토플 리딩 더미의 모든 것

[Daniel]

Reading Dummy

2011년 10월까지 reading section의 20분/40분에 걸쳐 나오는 3개의 지문 이외에 추가적으로 2개 지문이 더 나오면 한국에서 일반적으로 더미였다. 하지만 11월을 기점으로 하여 ETS가 시간을 통으로 주겠다고 통지한 11월 30일이 된 지금까지 4번의 시험이 치러졌으나 아직 Reading Part에서는 Dummy가 출제되고있지 않다.

예전에 많이 나왔던 Dummy        Sumerian civilization & observing natural selection

좀 전에 많이 나왔던 Dummy       The impact of Electric telegraph & Bird song

2010년 11월이후 나오는 Dummy Actualism & Effects of Climate Change on Species Distribution

Observing Natural Selection

1. Darwin's view = natural selection only occurred over a very long period of time.

2. witness = observe

3. offset = balanced

4. why growing fast is an advantage for guppies = They will produce more offspring.

5. 작가가 세 번째 단락에서 정보 주는 이유는? Reznick's reasoning 을 설명해주려고

6. EXCEPT 문제 = More offspring was produced.

7. lethal = deadly

8. decimation = destruction

9. small-beaker finches 의 결점 = 큰 씨앗을 못 깬다

10. G. fortis  신세대가 다른 점은 = 부리크기

11. 짧은 기간의 환경변화 ~ = 짧은 변화가 빠른 전환으로 이끈다

12. finches 와 guppies 실험의 유사점 = 변화가 상대적으로 빨리 일어났다.

13. insertion 문제 = 두 번째 상자

14. summary 문제 =

변화가 상대적으로 짧게 일어날 수 있다.

큰 부리 finch의 생존이 다음 세대에 더 큰 finch 로 이끌었다.

위험을 줄이는 것이 guppies 번식주기의 변화로 이끌었다.

번호	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14
정답	A	A	D	A	C	B	C	A	A	B	A	B	B	ACD

<정답외우기>

자연선택설 보고서말야 복사하려는데 어떤종이가 좋을까?

더블에이(A)(A) 다큐용(D)(A)(C)=(Doc) 복(B)사용지로 카(C)피해.

더블에이(A)(A)가 복(B)사용지가 아(A)주좋아

더블 비(B)(B)는 없어?

응, (A)하고(C)하고(D)만있어.(summary문제)

Sumerian Civilization

1. astonishing = amazing

2. setence simplification =

A great civilization arose in Mesopotamia between 3,500 and 3,000 B.c. at the same time that ancient Egypt was being united.

3. its substance refers to – the political history of ancient Mesopotamia

4. obscure = unclear

5. the ancient Sumerians did not "share the Egyptian's concern with the hereafter 라고 말한 이유= to provide one explanation for the relatively few physical remains of ancient Sumerian society

6. the "city of Ur"위치 = near the confluence of Tigris and Euphrates rivers.

7. vast = very large

8. EXCEPT문제 =

continuity of cultural and artistic traditions could not be achieved.

9. 단순히 종교적인 것이 아니라는 증거는 = the idea of divine ownership served as the basis for the economic organization of Sumerian society.

10. considerable= substantial

11. EXCEPT 문제 = The local god sometimes fought against the local gods of rival city-stated.

12. insertion 문제 = 4번째 상자

13. fill in a table 문제 =

Ancient Egyptian Civilization

오랫동안 정치적으로 통일되어있었다

상대적으로 많은 건축물이 남아있다.

Sumerian Civilization

도시국가는 고유한 신이 있었다.

기록된 문서로부터 이 문명에 대해 안다

외부 침입을 받기 쉽다.

번호	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13
정답	C	C	A	A	A	D	B	C	D	A	D	D	AF / CDG

<정답외우기>

(수메르와 이집트 더미는요)

문명 대 문명 (C)ivilization VS (C)ivilization (이집트와 수메르의 문명을 비교하니까요)

예술 대 예술 (A)rt VS (A)rt 이 나와. (예술을 비교하지는 않았지만... 외우려다보니...)

(A)(D) 기원후가 아니라, (B)(C)기원전이야.

다?(D)(A) 두 개-다?(D)(D)

응, 이집트는 (A)(F)rica에서 시작되었고,

수메르도 같은시(C)대(D)지(G)

Telegraph

The idea of the electric telegraph was born when the first experimenters with electricity noticed that electric charges could travel through wires over distances. In 1753 in Scotland Charles Morrison described a system of 26 wires for transmitting the 26 letters of the alphabet. Electrostatic charges traveling through these wires deflected suspended pith balls at the receiving station. However, this was never developed as a practical system.

During the early 19th century, several scientists experimented with the transmission of messages through electric wires. At this time scientists had gained access to a steady, low-voltage source of electricity. Karl Friedrich Gauss and Wilhelm Weber transmitted signals over wires and detected them with sensitive galvanometers around 1833. In England, Charles Wheatstone developed a telegraph with a five-needle galvanometer that indicated the transmitted letters. The Wheatstone telegraph actually came into use, linking Liverpool with Manchester in 1839. In Germany Carl Steinheil developed a telegraph that printed coded messages on a ribbon.

The electromagnet, a magnet whose field appears when current is on and disappears when it is off, was discovered in the 1820s. The American painter Samuel Morse first became acquainted with an electromagnet when it was shown to him by a young chemist he met on a transatlantic ship. Morse realized that a magnet turning on and off by transmission of a current from a distant source could be used to send messages. He soon enlisted America's greatest scientist of the time, Joseph Henry, to develop ways to cause an electromagnet to work at a distance. The electric telegraph became truly functional with the idea of using a code of dots and dashes to transmit the letters of the alphabet; this method was conceived by another collaborator, the American engineer Alfred Vail.

Despite this technical help, Morse is given credit for the invention because he put together a practical system and got people to accept it.

Morse patented his telegraph in 1837 and officially inaugurated a link between Baltimore, Maryland, and Washington, DC, on May 14, 1844, by transmitting the message "What hath God wrought." The message was transmitted by a telegraph key, a special switch that allows an electric current to be rapidly switched in and out; it was printed in the dot-dash code on ribbons of paper. In 1844 Vail determined that an operator could learn to hear the differences between dots and dashes; this became the preferred way to decipher messages.

Morse's telegraph quickly spread in the United States, and later it superseded the existing systems of Wheatstone and Steinheil in Europe. In 1862, 240,000 km (150,000 mi) of telegraph cable covered the world, of which 77,000 km (48,000 mi) were in the United States and 24,000 km (15,000 mi) in Great Britain. Europe and the United States became linked by an underwater telegraph cable in 1866.

During the 20th century, the use of the telegraph declined, mainly because of lower prices for telephone and telex services. Also, wireless telegraphy, the first form of radio that used the same codes as ordinary telegraphy, was available. "Telegrams" increasingly were transmitted by telex or telephone instead of as actual telegrams. During the 1980s telegraph services disappeared altogether in most countries.

Birdsong

The songs of different species of birds vary, and are more or less characteristic of the species. In modern-day biology, bird song is typically analyzed using acoustic spectroscopy. Species vary greatly in the complexity of their songs and in the number of distinct kinds of song they sing (up to 3000 in the Brown Thrasher); in some species, individuals vary in the same way. In a few species such as starlings and mockingbirds, songs imbed arbitrary elements learned in the individual's lifetime, a form of mimicry (though maybe better called "appropriation", as the bird does not pass for another species). As early as 1773 it was established that birds learnt calls and cross-fostering experiments were able to force a Linnet Acanthis cannabina to learn the song of a skylark Alauda arvensis. In many species it appears that although the basic song is the same for all members of the species, young birds learn some details of their songs from their fathers, and these variations build up over generations to form dialects.

Birds learn songs early in life with sub-vocalizations that develop into renditions of adult songs. Zebra Finches, the most popular species for birdsong research, develop a version of a familiar adult's song after 20 or more days from hatch. By around 35 days, the chick will have learned the adult song. The early song is variable and it takes the young bird two or three months to perfect the crystallized song (which is less variable) of sexually mature birds.

Research indicates birds' acquisition of song is a form of motor learning that involves regions of the basal ganglia. Models of bird-song motor learning are sometimes used as models for how humans learn speech. In some species such as zebra finches, learning of song is limited to the first year; they are termed “age-limited” or “close-ended” learners. Other species such as the canaries can develop new songs even as sexually mature adults; these are termed “open-ended” learners.

Researchers have hypothesized that learned songs allow the development of more complex songs through cultural interaction, thus allowing interspecies dialects that help birds stay with their own kind within a species, and it allows birds to adapt their songs to different acoustic environments.

Effects of Climate Change on Species Distribution

작업중…( 아마…영영 못올릴지도…시간이 없어..ㅠㅠ)

Changes in climate …

[Eric]

좋은 정보 감사합니다.

[김선호]

좋은 정보 감사드립니다.

[김선호]

토플 시험을 본적이 없어서 모르겠으나 dummy가 바뀐다고 들었는데 맞나 모르겠네요