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1. 주의해야 할 1형식 동사
do = be suitable (적당하다. 도움이 되다. ) pay = be profitable (-에게 이익이 되다. )
count, matter = be important ( 중요하다. )
2. 2형식 동사의 관용적 표현.
grow old (늙어가다), grow angry (노하다) grow fat (살찌다), go bad (상하다)
go blind (장님이 되다) go mad (미치다) fall asleep (잠들다) fall ill(sick) (아프다) run short (부족하다) come true (실현되다) turn pale(창백해지다) keep silent(침묵하다)
3. 재귀목적어를 취하는 동사
accustom oneself on (-에 익숙해지다)
apply oneself to (-에 전념하다.)
avail oneself of (-을 이용하다.)
devote oneself to (-에 전념하다.)
present oneself at (-에 출석하다.)
pride oneself on (-을 자랑하다)
absent oneself from (-에 결석하다)
enjoy oneself ( 즐기다 )
exert oneself to (-을 위해 노력하다)
4. 자동사로 착각하기 쉬운 타동사
=> 전치사를 쓰면 안됨.
resemble (-을 닮다.)
marry(-와 결혼하다)
reach(-에 도착하다.)
approach (-예 접근하다.)
mention(-을 언급하다)
address(-에게 연설하다.)
leave (-을 떠나다)
discuss (-에 대해 토론하다.)
enter(-에 들어가다)
await (-을 기다리다)
accompany(-을 동반하다)
join(-에 가입하다.)
cf) enter into = begin (-을 시작하다)
leave A for B A를 떠나 B로 가다.
5. 타동사로 착각하기 쉬운 자동사
=> 전치사를 함께 써야 함.
account for ( -을 설명하다 )
add to ( -에 더하다. 증가하다.)
listen to (-의 말을 듣다)
apologize to (-을 사과하다)
arrive at (-에 도착하다.)
reply to (-에 응답하다)
object to (-에 반대하다.)
agree to (-에 동의하다.)
start from (-을 출발하다)
sympathize with (-을 동정하다)
interfere with (-을 방해하다)
go into (-에 들어가다)
graduate from (-을 졸업하다.)
6. 타동사 + A + 전치사 + B 의 형태로
쓰이는 동사
① mistake A for B (A를 B로 잘못 알다)
name A for B ( A를 B로 부르다 )
② blame(scold, criticize) A for B
A를 B라고 비난하다.
③ tell ( know, distinguish ) A from B
A와 B를 구별하다.
④ keep A from B
(= prohibit, hinder, prevent, stop)
A 가 B를 못하게 하다.
⑤ attribute (ascribe, impute) A to B
A를 B의 탓으로 돌리다.
⑥ impose A on B A를 B에게 강요하다.
confer A on B A를 B에게 수여하다.
⑦ compare A with B A를 B와 비교하다.
compare A to B “ 비유하다.
share A with B " 공유하다.
confuse A with B " 혼동하다.
supply A(사람) with B(사물)
furnish A에게 B를 제공하다.
supply
= furnish B(사물) to A(사람)
⑨ rid A of B A에게서 B를 제거하다.
rob (deprive) A of B
B에게서 A를 빼앗다.
7. 목적격 보어 앞에 as를 사용하는 동사.
consider
think of
look upon.
see
* refer to A as B A를 B로 부르다.
* define A as B A를 B로 한정하다.
* treat A as B A를 B로 다루다.
8. have + 사람 + 동사원형
= get + 사람 + to + 동사원형.
" -을 -하도록 하게 하다 “
I will have the porter carry your luggage.
= I will get the porter to carry your
luggage.
9. have + 사물 + p.p
= get + 사물 + p.p
“ -을 -하도록 되어지게 하다”
He had his car washed.
= He got his car washed.
* I had her clean her room.
= I got her to clean her room.
= I had her room cleaned by her.
= I got her room cleaned by her.
10. 주의해야 할 불규칙 동사의 형태.
① lay - laid - laid -을 놓다. -두다. 눕히다.
lie - lay - lain 눕다. 놓여 있다.
lie - lied - lied 거짓말하다.
② raise - raised - raised
양육하다. 재배하다. -을 올리다. -을 세우다.
rise - rose - risen (물가가) 오르다.
(해,달이) 뜨다.
arise - arose - arisen (폭풍이) 일다. 발생하다. (일이) 생기다.
③ hang - hung - hung -을 매달다. 걸다
hang - hanged - hanged
교수형에 처하다. 목을 매달다
④ saw - sawed - sawn 톱질하다.
sow - sowed - sown 씨를 뿌리다.-심다.
sew - sewed - sewn 바느질하다.꿰매다.
⑤ find - found - found 발견하다.
found - founded - founded 설립하다.
⑥ wind - wound - wound -을 감다.
꾸불거리다.
wound -wounded -wounded 상처를 입히다.
⑦ affect - affected - affected
-에 영향을 미치다. 감동시키다.
effect - effected - effected
(결과를) 초래하다. 달성하다.
11. “ make ” 를 사용하는 관용어구
make a fortune (돈을 벌다)
make a contribution (공헌하다)
make a choice (선택하다)
make an effort (노력하다)
make a speech (연설하다)
make a demand (요구하다)
make a decision (결정하다)
make a noise (시끄럽게 하다)
make a suggestion(제안하다0
make a discovery (발견하다)
make a progress (진보하다)
make money (돈을 벌다)
make a plan (계획하다.)
12. “ do ”를 사용하는 관용표현
do one's hair (머리를 손질하다)
do good to (-에게 이익이 되다)
do harm to (-에게 해가 되다)
do the dishes (설겆이를 하다)
do one's homework. (숙제하다)
do the sights (관광을 하다)
13. “ take "를 쓰는 관용표현
take(have) a rest (휴식하다)
take(run) a risk (위험을 무릎쓰다)
take place (발생하다)
take part in (-에 참가하다)
take pains (수고하다.애쓰다)
take an exam (시험을 치르다.)
take care (조심하다)
take care of (-을 돌보다.)
take aspirins (약을 먹다)
take a walk (산책하다)
** 기타 표현
keep a diary (일기를 쓰다)
consult a doctor (진찰을 받다)
shed tears (눈물을 흘리다)
play a trick on (장난치다)
hold one's tongue (잠자코 있다.)
bear fruit (열매를 맺다)
reach a conclusion (결론에 도달하다)
have(catch) a cold (감기 걸리다)
have a good time (좋은 시간을 보내다)
have had it.(싫증나다)
14. 자동사 + to 부정사
seem (appear) to -처럼 보이다.
happen (chance) to 우연히 -하다.
fail to -할 수 없다.
never fail to 반드시 - 하다.
manage to 간신히 -하다.
prove to -로 판명되다.
grow to 자라서 -하게 되다.
come (learn) to -하게 되다.
15. “ be + 형용사 + to 부정사 “ 형의 숙어
be able to = can. 할 수 있다.
be likely to -할 것 같다.
be liable to -하기 쉽다.
be afraid to 두려워 -하기 못하다.
be willing to 기꺼이 -하다.
be reluctant to 마지못해 -하다.
be due to -할 예정이다.
be ready to -할 준비가 되다.
16. “ -하기 위해 ” 의 표현
He works hard to succeed.
= He works hard so as to succeed.
= He works hard in order to succeed.
= He works hard that he may succeed.
= He works hard so that he may succeed.
= He works hard in order that he may succeed.
17. " be + to 용법 “
- to 부정사의 형용사적 용법
① 예정 : We are to meet tomorrow.
② 의 무 : We are to obey the law.
③ 가능 : Not a star was to be seen.
④ 의도 : Study hard if you are to
succeed.
⑤ 운명 : They were never to see each
other again.
18. "원형부정사의 관용적 표현 정리
① had better + V = may as well + V
= do well to +V = would rather + V
-하는 것이 더 낫다.
② may well + V -하는 것은 당연하다.
= have good reason to + V
③ would rather A than B
" B 하느니 차라리 A하는 것이 더 낫다.“
= would sooner A than B
= might as well A as B
④ do nothing but + V 단지 -하기만 하다.
⑤ can not but + V " -하지 않을 수 없다.
= can not help + -ing.
= cannot choose but + V
= cannot help but + V
= have no choice but to + V
= have no alternative but to + V
19. 독립부정사의 표현.
* strange to say 이상하게도
* so to speak. 말하자면
* to being with 우선, 첫째로,
* to make a long story short 간단히 말해서
* needless to say = to say nothing of
= not to speak of = not to mention
-은 말할 것도 없이
* to do (one's) justice -을 공평히 평가하면
* to make matters worse 설상가상으로
* to be sure 확실히
20. 동명사의 관용적 표현(1)
① There is no - ing
= It is impossible to + V
= We can't + V -하는 것은 불가능하다.
② It is no use( good ) + -ing.
= It is of no use to + V
= It is useless to +V
= There is no use + -ing.
-해 봐야 소용없다.
③ It goes without saying that -
= It is needless to say that -
= It is a matter of course that -
-는 말할 필요조차 없다.
④ feel like + -ing
= fee inclined to + V
= have a mind to + V
= have a mood to +V
= would like(love) to + V
-하고 싶어하다.
⑤ make a point of + -ing.
= make it a rule to + V
= be in the habit of + -ing.
-을 습관으로 하다.
⑥ have a hard time (in) -ing.
(= trouble ; difficulty)
-하는데 어려움을 겪다.
⑦ not(never) ---without -ing.
= not(never) ----but + S + V
= Whenever + S + V - , S + V
-할 때 마다 -하다.
⑧ be on the point of -ing.
( = brink ; edge ; verge )
= be just going to + V
= be about to + V 막 -하려고 하다.
21. 동명사의 관용적 표현(2)
① be busy (in) - ing. -하느라고 바쁘다.
② come(go) near -ing.
= nearly(narrowly) escape -ing.
-할 뻔하다. 간신히 -을 벗어나다.
③ spend + 시간 + in -ing
시간을 -하는데 보내다.
spend + 돈 + on -ing.l 돈을 -하는데 쓰다.
④ of one's own -ing. 자신이 직접 -한
= p.p by oneself
⑤ far from -ing. = above -ing,.
= not - at all = not - in the least
= not - in the slightest
= not - for the world = anything but
= by no means. = on no account
= never " 결코 -하지 않는 “
⑥ for the - ing.
= if only + S + V " 단지 -하기만 하면 “
⑦ be worth + -ing.
= be worhty of + -ing.
= be worhtwhile to+V -할만한 가치가 있다.
22. “ 전치사 + 동명사 “ 형태의 숙어 정리.
① look forward to + -ing.
-을 손꼽아 기다리다.
② When it comes to + -ing. -라는 점에서
③ see to + -ing. 꼭 -하다.
④ be accustomed to + -ing.
= be used to + -ing. -에 익숙하다.
⑤ be subject to -ing. -하기 쉽다.
⑥ object to -ing. - 을 반대하다.
⑦ fall to + -ing. -하기 시작하다.
23. 감정.기분표시동사의 용법
** 감정, 기분표시 동사 :
excite(흥분시키다). bore(지루하게 하다)
interest, embarrass(당황하게 하다)
disappoint(실망시키다),please(기쁘게 하다)
satisfy(만족시키다) amuse(즐겁게 하다), astonish(놀라게 하다)
confuse(당황하게 하다)
frighten, surprise (놀라게 하다)
① 사람주어 + be동사 + p.p(과거분사)
사물주어 + be동사 + -ing.(현재분사)
② 사람을 수식하는 경우 - p.p(과거분사)
사물을 수식하는 경우 - ing.(현재분사)
24. 조동사 + have + p.p의 형태 정리.
* cannot have + p.p -했을 리가 없다.
* may have + p.p -이었을지도 모른다.
* must have + p.p -이었음에 틀림없다.
* should have + p,p
= ought to have + p.p -했어야만 했다.(후회)
* need not have + p.p
-할 필요가 없었는데 했다..(후회)
cf) didn't need to + V :
-할 필요가 없어서 안했다.(불필요)
ex) She cannot have been honest.
= It is impossible that she was honest.
* He may have been hurt.
= It is possible that he was hurt.
* She must have been rich.
= I am sure that she was rich.
* You should have studied English harder.
= It ought to have studied English harder.
= It is regrettable that you did not study English harder.
* He need not have gone there.
= He did not need to go there,
but he went.
25. if 절의 대용어구
if, if only, on condition that, in case, providing, provided, suppose, supposing, " “ 만일 -한다면 “
26. 진행형을 쓰지 않는 동사
① 감정 : love, hate, like, dislike, prefer.
② 상태 : resemble, consist, lack, appear
③ 인식 : agree, know, believe, remember, forget
④ 지각 : see, hear, taste, feel
⑤ 소유 : belong, own, possess, have, want.
27. 현재완료..
* have been to + 장소 : -에 갔다 왔다(경험)
*have been in + 장소:-에 산적이 있다(경험)
* have gone to + 장소:-에 가 버렸다.(결과)
- 3인칭 주어만 가능.
28. " -하자마자 - 했다 “ 의 구문.
She had no sooner seen the man than she began to run away.
= She had scarcely(hardly) seen the man when(before) she began to run away.
= No sooner had she seen the man than she began to run away.
= Scarcely(Hardly) has she seen the man when(before) she began to run away.
= As soon as she saw the man, she began to run away.
= On seeing the man, she began to run away.
= The distant she saw the man, she began to run away.
= The instant she saw the man, she began to run away.
= Instantly (Directly) she saw the man, she began to run away.
29. 가정법 과거 - “ 만약 - 없다면 ” 의 표현.
It it were not for your help, I should be at a loss.
= Were it not for your help, I should be at a loss.
= But for your help, I should be at a loss.
= Without your help, I should be at a loss.
30. 가정법 과거완료 - “ 만약 - 이 없었다면 ”
It it had not been for your help, I would have failed.
= Had it not been for your help, I would have failed.
= But for your help, I would have failed.
= Without your help, I would have failed.
31. 가정법 + but (that) + 직설법. "
-이 없다면 :
* I would go abroad but that I am poor.
= I would go abroad if I were not poor.
32. 직설법 + otherwise + 가정법,
“ 그렇지 않으면 ”
He works hard, otherwise he would fail.
= He works hard, if he didn't work hard, he would fail.
33. 전치사 by를 쓰지 않은 수동태.
be filled with -로 가득차다.
be covered with -로 덮혀있다.
be satisfied with -로 만족하다.
be expected to -로 기대되다.
be devoted to -에 헌신하다.
be exposed to -에 노출되다.
be derived from -에서 유래되다.
be pleased at(with) -로 기뻐하다.
be interested in -에 관심있다.
be composed of -로 구성되다.
be surprised at = be astonished at
= be frightened at -에 놀라다.
34. make 의 수동태
① 제품 + be made of +원료 (물리적 변화) “-로 만들어지다.”
제품 + be made from + 원료(화학적 변화)
② 원료 + be made into + 제품.
ex) This house was made of wood.
Butter was made from milk.
Milk was made into butter.
35. know 의 수동태
① be known as + 자격, 신분.
-로서 알려져 있다.
② be known for + 특징, 특색
- 때문에 알려지다.
③ be known by + 판단, 평가기준,
-에 의해 판단되다.
④ be known to + 사람
-에게 알려지다.
ex) He is known as a politician.
He is known for his homour.
The tree is known by its fruit.
The book is known to everybody.
36. 상관접속사.
(A,B가 똑같은 형태의 말이 나와야 함.)
① both A and B
= not only A but also B
= A and B alike(at once, as well)
= B as well as A
= at once A and B
" A 뿐만 아니라 B도 역시 “
② not A but B " A 가 아니라 B 다 “
③ either A or B " A, B 둘중의 하나 “
④ neither A nor B " A, B 둘다 아닌 “
ex) She is not only beautiful but also intelligence.(X)
She is not only beautiful but also intelligent. ( o )
37. 단수, 복수의 뜻이 다른 명사.
advice(충고) advices(통지)
air (공기) airs.(뽐냄)
arm (팔) arms (무기)
bone (뼈) bones(해골,시체)
brain ( 지력, 두뇌) brains (학력)
color (색깔) colors (국기, 물감)
content (만족) contents (목차)
custom (습관) customs (세관)
force (힘) forces (군대)
glass (유리) glasses (안경)
good (이익) goods (상품,재산)
letter (편지) letters (문학, 학문)
manner (태도) manners (예법, 풍습)
pain (고통) pains (수고)
paper (종이) papers (서류)
regard (경의) regards (안부)
sand (모래) sands ( 사막)
water (물) waters (바다)
quarter (4분의 1) quarters (막사, 숙소)
38. 상호복수 - 항상 복수형을 써야 함.
* exchange greetings. 인사를 나누다.
* shake hands with -와 악수를 하다.
* make friends with -와 친구가 되다.
* take turns (in) -ing. 교대로 -하다.
* change trains.(cars, planes, buses)
-을 갈아타다.
* exchange remarks with
-와 대화를 나누다.
* be on good terms with -와 사이가 좋다.
39. 무생물의 소유격의 예외..
=> 생물의 소유격은 “ -'s "을 붙이고, 무생물의 소유격은 ” of "를 사용하나 예외적으로 무생물일지라도 “ -‘s "를 쓰는 경우가 있다.
① 시간 : today's newspaper(오늘의 신문) an hour's walk (한시간의 산책)
② 거리 : two miles' distance(2마일의 거리)
within a stone's throw.
(아주 가까운 거리에)
③ 가격 : a dollar's worth. (1달러의 가치)
④ 무게 : a pound's weight.(1파운드의 무게)
⑤ 관용구 : at one's fingers' ends.
(-에 정통하여)
for conscience' sake (양심상)
for God's sake (제발, 아무쪼록)
at one's wit's(wits') end.
( 어찌할 바를 몰라 )
by hair' breadth
(간신히, 아슬아슬하게)
40. to one's + 추상명사 “ -하게도 ”
ex) to one's surprise 놀랍게도.. to one's sorrow 슬프게도
to one's disappointment 실망스럽게도.
41. “ of + 추상명사 = 형용사구”
of significance = significant (중요한)
of use = useful (유용한)
of importance = important (중요한)
of wisdom = wise (현명한)
of value = valuable (귀중한)
of ability = able (유능한)
42. 형용사와 명사를 구별해야 하는 명사.
① dead (죽은) - death (죽음) - die (죽다)
② deep (깊은) - depth (깊이) - deepen
(깊게하다.)
③ high (높은) - height (높이) - heighten
(높게하다)
43. 단위 명사의 수 표시..
a loaf of bread 빵 한덩어리.
a lump of sugar 설탕 한 덩어리.
a spoonful of sugar 설탕 한 숟가락.
a piece of news 뉴스 한 편.
a cup of coffee a glass of water.
a piece of chalk.
44. 부정관사 a, an 의 의미.
① per(-마다, -에) :
once a week. (일주일에 한 번)
② some(약간의, 어느정도):
after a while ( 잠시후에 )
③ the same(같은-) :
be of an age. (동갑이다)
④ a certain(어떤- ,-라는 사람) ;
a Mr. Brown (브라운씨라는 사람)
⑤ one (하나의) : a day (하루)
⑥ a(an) + 고유명사(-라는 사람, 작품) :
a Rodin (로뎅의 작품)
45. 관사가 있는 관용어구 정리.
① 부정관사 - all of a sudden (갑자기)
as a rule (대체로)
in a hurry (급히)
at a distance (약간 떨어져서)
at a loss (당황하여)
to a man (만장일치로)
keep an eye on(-을 감시하다)
② 정관사 - in the end (결구),
on the way (도중에)
to the point (적절한)
in the distance (멀리서)
in the main (대체로)
in the way (방해가 되어)
in the wrong (잘못된)
on the whole (대체로)
at the beginning of ( -의 초기에)
③ 무관사 - on purpose (고의로)
by mistake (실수로)
make haste (서두르다)
on hand (수중에)
on time (정각에)
make progress (진보하다)
off duty (비번인)
on duty (근무중인)
learn by heart (암기하다)
46. 재귀대명사의 관용적 표현
* for oneself : 혼자힘으로
(= without any other's help)
* by oneself : 홀로 혼자서(=alone)
* of itself : 저절로 (= spontaneously)
* in itself : 본래, 그 자체로서 (= naturally)
* beside oneself : 제정신이 아닌
(= mad ; out of sense)
* in spite of oneself : 지신도 모르게
(= unconsciously)
47. everything : 가장 중요한 것
something : 상당히 중요한 것(사람)
nothing : 쓸모없는 것(사람),
보잘 것 없는 것(사람)
ex) Money is not everything to us.
He is something in the company.
We regard him as a nothing.
48. 관계대명사 “ what " 의 관용 표현
① what we call = what is called :
= so to speak 소위, 이른바
② what one be : 사람의 인격
ex) what I am 현재의 나
what I was (used to be) 과거의 나
③ what one has : 사람의 재산.
④ A is to B what(as) C is to D
A가 B에 대한 관계는
C와 D에 대한 관계와 같다.
⑤ what is 비교급 ; 더욱 - 한 것은 ex)
ex) what is better 더욱 좋은 것은
what is worse 더욱 나쁜 것은
⑥ what is 최상급 : 가장 - 한 것은
49. 한정적 용법으로만 쓰이는 형용사.
(명사만 수식할 수 있음)
=> only (유일한), utter (완전한),
golden (황금의), lone (고독한)
mere (단순한), main (주요한),
live (살아있는), inner (안의)
outer (밖의), drunken (술취한),
former (앞의)
ex) an only son. golden hair.
a drunken man
50. 서술적 용법으로만 쓰이는 형용사
(보어로만 사용)
=> alive (살아있는), alone (홀로),
ashamed (수줍어 하는) aware (알고있는), asleep (잠든), awake (잠 깬),
afraid (두려워하는) worth (가치있는)
content (만족한), unable (할 수 없는)
drunk (취한), ignorant (모르는)
ex) be drunk (o) be drunken (x) be alive (o), a alive fish (x)
51. “ be + 형용사(분사) + 전치사 “ 형태
* be concerned with -와 관계가 있다.
* be convinced of -을 확신하다.
* be good at -을 잘하다.
* be poor at -을 못하다.
* be conscious of -을 알다, 의식하다.
* be familiar to + 사람
-에게 잘 알려지다., 친숙하다.
* be familiar with + 사물 -을 잘 알다.
ex) This part of the subject is familiar
to him
= He is familiar with this part of
the subject.
* be related to -와 (친족)관계에 있다.
* be amazed at -에 놀라다.
* be open to -에게 공개되다.
* be full of = be filled with -로 가득차다.
* be equal to -와 동등하다.
-을 감당할 능력이 있다.
52. “ 의미상 ” 혼동하기 쉬운 형용사 정리 (1)
① respectable (존경할 만한, 상당한)
respective (각각의, 각자의)
respectful (공손한)
② imaginable (상상할 수 있는)
imaginary (상상의, 가상의)
imaginative (상상력이 풍부한)
③ sensitive (민감한, 예민한)
sensible (분별있는, 현명한)
sensual (육체적인, 음란한)
sensuous (감각적인, 미적인)
④ economic ( 경제의 )
economical (검소한, 절약되는)
⑤ healthful (건강에 좋은)
healthy (건강한, 건전한)
⑥ historic (역사상 유명한)
historical ( 역사에 관한, 역사상의)
⑦ credible (믿을 만한, 믿음직한)
credulous (쉽게 믿는, 잘 속는)
⑧ considerable (상당한, 중요한)
considerate (동정심이 많은)
⑨ industrial (산업의)
industrious (근면한, 부지런한)
⑩ successful (성공한, 합격한)
successive (잇따르는, 연속적인)
53. “ 의미상 ” 혼동하기 쉬운 형용사 정리 (2)
① comparable (비교할 수 있는)
comparative (비교의, 비교에 의한)
② valueless (무가치한, 하찮은)
invaluable (매우 귀중한)
③ politic (분별있는, 교활한)
political (정치의, 정당한)
④ practicable (실행가능한)
practical (실제적인, 실용적인)
⑤ regretful (후회하는, 늬우치는)
regrettable (유감스러운)
⑥ momentary (순간의, 찰나의)
momentous (중대한)
⑦ luxuriant (기름진, 무성한)
luxurious (사치스러운, 호화스러운)
⑧ memorable (잊혀지지 않는, 중대한)
memorial (기념의, 추도의)
⑨ classic (표준적인, 일류의)
classical (고전적인, 전통적인)
⑩ literal (문자의)
literary (문학의, 문학적인)
literate (글을 읽고 쓸 줄 아는)
⑪ continual (끊임없는, 빈번한)
continuous (계속되는)
⑫ popular (인기있는)
populous (인구가 많은, 붐비는)
⑬ beneficial (이로운, 유익한)
beneficent (자비로운, 친절한)
⑭ negligent (태만한, 부주의한)
negligible (무시해도 좋은, 하찮은)
⑮ moderate (알맞은, 온건한)
modest (아담한, 겸손한)
54. 의미상 주의해야할 부사
late (늦게) - lately (최근에, 요즈음)
free (무료로) - freely (자유로이)
hard (열심히) - hardly (거의 -않다)
high (높게) - highly (매우, 대단히)
pretty (매우) - prettily (아름답게)
deep (깊게) - deeply (매우)
near (가까이) - nearly (거의, 대략, 간신히)
wide (넓게 ) - widely (널리<범위>)
direct (똑바로) - directly (즉시, 곧바로)
cheap (값싼) - cheaply (희생을 치르지 않고)
55. “ 명사 + ly = 형용사 ” 의 형태
friendly (친근한), manly (남자다운)
orderly (규칙적인), homely (가정적인)
lovely (사랑스러운), timely (때에 알맞은)
lonely (고독한), costly (비싼)
56. 라틴계 비교의 형식
superior to -보다 우수한
inferior to -보다 열등한
senior to -보다 손위의
junior to -보다 아랫 사람의
prior to -보다 앞선
posterior to -보다 후에
prefer A to B B보다 A를 더 좋아하다.
57. 최상급의 여러 가지 표현.
Tom is the kindest boy in the class.
=Tom is kinder than any other boy in the class.
=Tom is kinder than all the other boys
in the class.
= No other boy in the class is so kind as Tom.
= NO other boy in the class is kinder than Tom.
58. 비교급 관용 표현
① no more than = only 단지
② no less than = as many as -만큼 많은
③ not more than = at most 기껏해야
④ not less than = at least 적어도
⑤ much(still) more
" 하물며 -은 말할 것도 없다. “
* much(still) less
" 더더욱 -은 아니다. “
He loves his enemies, much more his friends.
59. 전치사의 뜻에 유의해야 할 명사.
on time 정각에 (punctually)
in time 제시간에
behind time 늦게
behind times 시대에 뒤떨어진
on schedule 예정대로, 시간표대로
at a distance 좀 떨어져서
from a distance 멀리서
to a distance 먼데로
in the distance 먼곳에
out of question = beyond question 확실한
out of the question = impossible 불가능한
60. “ -에 관하여, -대해서 ” 의 전치사
concerning, as regards, with regard to
as for, as to, regarding, respecting
62. 수여동사로 착각하기 쉬운 타동사.
① 동사 + A + to + B 의 형태
* He announced the news to us.
* He described the scene to me.
* She introduced her sister to me.
* He explained the accident to me.
② 동사 + A + with + B의 형태.
* He trusted me with the money.
* They provided us with food.
* God endowed her with many talents.
63. 종속접속사 + ( 주어 + be 동사 ) 생략..
* If an American doesn't shake hands when (he is) meeting an old friend, he is not being impolite.
*Don't make noises, while (you are) eating.
* I will help you if (it is) possible.
64. "but" 의 용법
① He could find but one of his books.
(= except -을 제외하고)
② He is anything but a poet.
(=never. 결코-이 아닌)
③ I can't but do it.
(-하지 않을 수 없다.)
④There is no mother but loves her children.
= There is no mother that doesn't love her children.
⑤ He is all but dead. (=almost, 거의)
⑥ It never rains but it pours.
= Whenever it rains, it always pours.
⑦ He didn't go there in person, but sent his assistant.
= Instead of going there in person, he sent his assistant.
65. make it possible (for +사람) + to + V
= enable + 사람 + to + V
" -에게 -을 할 수 있게 해주다.“
ex) Airplanes make it possible for us to travel fast.
= Airplanes enable us to travel fast.
= We can travel fast thanks to airplanes.
* His poverty made it impossible to continue his study.
= His poverty disabled him to continue his study.
= He couldn't continue his study due to his poverty.
66. be sure of 와 be sure to.
① He is sure of passing the exam.
= He is sure that he will pass the exam.
② He is sure to pass the exam.
= I am sure that he will pass the exam.
= I am sure of his passing the exam.
= Maybe he will pass the exam.
= It is certain that he will pass exam.
67. " for nothing "의 용법
① The check-out clerk gave her
for nothing whatever she asked. (무료로)
② He tried to do his best for nothing.
(헛되이)
③ They often quarreled for nothing.
(이유없이)
④ The tool you gave me the other day
is for nothing. ( 쓸모없는)
68. above + 명사, -ing.
① 우월하다. 중요하다.
Health is above wealth.
John is above all the other boys in his class.
② 결코 -하지 않다.
He is above telling a lie.
11. “ make ” 를 사용하는 관용어구
make a fortune ( )
make a contribution ( )
make a choice ( )
make an effort ( )
make a speech ( )
make a demand ( )
make a decision ( )
make a noise ( )
make a suggestion( )
make a discovery ( )
make a progress ( )
make money ( )
make a plan ( )
12. “ do ”를 사용하는 관용표현
do one's hair ( )
do good to ( )
do harm to ( )
do the dishes ( )
do one's homework. ( )
do the sights ( )
13. “ take "를 쓰는 관용표현
take(have) a rest ( )
take(run) a risk ( )
take place ( )
take part in ( )
take pains ( )
take an exam ( .)
take care ( )
take care of ( .)
take aspirins ( )
take a walk ( )
** 기타 표현
( ) a diary ( 일기를 쓰다 )
( ) a doctor (진찰을 받다)
( ) tears (눈물을 흘리다)
( ) a trick on (장난치다)
( ) one's tongue (잠자코 있다.)
( ) fruit (열매를 맺다)
( ) a conclusion (결론에 도달하다)
have( ) a cold (감기 걸리다)
( ) a good time (좋은 시간을 보내다)
( ) had it.(싫증나다)
14. 자동사 + to 부정사
seem (appear) to .
happen (chance) to
fail to
never fail to
manage to
prove to -
grow to .
come (learn) to
15. “ be + 형용사 + to 부정사 “ 형의 숙어
be able to = can. .
be likely to - .
be liable to
be afraid to .
be willing to
be reluctant to
be due to
be ready to .
16. “ -하기 위해 ” 의 표현
He works hard to succeed.
= He works hard ( ) ( ) to succeed.
= He works hard ( ) ( ) to succeed.
= He works hard ( ) he ( ) succeed.
= He works hard ( ) ( ) he ( ) succeed.
= He works hard ( ) ( ) he
( ) succeed.
17. " be + to 용법 “
- to 부정사의 형용사적 용법
① : We are to meet tomorrow.
② : We are to obey the law.
③ : Not a star was to be seen.
④ : Study hard if you are to
succeed.
⑤ : They were never to see each
other again.
18. "원형부정사의 관용적 표현 정리
① had better + V
= ( ) ( ) ( ) + V
= do ( ) to +V
= ( ) ( ) + V
② may well + V
= have good ( ) to + V
③ would rather A than B
" B 하느니 차라리 A하는 것이 더 낫다.“
= would ( ) A ( ) B
= ( ) ( ) ( ) A ( ) B
④ do nothing but + V
⑤ can not ( ) + V
= can not help + -ing.
= cannot ( ) but + V
= cannot help but + V
= have no ( ) but to + V
= have no ( ) but to + V
19. 독립부정사의 표현.
* strange to say
* so to speak.
* to being with
* to make a long story short
* ( ) to say = to say ( ) of
= not to speak of = not to ( )
* to do (one's) justice
* to make matters worse
* to be sure
20. 동명사의 관용적 표현(1)
① There is ( ) - ing
= It is ( ) to + V
= We can't + V .
② It is no use( good ) + -ing.
= It is ( ) ( ) use to + V
= It is ( ) to +V
= ( ) is no use + -ing.
③ It goes ( ) saying that -
= It is ( ) to say that -
= It is a ( ) of ( ) that -
④ feel ( ) + -ing
= fee ( ) to + V
= have a ( ) to + V
= have a ( ) to +V
= would like(love) to + V
⑤ make a ( ) of + -ing.
= make it a rule to + V
= be in the ( ) of + -ing.
⑥ have a hard time (in) -ing.
(= ; )
⑦ not(never) ---( ) -ing.
= not(never) ---( ) + S + V
= Whenever + S + V - , S + V
⑧ be on the point of -ing.
( = ; ; )
= be ( ) going to + V
= be ( ) to + V
21. 동명사의 관용적 표현(2)
① be busy (in) - ing.
② come(go) near -ing.
= nearly(narrowly) ( ) -ing.
③ spend + 시간 + ( ) -ing
spend + 돈 + ( ) -ing. .
④ of one's own -ing.
= p.p by ( )
⑤ far ( ) -ing. = ( ) -ing,.
= not - at all = not - in the ( )
= not - in the ( )
= not - ( ) the world = ( ) but
= by no ( ). = on no ( )
= never
⑥ ( ) the - ing.
= if only + S + V
⑦ be worth + -ing.
= be ( ) of + -ing.
= be ( ) to+V
22. “ 전치사 + 동명사 “ 형태의 숙어 정리.
① look forward to + -ing.
② When it comes to + -ing.
③ see to + -ing.
④ be ( ) to + -ing.
= be used to + -ing.
⑤ be subject to -ing.
⑥ object to -ing.
⑦ fall to + -ing.
1. 주의해야 할 1형식 동사
do = be ( ) :
pay = be ( ) :
( ), ( ) = be important :
2. 2형식 동사의 관용적 표현.
grow old ( ), grow angry ( ) grow fat ( ), go bad ( )
go blind ( ) go mad ( ) fall asleep ( ) fall ill(sick) ( ) run short ( ) come true ( ) turn pale( ) keep silent( )
3. 재귀목적어를 취하는 동사
accustom oneself on ( )
apply oneself to ( )
avail oneself of ( )
devote oneself to ( )
present oneself at ( )
pride oneself on ( )
absent oneself from ( )
enjoy oneself ( )
exert oneself to ( )
4. 자동사로 착각하기 쉬운 타동사
=> 전치사를 쓰면 안됨.
resemble ( .)
marry( )
reach(- .)
approach ( .)
mention( )
address( .)
leave ( )
discuss ( .)
enter( )
await ( )
accompany( )
join( .)
cf) enter ( ) = begin :
leave A ( ) B :
5. 타동사로 착각하기 쉬운 자동사
=> 전치사를 함께 써야 함.
account ( ) :
add ( ) :
listen ( ) :
apologize ( ) :
arrive ( ) :
reply ( ) :
object ( ) :
agree ( ) :
start ( ) :
sympathize ( ) :
interfere ( ) :
go ( ) :
graduate ( ) :
6. 타동사 + A + 전치사 + B 의 형태로
쓰이는 동사
① mistake A ( ) B :
name A ( ) B :
② blame( scold ; criticize) A ( ) B :
③ tell ( ; ) A from B :
④ keep A from B
(= ; ; ; )
⑤ attribute ( ; ) A to B
A를 B의 탓으로 돌리다.
⑥ impose A ( ) B :
confer A on B :
⑦ compare A with B A를 B와 ( )
compare A to B “ ( )
share A with B " ( ).
confuse A with B " ( )
supply A(사람) ( ) B(사물)
furnish
supply
= furnish B(사물) ( ) A(사람)
⑨ rid A of B :.
rob (deprive) A of B :
7. 목적격 보어 앞에 as를 사용하는 동사.
=
=
=.
=
* refer to A as B
* define A as B
* treat A as B
8. have + 사람 + 동사원형
= get + 사람 + ( ) + 동사원형.
I will have the porter carry your luggage.
= I will get the porter ( ) carry your
luggage.
해석 :
9. have + 사물 + p.p
= get + 사물 + p.p
He had his car washed.
= He got his car washed.
* I had her clean her room.
= I got her ( ) clean her room.
= I had her room ( )by her.
= I got her room ( ) by her.
10. 주의해야 할 불규칙 동사의 형태.
① lay - ( ) - ( ) :
lie - ( ) - ( ) :
lie - ( ) - ( ) :
② raise - ( ) - ( ) :
rise - ( ) - ( ) :
arise - ( ) - ( ) :
③ hang - ( ) -( ) :
hang - ( ) - ( ) :
④ saw - ( ) - ( ) :
sow - ( ) - ( ) :
sew - ( ) - ( ) :
⑤ find - ( ) - ( ) :
found - ( ) - ( ) :
⑥ wind - ( ) - ( ) :.
wound -( ) - ( ) :
⑦ affect - ( ) - ( ) :
effect - ( ) - ( ) :