주역 상편.2.重地坤(중지곤)-17(2)

I Ching(Book of Changes) First Volume.     2.重地坤(중지곤) : Hexagram 2 . Kun(The Receptive / Earth). ䷁  ......7        ▣ Top Six[上六,상육] : Dragons fight in the open field;            their blood is dark blue-black and yellow.        [Explanation]         " [Top Six]   Dragons fight in the open field; their blood is dark and yellow."         [Commentart]           This resembles an ignorant wife fighting fiercely with her husband in an open field           to the point of being battered and bruised.           When Yin[陰,음] reaches its ultimate extreme, it inevitably clashes violently with Yang[陽,양],           shedding blood.           The Way of Earth(Kun-dao/坤道,곤도) ought to be gentle, flexible, moderate,           and generous in supporting all things[厚德載物,후덕재물].           However, when Yin grows old and excessively dominant, docility, moderation,           and generosity disappear, which is deeply which is deeply lamentable.          Just as the Way of Heaven(Qian-dao- 乾道,건도) warns of regret when a dargon ascends          too high[亢龍有悔,항룡유회], the "open field"[野,야] signifies an open, exposed place.          It represents a situation where a woman challenges a man to a duel regardless          of the venue[龍戰于野,용전우야].          It two parties fight recklessly to the death, a bloody struggle is inevitable[其血玄黃,기혈현황].          It is a chaotic state where Heaven and Earth are indistinguishable,          and courtesy or shame no longer function.          When Yin and Yang fail to communicate and boundaries dissolve,          anyone attempting to argue about decorum or moral principles[道,도] will be utterly ignored.          While Yin generally follows Yang, if it sees no reason to follow, conflict arises.          Once a fight breaks out, both sides inevitably suffer injuries,          spilling blood that is both dark(Heaven/Yang) and yellow(Earth/Yin).          Even if Yin becomes strong, Yin reemains Yin ;            it cannot ultimately overcome Yang and will bear scars.           Conversely, Yang represents the ruler and Yin represents the subject―yet even            Yang(the ruler) cannot avoid taking damage in such a devastating clash.           Black and yellow.           When the dragon fails to rule the sky and wages war on the ground,           it is a truly trivial matter.           As Yin is about to be exhausted and disappear, and Yang is growing sstronger,           war inevitably breaks out.           Wang Bi(王弼,왕필) viewed this 'Dragon Battle(龍戰,용전)' as follows :          "While the Way of Kun(坤道,곤도) lowers itself, remains gentle,            and avoids arrogance to preserve its beauty intact,            when Kun(坤,곤) goes too far and occupies the territory of Yang(陽,양),            Yang cannot endure it and ends up fighting Yin in the open field."            However, Dasan(茶山,다산/ Jeong Yak-yong) views it in the Wenyan Zhuan(文言傳,문언전)            as a case where the Kun Hexagram(坤卦,곤괘) transitions into the San Zhi bo Hexagram           (山地剝卦,산지박괘), interpreting it as a rebellion, interpreting itas a rebellion by Yin,                          which suspects the incompetence of Yang.          "When Yin reaches its extreme, it suspects Yang and sparks a fight willing            to risk life[陰疑於陽必戰,음의어양필전 - Yin suspects Yang and must fight],            which stems from suspecting the incompetence of Yang [爲其嫌无陽也,위기혐무양야-            Because it suspects the / incompetence of Yang],            and for that reason, it is said to resemble a dragon [稱龍焉,칭룡언 - Called a dragon],            yet it remains a position where it cannot leave its group of Kun [猶未離其類也,유미리기류야-            Still unable to deepart from its kind].            It calls for blood[ 稱血焉,칭혈언 - Called blood], and that blood mixed spreads over heaven            and earth [天地之雜也,천지지잡야 - Heaven and earth are mixed together],           smearing the blood of heaven black and the blood of earth yellow [天玄而地黃,천현이지황            - Heaven is black and earth is yellow]."            The phrase Gi-hyeol-hyeon-hwarg(기혈현황) is also viewed as warlords contending             for supremacy.             Here, Hyeon-hwang(玄黃,현황) refers to the blood-color of heaven,             Hyeon(玄,현 - darkblue/ black), and the blood-color of earth, Hwang(黃, 황 - yellow).             Ji-uk(智旭,지욱) viewed the sixth line[Upper 6] of the Kun Hexagram(坤卦,곤괘)             in a broder sense as the 'Battle(戰義,전의)'.            "The stillness(靜,정) of Kun(坤,곤) is Gwae(夬,쾌), and its transformation(變,변)              becomes Bo(剝,박), so both carry the meaning of battle(戰義,전의).               When Goodness(善,선) reaches its extreme, it punishes Evil(惡,악) ;              when Evil reachess its extreme, it punishes Goodness.              Therefore, when driven to exhaustion, they fight, and whenthey fight,wounds are inflicted."              This is because Heaven and Earth(天地,천지) establish their positions to give birth               to the Thunder Dragon(震龍,진룡); hence, it becomes "Wilderness Battle(野戰,야전)'.               Zhen(震,진)  becomes the Dragon(龍,용) and turns into Dark and Yellow(玄黃,현황).               Moreover, as the Qi(氣,기) is already abundant and turns into blood,               it creates the principle that leads directly to the Water-Thunder Zhun Hexagram               (水雷屯卦,수뢰준괘).                Where there Zhun(屯,준), there is the Earth-Water Shi Hexagram(地水師,지수사),                and the Mountain-Water Meng Hexagram(山水蒙卦,산수몽괘)                also reveals the 'Way of the Master(師道,사도)'.                Even hellish Asando is explained by the natural principle of 'Yin and Yang(陰陽,음양)'.                In 'Yin doubts Yang(陰疑於陽,음의어양)', Yin(陰,음) is said to possess the legitimate                 qualification to confront Yang(陽,양).                The act of Yin sending the first sign of affection was viewed as the phenommenon                where moisture forms on the ground before rain falls.                Also, 'Heaven is Dark and Earth is yellow(天玄而地黃,천현이지황)' is necause when                 Yin and Yang interact through the principle of Yin-Yang union.                distinguishing between them becomes difficult.                In any case, Confucius cut off all other excuses in a single blow with the definitive                ststement : "Dragons fighting in the wilderness means that the way od Yin is also                exhausted[Image Commentary: 'Dragons fight in the wilderness; their way is exhausted'                [象曰龍戰于野其道窮也,상왈 용전우야  기도궁야] ."                No matter how foolishly a lunar eclipes(月食,월식) behaves, the sun must be protected.                If the Way of Earth / Kuns(坤道,곤도) is straight, the problem is simple :                see heaven as heaven, and see earth as earth,               However, because the Way of Earth grows overly greedy,               does it not regard men merely as tools to relieve women's resentment and fight with men               until both are covered in blood?               'Heaven is Dark, Earth is Yellow(天玄地黃,천현지황)' is a koan(화두) urging us to properly               view heaven as heaven and earth as earth.               It is no different from 'Mountains are motntains, water is wateer(山山水水,산산수수)'.               As an  historical example, the war between Kimg Wu and King Zhou is cited.               Four years after the death of King Wen, King Wu launched an eastern expedition               following his late father's final instructions.               Finally, when the Shang Dynasty was struck by freezing cold weather combined               with severe famine, even they desired war.               King Wu set out leading 300 chariots, 45,000 soldiers, and 3,000 elite warriors.               Eight other ethnic vassal states also joined the eastern expedition,               condemning King Zhou for four specific offses: debauchery and obsession with concubines,               neglect of offerings to heaven and ancestral gods, distrust of righteous people,               and harboring criminals and slaves from neighboring countries.               In the battle where the yellow Dragon and Black Dragon fought at Muye,               known as "Dragons Fighr in the Wild'(龍戰于野,용전우야), the Shang Dynasty came toan end.               Here, "wild"(野,야) also refers to "Mute"(牧野,목야).               However, the Silk TExts of the Classic of History(帛書,백서) interprets " Dragons Fight               in rhe Wild" fundamentally differently from traditional interpretations,               viewing it as a major cold wave in October.               In East ASia, a relatively large-scale first cold wave occurs every year around early November.               THe "paying respects to the frost" mentioned earlier is precisely                 the aftermath of this cold wave. and the sixth day marks the second cold wave,                which occurs around early December in the solar calendar.                The whirlpool brought by the cold wave, sweeping up and scattering dark soil                 and yellow fallen leaves,                 would have looked to ancient people like dragons fighting and sheddinng blood.               "Black and Yellow"(玄黃,현황) symbolizes the bloody struggle of villains arising                 amid a chaotic political situation,                 just aswas the case during the Seikanron(Debate to Conquer Korea) 100 years ago.