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Minke whale

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Minke whale
Dwarf minke whale
Size compared to an average human
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Subclass:	Eutheria
Order:	Cetacea
Suborder:	Mysticeti
Family:	Balaenopteridae
Genus:	Balaenoptera
Species:	B. acutorostrata B. bonaerensis

Minke whale /ˈmɪnki/, or lesser rorqual, is a name given to two species of marine mammal belonging to a clade^[1] within the suborder of baleen whales. The minke whale was given its official designation^[2] by Lacepède in 1804,^[3] who described a juvenile specimen of Balænoptera acuto-rostrata.^[4] The name is a partial translation of Norwegian minkehval, possibly after a Norwegian whaler named Meincke, who mistook a northern minke whale for a blue whale.^[5]

Contents

 [hide] 

• 1 Taxonomy
• 2 Description
  • 2.1 Behavior
  • 2.2 Reproduction
• 3 Population and conservation status
• 4 Whaling
• 5 Whale watching
• 6 References
• 7 External links

Taxonomy[edit]

Most modern classifications split the minke whale into two species;

• Common minke whale or northern minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata)

and

• Antarctic minke whale or southern minke whale (Balaenoptera bonaerensis).^[6]

Taxonomists further categorize the common minke whale into two or three subspecies; the North Atlantic minke whale, the North Pacific minke whale and dwarf minke whale. All minke whales are part of the rorquals, a family that includes the humpback whale, the fin whale, the Bryde's whale, the sei whale and the blue whale.

The junior synonyms for B. acutorostrata are B. davidsoni (Scammon 1872), B. minimia (Rapp, 1837) and B. rostrata (Fabricius, 1780). There is one synonym for B. bonaerensis - B. huttoni (Gray 1874).

Writing in his 1998 classification, Rice recognized two of the subspecies of the common minke whale - B. a. scammoni (Scammon's minke whale) and a further (taxonomically) unnamed subspecies found in the Southern Hemisphere, the dwarf minke whale (first described by Best, 1985).^[7]

On at least one occasion, an Antarctic minke whale has been confirmed migrating to the Arctic.^[8][9] In addition, at least two wild hybrids between a common minke whale and an Antarctic minke whale have been confirmed.^[8][9][10]

Description[edit]

Minke whale skeleton, Museum Koenig, University of Bonn.

The minke whales are the second smallest baleen whale; only the pygmy right whale is smaller. Upon reaching sexual maturity (6–8 years of age), males measure an average of 6.9 m (23 ft) and females 8 m (26 ft) in length, respectively. Reported maximum lengths vary from 9.1 to 10.7 m (30 to 35 ft) for females and 8.8 to 9.8 m (29 to 32 ft) for males. Both sexes typically weigh 4–5 t (3.9–4.9 long tons; 4.4–5.5 short tons) at sexual maturity, and the maximum weight may be as much as 10 t (9.8 long tons; 11 short tons).

The minke whale is a black/gray/purple color. Common minke whales (Northern Hemisphere variety) are distinguished from other whales by a white band on each flipper. The body is usually black or dark-gray above and white underneath. Minke whales have between 240 and 360 baleen plates on each side of their mouths. Most of the length of the back, including dorsal fin and blowholes, appears at once when the whale surfaces to breathe.

Minke whales typically live for 30–50 years; in some cases they may live for up to 60 years.

The brains of minke whales have around 12.8 billion neocortical neurons and 98.2 billion neocortical glia.^[11]

Behavior[edit]

Multimedia relating to the minke whale

Note that whale calls have been sped up to 10x their original speed.

	An Atlantic minke whale Menu 0:00
Problems playing this file? See media help.

The whale breathes three to five times at short intervals before 'deep-diving' for two to 20 minutes. Deep dives are preceded by a pronounced arching of the back. The maximum swimming speed of minkes has been estimated at 38 km/h (24 mph).

Reproduction[edit]

See also: Whale reproduction

The gestation period for minke whales is 10 months, and calves measure 2.4 to 2.8 m (7.9 to 9.2 ft) at birth. The newborns nurse for five to 10 months. Breeding peaks during the summer months. Calving is thought to occur every two years.^[12]

Population and conservation status[edit]

The IUCN Red List labels the common minke whale as Least Concern.^[13] The Antarctic minke whale is listed as Data Deficient.^[14]

COSEWIC puts both species in the Not At Risk category [1]. NatureServe lists them as G5 which means the species is secure on global range [2].

In 2012, the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission agreed upon a population estimate of 515,000 for the Antarctic minke stock.^[15] The Scientific Committee acknowledged that this estimate is subject to a negative bias because some minke whales would have been outside the surveyable ice edge boundaries.

Whaling[edit]

Main article: Whaling

Norwegian minke whale quotas (blue line, 1994-2006) and catches (red line, 1946-2005) in numbers (From Norwegian official statistics)

Whaling was mentioned in Norwegian written sources as early as the year 800, and hunting minke whales with harpoons was common in the 11th century^{[citation needed]}. In the 19th century, they were considered too small to chase, and received their name from a young Norwegian whale-spotter in the crew of Svend Foyn, who harpooned one, mistaking it for a blue whale and was derided for it.^[16]

By the end of the 1930s, they were the target of coastal whaling by Brazil, Canada, China, Greenland, Japan, Korea, Norway, and South Africa. Minke whales were not then regularly hunted by the large-scale whaling operations in the Southern Ocean because of their relatively small size. However, by the early 1970s, following the overhunting of larger whales such as the sei, fin, and blue whales, minkes became a more attractive target of whalers. By 1979, the minke was the only whale caught by Southern Ocean fleets. Hunting continued apace until the general moratorium on whaling began in 1986.

Following the moratorium, most hunting of minke whales ceased. Japan continued catching whales under the special research permit clause in the IWC convention, though in significantly smaller numbers. The stated purpose of the research is to establish data to support a case for the resumption of sustainable commercial whaling. Environmental organizations and several governments contend that research whaling is simply a cover for commercial whaling. The 2006 catch by Japanese whalers included 505 Antarctic minke whales.

Although Norway initially followed the moratorium, they had placed an objection to it with the IWC and resumed a commercial hunt of the Common minke whale in 1993. The quota for 2006 was set at 1,052 animals, but only 546 were taken.^[17] The quota for 2011 is set at 1286.^[18] In August 2003, Iceland announced it would start research catches to estimate whether the stocks around the island could sustain hunting. Three years later, in 2006, Iceland resumed commercial whaling.

A 2007 analysis of DNA fingerprinting of whale meat estimated South Korean fishermen caught 827 minke between 1999 and 2003,^[19] approximately twice the officially reported number. This raised concerns that some whales were being caught deliberately.

Whale watching[edit]

Play media

Common minke whale breaching in the St. Lawrence River near Tadoussac, Quebec

Minke whale in the Ross Sea

Due to their relative abundance, minke whales are often the focus of whale-watching cruises setting sail from, for instance, the Isle of Mull in Scotland, County Cork in Ireland and Húsavík in Iceland, and tours taken on the east coast of Canada. They are also one of the most commonly sighted whales seen on whale-watches from New England and eastern Canada. In contrast to humpback whales, minkes do not raise their flukes out of the water when diving and are less likely to breach (jump clear of the sea surface). This, combined with the fact that minkes can stay submerged for as long as 20 minutes, has led some whale-watchers to label them 'stinky minkes'.^[20]

In the northern Great Barrier Reef (Australia), a swim-with-whales tourism industry has developed based on the June/July migration of dwarf minke whales. A limited number of reef tourism operators (based in Port Douglas and Cairns) have been granted permits by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority to conduct these swims, given strict adherence to a code of practice, and that operators report details of all sightings as part of a monitoring program.

Scientists from James Cook University and the Museum of Tropical Queensland have worked closely with participating operators and the Authority, researching tourism impacts and implementing management protocols to ensure these interactions are ecologically sustainable.

Minke whales are also occasionally sighted in Pacific waters, in and around the Haro Strait of British Columbia and Washington State.

References[edit]

Cetaceans portal

1. Jump up ^ Arnason, U., Gullberg A. & Widegren, B. (1993). "Cetacean mitochondrial DNA control region: sequences of all extant baleen whales and two sperm whale species". Molecular Biology and Evolution 10 (5): 960–970. PMID 8412655. Retrieved 2007-07-13.  CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
2. Jump up ^ It had been inaccurately described by the Danish zoologist Johan Christian Fabricius in 1780, who assumed it must be an already described species, assigned his specimen to Balaena rostrata, a name, however, that was already in use.
3. Jump up ^ Lacepède, Histoire naturelle des cétacées. (Paris, 1804).
4. Jump up ^ Modern orthography makes it Balaenoptera acutitostrata.
5. Jump up ^ "Dictionary.com". Retrieved 2007-08-30. 
6. Jump up ^ Mead, J.G.; Brownell, R.L., Jr. (2005). "Order Cetacea". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 723–743. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. 
7. Jump up ^ Best, P (1985). "External characters of southern minke whales and the existence of a diminutive form". Scientific Reports of the Whales Research Institute 36: 1–33. 
8. ^ Jump up to: ^{a b} "Antarctic minke whales migrate to the Arctic". Whales On Line. February 3, 2011. Retrieved 2011-06-15. 
9. ^ Jump up to: ^{a b} Glover, K.; et al. (2010). "Migration of Antarctic Minke Whales to the Arctic". PLoS ONE (PLoS ONE) 5 (12): e15197. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0015197. Retrieved 2011-06-15. 
10. Jump up ^ Glover, K. A.; Kanda, N.; Haug, T.; Pastene, L. A.; Øien, N.; Seliussen, B. B.; Sørvik, A. G. E.; Skaug, H. J. (2013). "Hybrids between common and Antarctic minke whales are fertile and can back-cross". BMC genetics 14 (1): 1–11. 
11. Jump up ^ N. Eriksen, Bente Pakkenberg (January 2007). "Total neocortical cell number in the mysticete brain". Anat. Rec. 290 (1): 83–95. doi:10.1002/ar.20404. PMID 17441201. 
12. Jump up ^ http://www.acsonline.org/factpack/MinkeWhale.htm American Cetacean Society: Minke Whale
13. Jump up ^ http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/2474/0
14. Jump up ^ http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/2480/0
15. Jump up ^ http://iwc.int/cache/downloads/6r8jq8llm4cgso0sc0k000w8c/2012%20SC%20REP.pdf^{[dead link]}
16. Jump up ^ Joseph Horwood, Biology and exploitation of the minke whale (CRC Press) 1989:3.
17. Jump up ^ Tok bare halve hvalkvoten - lofotposten.no
18. Jump up ^ Samme hvalkvote som i år - www.p4.no
19. Jump up ^ Aldhous, Peter (10 May 2007). "High value of whale meat costs minkes in Korea". New Scientist 194 (2603): 10. doi:10.1016/S0262-4079(07)61160-9. 
20. Jump up ^ Look out, it's Stinky Minke - there she blows!, independent.co.uk, July 31, 2005

General references

• "Balaenoptera acutorostrata". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 18 March 2006. 
• "Balaenoptera bonaerensis". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 18 March 2006. 
• Branch, T. A.; Butterworth, D. S. (2001). "Southern Hemisphere minke whales: standardised abundance estimates from the 1978/79 to 1997/98 IDCR/SOWER surveys". Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 3: 143–174. 
• Minke Whales, Rus Hoelzel and Jonathon Stern, ISBN 1-900455-75-7
• National Audubon Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World, Reeves, Stewart, Clapham and Powell, ISBN 0-375-41141-0
• Whale Watching in Iceland, Asbjorn Bjorgvinsson and Helmut Lugmayr, ISBN 9979-761-55-5
• Whales & Dolphins Guide to the Biology and Behaviour of Cetaceans, Maurizio Wurtz and Nadia Repetto. ISBN 1-84037-043-2
• Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, editors Perrin, Wursig and Thewissen, ISBN 0-12-551340-2
• Odin Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs
• "Modes of Production and Minke Whaling: The Case of Iceland", Gísli Pálsson (2000).

External links[edit]

• Project Minke - Minke whales from the West Coast of Scotland
• Northeast Pacific Minke Whale Project - Minke whales from the Northeast Pacific
• Minke Whale Project - Dwarf minke whale research team based at James Cook University, North Queensland, Australia
• Voices in the Sea - Sounds of the Minke Whale

[show]

• v
• t
• e

Extant Cetacea species

• Kingdom Animalia
• Phylum Chordata
• Class Mammalia
• Infraclass Eutheria
• Superorder Laurasiatheria
• Order Cetartiodactyla
• Suborder Whippomorpha

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Parvorder Mysticeti (Baleen whales)

Balaenidae

Balaena	Bowhead whale (B. mysticetus)
Eubalaena (Right whales)	Southern right whale (E. australis) North Atlantic right whale (E. glacialis) North Pacific right whale (E. japonica)

Balaenopteridae
(Rorquals)

Balaenoptera	Common minke whale (B. acutorostrata) Antarctic minke whale (B. bonaerensis) Sei whale (B. borealis) Bryde's whale (B. brydei) Pygmy Bryde's whale (B. edeni) Blue whale (B. musculus) Omura's whale (B. omurai) Fin whale (B. physalus)
Megaptera	Humpback whale (M. novaeangliae)

Eschrichtiidae

Eschrichtius	Gray whale (E. robustus)

Neobalaenidae

Caperea	Pygmy right whale (C. marginata)

[show] 

Parvorder Odontoceti (Toothed whales) (cont. below)

Delphinidae
(Oceanic dolphins)

Cephalorhynchus	Commerson's dolphin (C. commersonii) Chilean dolphin (C. eutropia) Haviside's dolphin (C. heavisidii) Hector's dolphin (C. hectori)
Delphinus	Long-beaked common dolphin (D. capensis) Short-beaked common dolphin (D. delphis)
Feresa	Pygmy killer whale (F. attenuata)
Globicephala (Pilot whales)	Short-finned pilot whale (G. macrorhynchus) Long-finned pilot whale (G. melas)
Grampus	Risso's dolphin (G. griseus)
Lagenodelphis	Fraser's dolphin (L. hosei)
Lagenorhynchus	Atlantic white-sided dolphin (L. acutus) White-beaked dolphin (L. albirostris) Peale's dolphin (L. australis) Hourglass dolphin (L. cruciger) Pacific white-sided dolphin (L. obliquidens) Dusky dolphin (L. obscurus)
Lissodelphis (Right whale dolphins)	Northern right whale dolphin (L. borealis) Southern right whale dolphin (L. peronii)
Orcaella	Irrawaddy dolphin (O. brevirostris) Australian snubfin dolphin (O. heinsohni)
Orcinus	Killer whale (O. orca)
Peponocephala	Melon-headed whale (P. electra)
Pseudorca	False killer whale (P. crassidens)
Sotalia	Tucuxi (S. fluviatilis) Costero (S. guianensis)
Sousa	Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin (S. chinensis) Atlantic humpback dolphin (S. teuszii)
Stenella	Pantropical spotted dolphin (S. attenuata) Clymene dolphin (S. clymene) Striped dolphin (S. coeruleoalba) Atlantic spotted dolphin (S. frontalis) Spinner dolphin (S. longirostris)
Steno	Rough-toothed dolphin (S. bredanensis)
Tursiops	Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (T. aduncus) Burrunan dolphin (T. australis) Common bottlenose dolphin (T. truncatus)

Monodontidae

Delphinapterus	Beluga (D. leucas)
Monodon	Narwhal (M. monoceros)

Phocoenidae

Neophocaena	Finless porpoise (N. phocaeniodes)
Phocoena	Spectacled porpoise (P. dioptrica) Harbor porpoise (P. phocoena) Vaquita (P. sinus) Burmeister's porpoise (P. spinipinnis)
Phocoenoides	Dall's porpoise (P. dalli)

Physeteridae

Physeter	Sperm whale (P. macrocephalus)

Kogiidae

Kogia	Pygmy sperm whale (K. breviceps) Dwarf sperm whale (K. simus)

Iniidae

Inia	Amazon river dolphin (I. geoffrensis)

Lipotidae

Lipotes	Baiji (L. vexillifer)

Platanistidae

Platanista	Ganges and Indus River dolphin (P. gangetica)

Pontoporiidae

Pontoporia	La Plata dolphin (P. blainvillei)

Ziphiidae
(Beaked whales)

Berardius	Arnoux's beaked whale (B. arnuxii) Baird's beaked whale (B. bairdii)
Hyperoodon	Northern bottlenose whale (H. ampullatus) Southern bottlenose whale (H. planifrons)
Indopacetus	Tropical bottlenose whale (I. pacificus)
Mesoplodon (Mesoplodont whales)	Sowerby's beaked whale (M. bidens) Andrews' beaked whale (M. bowdoini) Hubbs' beaked whale (M. carlhubbsi) Blainville's beaked whale (M. densirostris) Gervais' beaked whale (M. europaeus) Ginkgo-toothed beaked whale (M. ginkgodens) Gray's beaked whale (M. grayi) Hector's beaked whale (M. hectori) Strap-toothed whale (M. layardii) True's beaked whale (M. mirus) Perrin's beaked whale (M. perrini) Pygmy beaked whale (M. peruvianus) Stejneger's beaked whale (M. stejnegeri) Spade-toothed whale (M. traversii)
Tasmacetus	Shepherd's beaked whale (T. sheperdi)
Ziphius	Cuvier's beaked whale (Z. cavirostris)

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minke_whale&oldid=713282006"

Categories:

• IUCN Red List least concern species
• Baleen whales
• Mammals of Europe
• Mammals of Greenland
• Cetaceans of Australia
• Megafauna of Africa
• Megafauna of Australia
• Megafauna of South America
• Fauna of the Atlantic Ocean
• Fauna of the Pacific Ocean