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21st century opium war, Fentanyl
San Francisco was called the ‘cradle of ventures’ due to its proximity to Silicon Valley, the cradle of cutting-edge technology.
San Francisco, once considered the most beautiful, livable, and wealthy city in the United States, fell into a place full of drug addicts and homeless people, becoming the 'Gotham City' from the movie Batman.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, as downtown areas became empty due to working from home, drug addicts and homeless people flocked to the city. As they wandered the streets like zombies, the number of tourists decreased, and stores in the city center closed one by one. As venture entrepreneurs left in large numbers, San Francisco turned into a ghost town.
Fentanyl, a notorious narcotic painkiller, is the catalyst that turned San Francisco into a ‘zombie city.’ According to the San Francisco Chief Medical Examiner, the number of deaths in San Francisco from accidental drug overdoses between January and September was 620, of which 506 were due to fentanyl.
The number of deaths from fentanyl is rapidly increasing across the United States. According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 109,680 people died from drug overdoses in the United States last year. This figure has more than doubled in 6 years since 2015 (52,404 people).
As of 2020, it is more than the number of deaths from traffic accidents (42,000) and gun accidents (44,000) in the United States combined. Of these, 75,217 died from fentanyl overdose. Fentanyl overdose is currently the leading cause of death in the United States for people ages 18 to 45. Fentanyl has become a problem that can determine the survival of the country.
Fentanyl was also a major topic of the summit between U.S. President Joe Biden and Chinese President Xi Jinping held on November 15. Fentanyl is a representative ‘opioid’ product. Opioid is a compound word of ‘opium’ and ‘oid’ (meaning ‘similar to’) and refers to a synthetic painkiller that has effects similar to opium.
Fentanyl is 50 times more addictive than heroin and 100 times more addictive than morphine, so it is only administered in very small amounts to patients with terminal cancer or chronic pain who have developed tolerance. In the United States, fentanyl distribution has steadily increased over the past 10 years, and has shown a sharp increase starting with the COVID-19 pandemic.
Unlike existing drugs such as methamphetamine or heroin, fentanyl can be used not only as an injection and tablet, but also as a patch. It can be obtained legally at a pharmacy with a prescription. Low-income people in the U.S. who have difficulty covering the enormous cost of treatment due to lack of health insurance often resort to painkillers instead of going to the hospital, making them prone to the temptation of fentanyl. If you obtain painkillers through social media, you can easily buy fentanyl disguised as a legal drug.
The problem is that even small doses of fentanyl can cause death. The lethal dose of fentanyl is only 2 mg. Just a small amount on the tip of a sharp pencil lead can kill a person. The U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) has defined fentanyl as “the deadliest drug facing the United States” and is cracking down on its illegal distribution on a large scale.
The illegal manufacturing and distribution of fentanyl is dominated by two Mexican drug cartels (Sinaloa and Jalisco). These drug cartels manufacture fentanyl in small factories using chemicals (precursors) such as 4-AP and 4-ANPP, the raw materials for fentanyl smuggled from China.
China, the world's largest exporter of pharmaceutical raw materials, has over 400,000 related chemical companies, including illegal companies. Among these, Chinese chemical companies in collusion with Chinese criminal organizations are supplying fentanyl raw materials to Mexican drug cartels.
Fentanyl produced in large quantities in Mexico is secretly distributed across the border into the U.S. market. Chinese chemical companies sometimes send precursors or fentanyl directly to the United States using international couriers. The U.S. government has strongly requested that the Mexican and Chinese governments crack down on the illegal production and distribution of fentanyl.
In particular, the U.S. government requested cooperation from the Chinese government, including cracking down on chemical companies, but the Chinese government refused.
At this summit, President Biden asked President Xi to directly crack down on Chinese chemical companies that manufacture fentanyl raw materials, and President Xi agreed. President Biden said, “I am grateful for President Xi’s commitment on this issue,” and emphasized, “It will save many lives.” “President Xi has told President Biden that he does not want any more Americans dying from fentanyl, and he has made a personal commitment to making progress on this issue,” said John Kirby, strategic communications coordinator for the White House National Security Council.
He also said, “China has not cracked down on the production and export of these chemicals for years, but now it will crack down on them.” President Biden expressed considerable satisfaction, calling President Xi's promise to crack down on fentanyl raw materials the greatest achievement of the two countries' summit.
The fentanyl issue has been the biggest headache for President Biden, who is running for re-election in next year's presidential election. The US Republican Party has been on the offensive, saying that President Biden is not responding properly to the fentanyl problem.
The U.S. and Chinese governments have cooperated in cracking down on fentanyl raw materials in China since 2018, but the Chinese government closed all communication channels related to the crackdown on fentanyl raw materials after U.S. House Speaker Nancy Pelosi's visit to Taiwan in August last year.
The Chinese government has also refused to participate in a multinational consultative body of 84 countries launched in July to respond to the problem of opioids such as fentanyl. Because of this, there has even been talk that China is waging the so-called “21st century version of the opium war,” using fentanyl as leverage to pressure the United States.
Of course, President Biden did not agree to President Xi’s request. However, if President Xi received an implicit message from President Biden that there would be no additional sanctions for the time being, it could help overcome the economic difficulties. For China, where escaping the economic recession is an urgent priority, this is an opportunity to temporarily escape concerns about additional sanctions from the United States and focus on economic recovery.
China's predecessor, the Qing Dynasty, suffered enormous damage when it lost the Opium War with Britain in the 19th century. Afterwards, China suffered humiliation, including losing various interests not only to Britain but also to Western powers. President Xi has also emphasized, “We will never forget the humiliating history of being invaded by Western powers after the Opium War.”
The United States believes that if the summit agreement with China is implemented, it could be a turning point in resolving the fentanyl problem. But it is unclear whether China will fulfill its promise. Lily McElwee, Distinguished Professor of China Studies at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, pointed out, “China has historically not been good at keeping its promises,” and added, “It is notorious for not properly cooperating, especially when it comes to cracking down on illegal drug trafficking.” This is because China clearly knows what cards it can use to win the 21st century's opium war.
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