excess ; 지나치게).

           = You cannot praise him enough.  

           = You cannot overpraise him.  

           = It is impossible to overpraise him.

     ⊙ Cannot but root :- - 하지 않을 수 없다  

           I cannot but laugh at the sight.

           = I cannot help laughing at the sight.

           = I cannot choose but laugh at the sight.

           = I have no choice but to laugh at the sight.

4. Should

   1. 당연,의무 (= must, have to보다 약한 권유에 가깝다)
   2. 후회,유감,비난,책망; (과거사실)
        :  should have P.P.
   3. 이성적 판단 형용사 ( necessary, important, natural, right, well, good, wrong, rational, proper )

       감정적 판단 형용사 (strange, wonderful, surprising, regrettable, a pity )
   4. 명령,제안,요구,결정,동의,고집,소망 등의 동사 -- 이때 should를 생략하기도 한다(동사원형)

       (order, suggest, propose, demand, require, decide, insist, move, desire )
   5. 추측/목적
   6. 수사의문문및 의외의 놀람

    1. One should obey one's parents.
    2. You should have been more careful.

    3. It is natural that he should get angry.
        It is strange that he should say so.

    4. She insisted that he (should) stay in.
    5. 추측: He should have arrived there by now.
       목적: He studies hard lest he should fail.
    6. How should I know it ?     = I don't know it at all.

   ※ should를 활용한 문장 전환
       ♣ You should have started eariler.
            = You had to start earlier, but you didn't .
            = I'm sorry (that) you didn't start earlier.
            = Why didn't you start earlier.
       ♣ He studied hard lest he should fail.
            = He studied hard that he might not fail.
            = He studied hard so as [in order] not to fail
            = He studied hard for fear of failing.
            = He studied hard for fear that he should fail.

5. Ought to

   1. 의무,당연         2. 추측             3. 후회,유감,비난  

   ☞ ought to 는 대체로 should에 준함(더 강한 의무), 부정: ought not(oughtn't) to

      1. You ought to finish the work.
    2. The train ought to have arrived by now.
    3. You ought not to have done so.

6. Need (필요) / Dare (감히 - - 하다)   

   1.조동사 : 부정,의문문에서   → 구어에서 본동사로 쓰기도 함.
   2.본동사 : 긍정문에서

          ≪Need≫  
    1. Need she go now ? (助)  
       = Does she need to go now ? (本)
       = Is it necessary for her to go now ?  
    2. She need not hurry up.(助)
       = She does not need to hurry up.(本)   
       = It is not necessary for her to hurry up.
    3. He needs to be more careful.(本)  
       = It is necessary for him to be more careful
    ☞ need는 목적어로 명사,동명사,to부정사 취함.   
       My car needs repairing.(=to be repaired)  
       I need some money.  
            《Dare》       
    1. How dare you say so ? (助,의문)  
       = How do you dare to say ? (本)   
    2. He dare not go.(助)
       = He does not dare to go.(本)  
    3. He dares to insult me.(本)
    4. I dare say = perhaps,probably  
        You are right, I dare say.(= I suppose)
7. Would

   1. 과거의 불규칙 습관
   2. 과거의 고집,거절
   3. 현재의 희망 :would = wish [want] to
   4. 공손한 어법 :will you보다 공손
   5. Would that + 가정법과거(완료)  - -  소망   

   6. 관용적 용법 (would rather ~ than -- ; --라기 보다는 차라리 ~이다)

    1. He would sit up late for study.
    2. She would not listen to my word.
       = She refused to listen to my word.
    3. He who would succeed must work hard.
    4. Would you pass me the salt ?
       I would (should) like to go with you.
    5. Would that I were young again !
       = I wish /Would God, Oh that/I were young again !

    6. I would rather die than live in disgrace.
      = I had rather die than live in disgrace.
      = I prefer dying to living in disgrace.
      = I prefer to die rather than (to) live in disgrace.

8. Used to

   1. 과거의 규칙적 습관
   2. 과거의 계속적 상태
   3. be used to + 명사.동명사 [- - 에 익숙하다]

    1. He used to call on me regularly.
       = He was in the habit of calling on me regularly.
    2. There used to be a tall tree here.
    3. She is not used to being treated like that.
       = She is not accustomed to being treated like that.
   ☞ 의문문과 부정문에서의 사용법
    1. Did he use to live here ?(구어체)
       = Used he to live here ? (문어체)
    2. He didn't use to live here.(구어체)
       = He used not to live here. (문어체)

9. Will

   1. 현재의 추측

   2. 고집.거절
   3. 습성.경향

   4. 현재의 습관
   5. 부드러운 명령

    1. This will be your luggage, I suppose.
    2. The door will not open.
    3. Accidents will happen.
    4. He will often come to see me.
    5. You will please do so. = Please do so.

10. Shall

   1. 법률.명령
   2. 예언

    1. Freedom of speech shall not be violated.
    2. Nations shall rise against nations.
    ☞ Speaker의 의지를 나타냄
        You shall have higher wages.(임금을 올려주겠다. 너는 더 높은 임금을 받을 것이다)
          = I will give you higher wages.
         She shall bring the money to you. (그녀에게 그 돈을 너에게 주도록 하겠다_
          = I will let her bring the money to you.

11. Do

    1. 본동사  

    2. 조동사
    3. 대동사

    4. 강조동사

    ☞ 강조를 위해 사용되는 동사도 품사는 조동사임

    1. He did his homework yesterday.
    2. He did not go there. Did you go there ? (조동사)
    3. Do you have a pen ? Yes, I do. (=have a pen)
    4. He does want you to come here.(조동사)

12. 시제표현법

  조동사 + have PP는 과거사실에 대한 추측,유감,비난,후회 등을 나타낸다
   may have P.P - -                          이었을지 모른다 (과거사실,약한추측)
   cannot have P.P. - -                     이었을리 없다(과거사실,강한 부정추측)
   must have P.P. - -                        이었음에 틀림없다(과거사실,강한추측)
   should (ought to) have P.P. - -      했어야 했다(과거,후회 유감 비난)
   should not have P.P. - -                말았어야 했다(과거사실,후회 유감)
   need not have P.P. - -                   할필요가 없었는데 했다.(과거유감)

She may have been busy.
    He cannot have done so on purpose.
    He must have failed again.
    You should have been more careful.
    You should not have done so.
    He need not have gone there.