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총 175문단 입니다. 15문단씩 올리겠습니다. 시간나시는대로 부탁드리겠습니다.
1번
\n\n All sailing ships rely on having their masts and sails in positions that give them a balanced and evenly weighted push from the wind. Bomb ketches are not handy sailing vessels, thanks to their compromised rigging and the weight of the mortar and its mounting. The design needs to keep the forward portion of the ship clear for firing the mortar.\n\nThe strength of a bomb is in its mortar. This can throw an explosive shell high into the air to plunge down on enemies. The fact that the shell is explosive rather than solid adds to its deadly qualities: men and structures are equally shredded by the arrival of a shell.\n\nDuty aboard a “bomb” was not an enviable posting, and there was a good reason why bomb ketches were named after volcanoes, fire-gods or fearsome ideas. They had a nasty tendency to explode, thanks to the shells that they carried; fire aboard a mortar was far more dangerous than aboard any other type of sailing ship, as the ammunition as well as the propellant powder could go up! Despite this, all navies found them a useful ship to have, and the original French design was soon copied by all the sea-going European powers.
2번
\n\n Carabiniers are a brute force unit, used to deal the final blow that drives an enemy from the field of battle. They are excellent close combat troops. Their only weakness is against well-disciplined elite infantry who are capable of forming a square: this combination can prove deadly to this slow-moving unit. As heavy cavalry they are not expected to chase down an enemy, as this is a job better saved for light cavalry forces.\n\nFollowing the French Revolution, many of the royal corps in the French army were abolished and French carabiniers had every reason to expect that the same fate awaited them. In an attempt to preserve the traditions and privileges of their corps they sent Colonel Comte de Pradel to appeal to the Legislative Assembly. After a vote the new organisation of the French cavalry was decided. The carabiniers remained in service but became known as the ‘Grenadiers des troupes a cheval’ and their gold-trimmed hat was replaced with a peaked bearskin cap.
3번
\n\n Heavy cavalry’s purpose is to break the enemy by shock. Simply put, the Horse Guards are expected to charge home and smash enemy ranks by weight and speed. They are not for chasing down enemies: this is the work of faster, lighter cavalry forces. Instead, they are a battering ram, hurled over short distances against close-formed enemies in the hope of producing a breakthrough and further confusion. However, when confronted by elite infantry in a square formation, these horsemen meet their match and charging blindly in could lead to heavy losses.\n\nHistorically, the Horse Guards Parade buildings in London were designed by William Kent, completed in 1755 and used for the “Trooping of the Colour”, a tradition that continues to this day. Indeed, the Horse Guards, as part of the Blues and Royals, themselves remain a feature of the modern British Army, although they now use tanks rather than horses.
4번
\n\n“Marching regiments” or “line battalions” make up the majority of units in most armies. They are so called because they form the line of battle, not because they always deploy in a line. In fact, when faced with a cavalry charge, it is wise to form square for protection. Their strength comes from their close formation which gives them firepower and strength in melee, but this also leaves them vulnerable to artillery and skirmishers.\n\nHistorically, these soldiers carried muzzle-loading, smoothbore muskets firing lead balls as wide as a man’s thumb. These were inaccurate weapons, effective only over 200 paces or so. They were usually fired in massed volleys to increase the chance of the target being hit! This also meant that the whole unit was busy reloading at the same time. To counter this, the British Army perfected a kind of continuous rolling barrage called platoon fire. A regiment would divide itself into two halves and fire alternately, so that while one “platoon” (the modern use of the word has a different meaning) was firing, the other was loading.
5번
\n\nA general inspires his men to greater efforts by his presence, if he truly has the gift of command. He need only obey the 17th Century military dictum of “pay well, command well, hang well” to ensure that his troops know exactly what is expected of them. Although it might be tempting to throw a general and his bodyguards into combat to shore up a weak position, or break through in a critical part of the line, this is a waste. A general is not a combat unit: it is his job to command, not bathe his sword in the blood of enemies.\n\nMichelangelo-Colli Alessandro Marchini, to use his full name, was an Austrian Feldmarschal-Leutnant in Italy, who opposed with limited success, the advance of the French army. He was rather unfortunate to be facing a military genius Napoleon Bonaparte who, in 1796, had everything to prove on his first campaign. Colli was in charge of a Sardinian army, and was neatly separated from the Austria main force under General Beaulieu. He was later appointed to command the army of the Papal States, without any great success, and then he was attached to the Neapolitan army, under another Austrian commander, Karl Mack von Leiberich. Colli ended his days in Florence, as an Austrian ambassador.
6번
\n\nA general inspires his men to greater efforts by his presence, if he truly has the gift of command. He need only obey the 17th Century military dictum of “pay well, command well, hang well” to ensure that his troops know exactly what is expected of them. Although it might be tempting to throw a general and his bodyguards into combat to shore up a weak position, or break through in a critical part of the line, this is a waste. A general is not a combat unit: it is his job to command, not bathe his sword in the blood of enemies.\n\nNo Ottoman commander gained his position by being overly concerned about the welfare of his men. Any who showed weakness would have been removed, if not by the sultan then by the fanatically conservative ultra-loyalists of the janissary corps. Other than protecting their own privileges and perquisites, the janissaries were also very protective of the state and its dignity. Of course, a commander who was too successful and threatened the janissaries’ hold on power by possibly taking it away would also have to be cautious of his personal safety.
7번
\n\nA general inspires his men to greater efforts by his presence, if he truly has the gift of command. He need only obey the 17th Century military dictum of “pay well, command well, hang well” to ensure that his troops know exactly what is expected of them. Although it might be tempting to use a general in combat this is a waste. A general is not a combat unit: it is his job to command, not bathe his sword in the blood of enemies.\n\nAhmed al-Jazzar was an Ottoman pasha, or general, who was born in Bosnia, then a Turkish province. He is best known in Western histories for his successful defence of Acre when the city was besieged by Napoleon in 1799. Despite this heroic stand, the pasha was not loved by the people of Acre, or anywhere else unfortunate enough to suffer his rule. He was a cruel man, even in a time when cruelty was considered a legitimate tool of government. He was reputed to keep a mobile gallows to hand, so that those who offended could have the error of their ways swiftly corrected. He died in 1804, having rebuilt Acre to a large extent, but without being extravagantly mourned. His real achievement is in stopping Napoleon’s Syrian campaign before it could get properly started.
8번
\n\nA general inspires his men to greater efforts by his presence, if he truly has the gift of command. He need only obey the 17th Century military dictum of “pay well, command well, hang well” to ensure that his troops know exactly what is expected of them. If he does more, then he will be a true prince of battles! Yet, a general is not a combat unit: it is his job to command, not bathe his sword in the blood of enemies.\n\nGeneral Louis Aloy Prince de Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Bartenstein was a remarkable soldier. He served in the armies of the Palatinate, his father’s domain of Hohenlohe-Bartenstein, the Netherlands, Austria, and eventually France, but only after the fall of Napoleon. He commanded, with some distinction, a regiment of French princes who had been exiled after the Revolution. After what can only be described as an adventurous early career, he became an Austrian major-general, and was then promoted to Feldmarshallleutnant and governor of Galicia. Napoleon attempted to bribe him, with his father’s old lands, into service with the Confederation of the Rhine, a French puppet state, but he refused. He did, however, serve in the French army after the Bourbon restoration, and died a Marshal of France, thanks to his excellent record.
9번
\n\nA little rough around the edges, but courageous and professional on the battlefield, the Connaught Rangers are an Irish line infantry regiment. Whether pushing home a bayonet or forming a disciplined firing line, these men will stand and fight. Like all line infantry, they are vulnerable to artillery fire and the sniping of skirmishers, but they can quickly counter cavalry charges by forming square.\n\nRaised in 1793, the Connaught Rangers were among the best regiments in Wellington’s army, and distinguished themselves repeatedly in battle. General Picton, their divisional commander, saw them as little more than a plundering rabble and never held back from insulting their Irish roots and Catholic religion. This was probably the result of an unfortunate incident involving two Rangers and a goat. The Rangers caught Wellington’s eye at the Battle of Bussaco in 1810, when he declared that he never witnessed a more gallant charge. They attacked without orders from General Picton who was notably absent from the battle!
10번
\n\nA routing unit can often cause other units to doubt themselves, and panic can easily spread through the ranks. When soldiers waver, a general’s presence can inspire courage and make men redouble their efforts. His importance also makes him a target for the enemy; a sensible general has a bodyguard of his best soldiers. These men are fiercely loyal and protective of their general, never leaving his side unless all else is lost.\n\nIn 1796, General Napoleon Bonaparte created his own bodyguard of 200 men after a too-close call with some Austrian cavalry. These men were forerunners to the Chasseurs à Cheval of the Guard. Naturally, being the first, they were favoured by Napoleon. Indeed, they were called the ‘Favoured Children’ and, like all children, were often indulged too much and undisciplined. Still, only the most talented men would be recruited to guard the Emperor and, during many of his battles, they proved their skill and bravery in defence of their Emperor.
11번
\n\nAble to fight in loose skirmish formation or fire a massed volley when organised in line, the Jägers are an adaptable response to enemy tactics. Although their experience in battle means they have good firepower, the Jägers’ flexibility as a unit has its disadvantages. They are not as accurate as other skirmishers and will not always beat enemy line infantry when firing in volley. They also lack the ability to form square, which leaves them vulnerable to cavalry charges.\n\nDuring 1804-1813, Russia was fighting on two fronts: holding off Napoleon’s troops and fighting a war for territory against the Persians. The Russo-Persian War was an attempt by both sides to consolidate their claims to the same land. Russia was attempting to expand the empire and Persia was attempting to hold on to lands they always considered their own. Because the Russians were also committed against the French, they could not provide a large force to fight the Persians, and instead had to rely on superior technology and tactics to gain an advantage.
12번
\n\nAll grenadiers regard themselves as elite, and occupy the place of honour at the right of the line on parade. They have good reason: only the largest, bravest men can become grenadiers; this size and strength makes them an impressive sight in a charge, and gives them an edge in melee. They are vulnerable when charged by heavy cavalry and when attacked by skirmishers. Those points aside, grenadiers are a proud group and they are dedicated soldiers who will follow orders to the letter.\n\nHistorically, the Prussian army went through a radical reorganisation following Napoleon’s downfall in 1814. In October of that year the six existing grenadier battalions became two regiments and, as a mark of respect, the King of Prussia named these regiments after his allies, Czar Alexander of Russia and Emperor Francis of Austria. The Kaiser Alexander Grenadier Regiment was formed of the 1st and 2nd East Prussian battalions and the Life; the Kaiser Franz regiment was formed of men from the Pomeranian, West Prussian and Silesian battalions.
13번
\n\nAll hussars have “dash” and a touch of derring-do in their collective attitude towards war. Pavlograd hussars are, without exception, excellent horsemen, ideal for chasing down skirmishers and overrunning artillery units. Though their charge is powerful, they are still weak against infantry in square and will suffer losses in prolonged close combat. Instead, they are better used to quickly attack, then break away and attack again.\n\nThe Pavlograd Hussars were immortalised in Tolstoy’s epic novel “War and Peace”, but their fame was well established before Tolstoy penned his masterpiece. In 1797, a young Georgian officer, Spiridon Zhevahov, took command of the Pavlograd Hussars and led them to impressive triumphs against Napoleon’s forces. The Hussars shocked the French by crushing the 3rd Lancers of the Young Guard, part of Napoleon’s personal guard. To add insult to injury, they also managed to capture the 3rd Lancers’ standard, a major blow to French prestige.
14번
\n\nAlong with their horses, initiative, aggression and pace mark these men out from other infantry. Mounted Jägers carry standard smoothbore, muzzle-loading muskets, but they do not rely on massed volley fire: they deliberately aim at individuals within the enemy ranks. This unsporting and selective fire can be delivered on foot or from horseback. It can disrupt enemy formations or drive off enemy skirmishers. These men are trained to shoot, not fight in hand-to-hand battles, and will be worsted in a melee.\n\nHessian mercenary Captain Johann Ewald was a field commander of the Jäger corps and a prolific writer. He documented his life as a soldier during the American Revolution and created maps of the areas he spent time in, with detailed information about the placement of troops and fortifications. Ewald was the son of a bookseller and began his military career at the age of sixteen, quickly attaining the rank of captain and given command of a group of Jägers. After taking part in several key battles during the American Revolution, it became apparent that Ewald had progressed as far as his social class would allow and he decided to join the Danish army, where he was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel.
15번
\n\nAlthough an ancient design, the dhow is an efficient craft and can be run very cheaply, allowing profit from trade to pour into the owner’s purse! Trade can be treacherous business on the high seas, and for this reason the dhow is armed with a small number of guns so the crew can protect themselves from pirates. However, the dhow is not a warship in any way; the crew are interested in survival, not glory. A trade dhow will never be a match for any warship.\n\nHistorically, Europeans tended to use the term “dhow” indiscriminately to mean any vessel rigged with lateen sails, although a Middle Eastern sailor would see such a generalisation as very crude and simplistic. Lateen sails were triangular and set at an angle to the ships mast, which made them manoeuvrable but somewhat difficult in stormy conditions. The dhow was used throughout the Arab world for trade and piracy, honest men and thieves favouring the craft for its good handling and relatively high speed.
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