Re:전 완전채식주의를 지향합니다

[anarchist]

고기,유란제품,유제품 등 일체,벌꿀도 먹지 않습습니다. 고기에 대한 미각을 잃지 않았지만 이젠 고기 냄새도 맡기 싫어집니다.

2007.6.9. 아침에 사무실에서

Veganism

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“Vegan” redirects here. For other uses, see Vegan (disambiguation).

The logo of the world's first Vegan Society, registered in 1944.

Veganism (also strict or pure vegetarianism) is a philosophy and lifestyle that seeks to exclude the use of animals for food, clothing, or any other purpose.^[1] Vegans do not use or consume animal products, notably meat, fish, poultry, eggs, and dairy products.^[2]

A 2002 Time Magazine poll, and a National Diet & Nutrition Survey in Great Britain, indicated that some of the most popular reasons for practicing a vegan diet include ethical concerns for animal rights or the environment, perceived health benefits, and spiritual or religious concerns.^[3][4] Various polls have reported vegans to be between 0.2%^[3] and 1.3%^[5] of the U.S. population, and between 0.25%^[4] and 0.4%^[6] of the UK population. The Times estimates there are 250,000 vegans in Britain.^[6]

Vegetarian diets like veganism have been credited with lowering several health risks such as blood cholesterol, blood pressure, hypertension, prostate and colon cancer. Due to health risks associated with the reduced levels of some vitamins and minerals in a vegan diet (B₁₂, D, calcium and iodine), vegans are encouraged to take supplements and monitor their diet.

Contents

[hide]

• 1 Definition
• 2 Demographics
• 3 Animal products
• 4 Ethical concerns
• 5 Vegan cuisine
• 6 Health
  • 6.1 Benefits
  • 6.2 Precautions
• 7 Resources and the environment
• 8 Similar diets and lifestyles
• 9 See also
• 10 Notes
• 11 Further reading

//

[edit] Definition

The word vegan, usually pronounced [ˈviːgən],^[7] was originally derived from "vegetarian" in 1944 when Elsie Shrigley and Donald Watson, frustrated that the term "vegetarianism" had come to include the eating of dairy products, founded the UK Vegan Society.^[8] They combined the first three and last two letters of vegetarian to form "vegan," which they saw as "the beginning and end of vegetarian."^[8][9] The British Vegan Society defines veganism in this way:

“

[T]he word "veganism" denotes a philosophy and way of living which seeks to exclude — as far as is possible and practical — all forms of exploitation of, and cruelty to, animals for food, clothing or any other purpose; and by extension, promotes the development and use of animal-free alternatives for the benefit of humans, animals and the environment. In dietary terms it denotes the practice of dispensing with all products derived wholly or partly from animals.[1]

”

Other vegan societies use similar definitions.^[10][11][12] Although these definitions exclude all animal products as non-vegan, some vegans consider the use of insect products (eg. honey) to be acceptable.^[13]

[edit] Demographics

A 2002 Time/CNN poll, found that 4% of American adults consider themselves vegetarians, and 5% of self-described vegetarians consider themselves vegans.^[3] This suggests that 0.2% of American adults are vegans. Also in 2002, the UK Food Standards Agency reported that 5% of respondents self-identified as vegetarian or vegan. Though 29% of that 5% said they avoided "all animal products" only 5% reported avoiding dairy.^[4] Based on these figures, approximately 0.25% of the UK population follow a vegan diet. In 2005, The Times estimated there were 250,000 vegans in Britain, which suggests around 0.4% of the UK population is vegan.^[6]

A 2006 poll conducted by Harris Interactive in the United States listed specific foods and asked respondents to indicate which items they never eat, rather than asking respondents to self-identify. The results found that, of the 1,000 adults polled, 1.4% never eat meat, poultry, fish, seafood, dairy products, or eggs. They were, in other words, vegan (except for possibly honey) in their eating habits. The survey found that about 1.4% of men and 1.3% of women have vegan diets.^[5]

[edit] Animal products

Main article: Animal product

The term "animal product" in a vegan context refers to material derived from animals for human use. Notable animal products include meat, poultry, seafood, eggs, dairy products, honey, fur, leather, wool, and silk.^[2] Common animal by-products include gelatin, lanolin, rennet, whey, beeswax and shellac.^[2]

Animal ingredients can be found in countless products and are used in the production of—though not always present in the final form of—many more;^[14][15][16] many of these ingredients are esoteric,^[17][18] also have non-animal sources,^[19] and especially in non-food products may not even be identified.^[14] Although some vegans attempt to avoid all of these ingredients, Vegan Outreach argues that "it can be prohibitively expensive and time-consuming to shun every minor or hidden animal-derived ingredient," and therefore that doing what is "best for preventing suffering" is more important than identifying and excluding every animal ingredient.^[20][21]

[edit] Ethical concerns

See also: Animal rights, Ethics of eating meat, and Factory farming

Sows at an intensive pig farm. Opposition to factory farming is one of the most common ethical reasons given for veganism.^[22]

Vegan organizations maintain that animals have their own interests, and therefore it is not ethical for humans to use animals in any way they see fit.^[23][24][25] Because they see these practices as cruel to animals, many vegans avoid supporting factory farming,^[22][26][27] animal testing,^[2][28] and groups which display animals for entertainment, such as circuses,^[29] rodeos,^[30] and zoos.^[31]

Legal theorist Gary L. Francione argues that sentience in animals is sufficient to grant them moral consideration and that adopting veganism should be regarded as the "baseline" action taken by people concerned with animal rights.^[32] Utilitarian philosopher Peter Singer argues that the suffering of sentient animals is relevant to ethical decisions, and advocates both veganism and improved conditions for farm animals as a means to reduce animal suffering.^[33][34][35]

William Jarvis has questioned the validity of the ethical claims put forward by vegans, stating that "the belief that all life is sacred can lead to absurdities such as allowing mosquitoes to spread malaria, or vipers to run loose on one's premises."^[36] However, many vegans do not believe that all animal life is sacred, instead following veganism for other reasons. Peter Singer advocates veganism for utilitarian reasons, stating that the benefit caused by a good taste for the human who consumes animal products is more than negated by the pain felt by the beings who are consumed.^[37]

[edit] Vegan cuisine

See also: Vegetarian cuisine

For recipes and further information see the Wikibooks Cookbook article on Vegan Cuisine.

A vegan version of a salad "Селёдка под шубой"/"Selyodka pod shooboy" ("Herring under a fur coat"), which is popular in Russia.

The Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine recommends what they call the "Four New Food Groups."^[38] They suggest that vegans and vegetarians eat at least three servings of vegetables a day, including dark green, leafy vegetables such as broccoli, and dark yellow and orange such as carrots; five servings of whole grains (bread, rice, pasta); three of fruit; and two of legumes (beans, peas, lentils).^[38]

The cuisines of most nations contain dishes for a vegan diet, including ingredients such as tofu, tempeh and the wheat product seitan in Asian diets.^{[39][40][41][42]} Many recipes that traditionally contain animal products can be adapted by substituting plant-based ingredients, e.g. nut, grain or soy milk used to replace cow's milk;^[42][43] eggs replaced by substitutes such as products made from starch.^[42][43][44] Additionally, artificial "meat" products ("analogs" or "mock meats") made from non-animal derived ingredients such as soy or gluten, including imitation sausages, ground beef, burgers, and chicken nuggets are widely available.^[42][45]

[edit] Health

Main article: Vegan nutrition

[edit] Benefits

The Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine recommends that vegans and vegetarians eat three portions of fruit a day.

Certain widespread diets (such as the standard American diet, which is high in fat and low in fiber and green vegetables) are detrimental to health, and a vegan diet thus represents an improvement.^[46][47] Conversely, studies in Japan found that increased consumption of some animal products coincided with a decrease in risk for some forms of cerebrovascular disease and stroke mortality.^[48]

Some vegans feel additional health benefits are gained by not consuming artificial substances such as growth hormones and antibiotics, which are often given to farmed animals in countries where the legislation permits it.^[49] Because they are similar to naturally occuring human hormones, growth hormones used in cattle may affect fetal and childhood development.^[50]

Benefits of vegetarian diets are sometimes also valid for strict vegan diets: according to the American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada, diets that avoid meat tend to have lower levels of saturated fat, cholesterol, and animal protein, and higher levels of carbohydrates, fiber, magnesium, potassium, folate, and antioxidants, such as vitamins C and E, and phytochemicals.^[51] People who avoid meat are reported to have lower body mass indices than those following the average Canadian diet; from this follows lower death rates from ischemic heart disease; lower blood cholesterol levels; lower blood pressure; and lower rates of hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and prostate and colon cancer.^[51]

Olympic gold medallist Carl Lewis became a vegan in 1990 and is reported to have achieved his best year of track competition.^[52]

The association states that well-planned vegan diets can also be appropriate for life cycles requiring high nutritional intake such as pregnancy, lactation, childhood, and adolescence.^[51]

A pilot study at Georgetown University on 2005 suggested that a vegan diet can reduce blood cholesterol in people with type 2 diabetes, as well as significantly reduce the complications of it.^[53]

Vegan athletes compete in a variety of sports, including powerlifting, bodybuilding, martial arts, and long distance running.^[54][55] Multiple Olympic gold medallist Carl Lewis has stated that he became vegan in 1990 and achieved his "best year of track competition" when he ate a vegan diet.^[52]

[edit] Precautions

Specific nutrients

The position of the American Dietetic Association is that "appropriately planned" vegan diets "are healthful, nutritionally adequate, and provide health benefits in the prevention and treatment of certain diseases."^[51] However, vegans with poorly planned diets are at a risk for being deficient in nutrients such as vitamin B₁₂,^[56] vitamin D,^[57] calcium,^[58][57] iodine^[59] and omega-3 fatty acids.^[60] These deficiencies can have potentially serious consequences, including anemia,^[61] rickets^[62] and cretinism^[63] in children, and osteomalacia^[62] and hyperthyroidism^[63] in adults.

Vitamin B₁₂, a bacterial product, cannot be reliably found in plant foods.^[64][65][61] While it may take one to five years to exhaust some individual's reserves of vitamin B₁₂, many people do not have such reserves^[66] and serious health consequences are a risk as a result of B₁₂ deficiency.^[67] Additionally, mild B₁₂ deficiency can develop even with such reserves.^[66] In a 2002 laboratory study, more of the strict vegan participants' B₁₂ and iron levels were compromised than those of lacto- or lacto-ovo-vegetarian participants.^[68] The Vegan Society and Vegan Outreach, among others, recommend that vegans either consistently eat foods fortified with B₁₂ or take a B₁₂ supplement.^{[69][64][65][61][70][71]} Tempeh, seaweed, spirulina, organic produce, soil on unwashed vegetables, and intestinal bacteria have not been shown to be reliable sources of B₁₂ for the dietary needs of vegans.^[72][73]

Adequate amounts of vitamin D may be obtained by spending 15 to 30 minutes every few days in the sunlight, although this may be difficult for vegans in areas with low levels of sunlight during winter.^[62][74][64]

A 2007 study showed that vegans have an increased risk of bone fractures than both meat eaters and vegetarians, likely due to lower dietary calcium intake, but that vegans consuming more than the UK's estimated average requirements for calcium of 525 mg/day had risk of bone fractures similar to other groups.^[58] It is recommended that vegans eat three servings per day of a high calcium food, such as fortified soy milk and take a calcium supplement as necessary.^[57][51]

Vegan pregnancies

Nearly all of the nutritional deficiencies associated with poorly-planned vegan diets can have serious consequences for the developing fetus and nursing infant. The American Dietetic Association considers well-planned vegan diets "appropriate for all stages of the life cycle, including pregnancy and lactation,"^[51] but recommends that vegan mothers supplement for iron, vitamin D, and vitamin B₁₂.^[75][76] Vitamin B₁₂ deficiency in lactating vegetarian mothers has been linked to deficiencies and neurological disorders in their children.^[77][78] Some research suggests that the essential omega-3 fatty acid α-linolenic acid and its derivatives should also be supplemented in pregnant and lactating vegan mothers, since they are very low in most vegan diets, and the metabolically related docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is essential to the developing visual system.^[79] Vegan diet has also been associated with low birth weight.^[80] A 2006 study found that vegan mothers are five times less likely to have twins than those who eat animal products.^[81]

Eating disorders

The American Dietetic Association found that vegetarian diets may be more common among adolescents with eating disorders than in the general adolescent population, and that professionals should be aware of adolescents who limit the food choices and exhibit symptoms of eating disorders.^[51] The ADA indicates that the evidence suggests that the adoption of a vegetarian diet does not lead to eating disorders, but "vegetarian diets may be selected to camouflage an existing eating disorder."^[51] Other studies and statements by dietitians and counselors support this conclusion.^[82][83][84]

[edit] Resources and the environment

Main article: Environmental vegetarianism

People who adopt veganism for environmental reasons do so on the basis that veganism consumes fewer resources and causes less environmental damage than an animal-based diet.^[85][86][87] Animal agriculture is linked to climate change, water pollution, land degredation, and a decline in biodiversity.^[86][87][88] Additionally, an animal-based diet is far less land,^[88][89] water^[90] and energy efficient than a vegan diet.^[88][91][92]

A 2006 study by Gidon Eshel and Pamela Martin, assistant professors of geophysics at the University of Chicago, found that a person switching from the average American diet to a vegan diet would reduce CO₂ emissions by 1,485 kg per year.^[93]

The United Nations released a report in November 2006 linking animal agriculture to environmental damage. The report, titled "Livestock’s Long Shadow–Environmental Issues and Options,"^[94] concludes that the livestock sector (primarily cows, chickens, and pigs) emerges as one of the top two or three most significant contributors to our most serious environmental problems, at every scale from local to global. It is one of the largest sources of greenhouse gases - responsible for 18% of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions as measured in CO₂ equivalents. By comparison, all transportation emits 13.5% of the CO₂. It produces 65% of human-related nitrous oxide (which has 296 times the global warming potential of CO₂) and 37% of all human-induced methane (which is 23 times as warming as CO₂).

It must be noted however, that whereas most meat production in western countries, currently utilizes inefficient grain feeding methods, meat production is not invariably a poor use of land, especially in the developing nations. A proportion of all grain crops produced is not suitable for human consumption. This can be fed to animals to turn into meat, thus improving efficiency.^[95][96] Further, greenhouse gas emissions are not limited to animal husbandry; for instance, in many countries where rice is the main cereal crop, rice cultivation is responsible for most of the methane emissions.^[97]

Steven Davis, professor of animal science at Oregon State University, argues that the number of wild animals killed in crop production is greater than those killed in ruminant-pasture production. Whenever a tractor goes through a field to plow, disc, cultivate, apply fertilizer and/or pesticide, and harvest, animals are killed. ^[98] Davis gives a small sampling of U.S. field animals that are threatened by intensive crop production, including many mammals, birds and amphibians. In one small example, an alfalfa harvest caused a 50% decline in the gray-tailed vole population. According to Davis, if all of the cropland in the U. S. were used to produce crops for a vegan diet, it is estimated that around 1.8 billion animals would be killed annually. ^[99]

Gaverick Matheny, a Ph.D. candidate in agricultural economics at the University of Maryland, claims that Davis' reasoning contains several major flaws, including distorting the notion of "harm" to animals, and miscalculating the number of animal deaths based upon areas of land rather than per consumer. Matheny claims that vegetarianism actually kills less animals, promotes better treatment of animals, and allows more animals to exist. ^[100]

[edit] Similar diets and lifestyles

Diets such as raw veganism, freeganism and fruitarianism are related to veganism, but have significant differences from standard veganism. There are also numerous religious groups that regularly or occasionally practice a similar diet, including some Buddhist traditions,^[101] Jains,^[102] Hindus,^[103] Rastafarians,^[104] and the Seventh-day Adventists.^[105]

[edit] See also

• List of vegans
• List of vegan bands
• Lacto vegetarianism
• Ovo vegetarianism
• Raw food diet
• Farm Sanctuary

[edit] Notes

1. ^ ^{a b} Memorandum of Association of the Vegan Society. About Us 1. Vegan Society (1979-11-20). Retrieved on 2007-02-22.
2. ^ ^{a b c d} Criteria for Vegan food. Vegan Society. Retrieved on 2007-02-17.
3. ^ ^{a b c} Time/CNN Poll: Do you consider yourself a vegetarian?. Time Magazine (2002-07-07). Retrieved on 2006-10-30.
4. ^ ^{a b c} Types and quantities of food consumed: Vegetarian/vegan (PDF). National Diet & Nutrition Survey: Adults aged 19 to 64, Volume 1 2002 11, 23. Food Standards Agency. Retrieved on 2006-10-30.
5. ^ ^{a b} How Many Adults Are Vegetarian?. Vegetarian Journal. Vegetarian Resource Group. Retrieved on 2007-03-18.
6. ^ ^{a b c} Donald Watson. Times Online. Times Newspapers Ltd. (2005-11-16). Retrieved on 2006-09-15.
7. ^ vegan. Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. Retrieved on 2007-05-31.
8. ^ ^{a b} Vegan Society: History. Vegan Society. Retrieved on 2007-02-17.
9. ^ Vegetarians in Paradise interview with Donald Watson. Vegetarians in Paradise Web Magazine. Vegetarians in Paradise (2004-08-11). Retrieved on 2006-10-31.
10. ^ What is Vegan?. American Vegan Society. Retrieved on 2006-09-15.
11. ^ Introduction to Veganism. The Vegan Society of New Zealand. Retrieved on 2006-10-30.
12. ^ About Vegana. The Danish Vegan Society. Retrieved on 2006-10-30.
13. ^ Vegan Action: Vegan FAQ's - Is honey vegan?
14. ^ ^{a b} Vegan FAQs. Vegan Outreach. Retrieved on 2007-03-11. “Is refined sugar vegan? It depends on how you define 'vegan.' Refined sugars do not contain any animal products, and so by an ingredients-based definition of vegan, refined sugar is vegan. ... However, if one accepts a process-based definition of vegan, then many other familiar products would also not be considered vegan. For instance, steel and vulcanized rubber are produced using animal fats and, in many areas, groundwater and surface water is filtered through bone charcoal filters.”
15. ^ IVU FAQ: Drinks. International Vegetarian Union FAQ. International Vegetarian Union (2006-08-03). Retrieved on 2007-03-11.
16. ^ Information Sheet: Alcohol. Vegetarian Society. Retrieved on 2007-03-11. “The use of animal derived products in the production of alcoholic beverages is fairly widespread not because no alternatives exist, but because they always have been used and there is little demand from the consumer for an alternative. ... The main appearance of animal derived products is in the fining or clearing process, though others may be used as colorants or anti-foaming agents.”
17. ^ IVU FAQ: Ingredients. International Vegetarian Union FAQ. International Vegetarian Union. Retrieved on 2006-10-30.
18. ^ IVU FAQ: Animal Derived Ingredient List. International Vegetarian Union FAQ. International Vegetarian Union (2006-08-03). Retrieved on 2007-03-10.
19. ^ IVU FAQ: Maybe Animal Derived. International Vegetarian Union FAQ. International Vegetarian Union (2006-08-03). Retrieved on 2007-03-10.
20. ^ On Living With Compassion. Vegan Outreach. Retrieved on 2007-03-10. “Our desire to oppose and help end cruelty to animals can help guide our choices, as well as provide a simple, easy-to-understand explanation of our actions. The question isn't, "Is this vegan?" but, "What is best for preventing suffering?"”
21. ^ On Living With Compassion (Old version). Vegan Outreach. Retrieved on 2007-03-10. “We believe that framing veganism as the avoidance of a specific list of “bad” ingredients is not the best way to achieve results. When looked at closely, any ingredients-based definition of vegan collapses into inconsistencies. This is why we stress that the essence of being vegan is working to end cruelty to animals.”
22. ^ ^{a b} Factory Farms. Why Vegan. Vegan Outreach. Retrieved on 2006-09-15.
23. ^ About Veganism: For the Animals. Vegan Action. Retrieved on 2007-05-29. “Veganism emerges as the lifestyle most consistent with the philosophy that animals are not ours to use.”
24. ^ PETA's History: Compassion in Action. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. Retrieved on 2007-05-29. “PETA operates under the simple principle that animals are not ours to eat, wear, experiment on, or use for entertainment.”
25. ^ About Mercy for Animals. Mercy for Animals. Retrieved on 2007-05-29. “Mercy For Animals is a 501(c)(3) non-profit animal advocacy organization that believes non-human animals are irreplaceable individuals with morally significant interests and hence rights, including the right to live free of unnecessary suffering.”
26. ^ Cruelty to Animals: Mechanized Madness. GoVeg.com. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. Retrieved on 2006-09-15.
27. ^ Exploitation. Vegan Society. Retrieved on 2007-05-29. “The vast majority of these animals will have spent their brief lives in the cramped, distressing conditions of the factory farm. Their close confinement and the overworking of their bodies will have led to increased susceptibility to injury and disease. They will have been reared on an unnatural diet designed to increase productivity and many will have undergone various painful and traumatic procedures.”
28. ^ Testing. Vegan Society. Retrieved on 2007-05-29. “Every year, millions of animals are subjected to the most horrifically painful experiments just so people can have a new brand of shampoo or a differently scented perfume.”
29. ^ Circuses: Three Rings of Abuse. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. Retrieved on 2007-05-29. “Colorful pageantry disguises the fact that animals used in circuses are captives who are forced, under threat of punishment, to perform confusing, uncomfortable, repetitious, and often-painful acts.”
30. ^ Rodeo: Cruelty for a Buck. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. Retrieved on 2007-05-29. “In reality, rodeos are nothing more than manipulative displays of human domination over animals, thinly disguised as entertainment.”
31. ^ Animal Rights Uncompromised: Zoos. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. Retrieved on 2007-05-29. “PETA opposes zoos because zoo cages and cramped enclosures deprive animals of their most basic needs. The zoo community regards the animals it keeps as commodities, and animals are regularly bought, sold, borrowed, and traded without any regard for established relationships.”
32. ^ Francione, Gary (2006-12-27). Mission Statement. Animal Rights: The Abolitionist Approach. Retrieved on 2007-05-29. “This site also seeks to make clear that the moral baseline of an animal rights movement is veganism.”
33. ^ Clyne, Catherine (10 2006). Singer Says. Satya. Retrieved on 2007-05-29. “If you read the book, it does make clear that going vegan is a good solution to a lot of the ethical problems.”
34. ^ Gilson, Dave (2006-05-03). Chew the Right Thing. Mother Jones. The Foundation for National Progress. Retrieved on 2007-05-29. “In 1975 he published Animal Liberation, a pioneering defense of the rights of animals that concluded that veganism is the most ethically justifiable diet.”
35. ^ Broudy, Oliver (2006-05-08). The practical ethicist. Salon.com. Salon Media Group, Inc.. Retrieved on 2007-05-29. “If you can be vegetarian or vegan that's ideal. If you can buy organic and vegan that's better still, and organic and fair trade and vegan, better still, but if that gets too difficult or too complicated, just ask yourself, Does this product come from intensive animal agriculture?”
36. ^ Why I Am Not a Vegetarian By Dr. William T. Jarvis
37. ^ Singer, Peter (1979). "The case against using animals for food is at its strongest when animals are made to lead miserable lives so that their flesh can be made available to humans at the lowest possible cost. ... In order to have meat on the table at a price that people can afford, our society tolerates methods of meat production that confine sentient animals in cramped, unsuitable conditions for the entire duration of their lives. ... To avoid speciesism we must stop these practices." Practical Ethics, Cambridge 1979. Chapter 3.
38. ^ ^{a b} "Vegetarian starter kit", Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, posted on vegsource.com.
39. ^ Shurtleff, William. History of Tofu. LA Tofu Festival. Retrieved on 2007-02-18.
40. ^ Jacobs, Leonard; Aveline Kushi, and Barbara Jacobs (1994). Cooking with Seitan: The Complete Vegetarian "Wheat-meat" Cookbook. Avery, 5–6. ISBN 978-0895295996. 
41. ^ History of Tempeh. tempeh.info. Retrieved on 2007-02-18.
42. ^ ^{a b c d} Vegan proteins. BBC Food. BBC. Retrieved on 2007-02-23.
43. ^ ^{a b} Baking without eggs, milk and buttah. Post Punk Kitchen. Retrieved on 2007-02-23.
44. ^ Vegan Substitution for Egg Whites. Ochef.com. Food News Service. Retrieved on 2007-02-23. “Q. What is a vegan substitute for egg whites? A. And the mystery ingredient is… flax seed.”
45. ^ Bryanna Clark Grogan. Vegan Meat Analogs, Dairy Substitutes, and Egg Alternatives. Bryanna's Vegan Feast. Retrieved on 2007-02-23.
46. ^ Segelken, Roger (2001-06-28). China Study II: Switch to Western diet may bring Western-type diseases. Cornell Chronicle. Retrieved on 2006-09-15.
47. ^ China-Cornell-Oxford Project On Nutrition, Environment and Health at Cornell University. Division of Nutritional Sciences. Cornell University. Retrieved on 2006-09-15.
48. ^ Possible protective effect of milk, meat and fish for cerebrovascular disease mortality in Japan.. Japan Epidemiological Association (1999-08-09). Retrieved on 2006-09-15.
49. ^ Bovine Growth Hormone. EJnet.org. Retrieved on 2006-09-15.
50. ^ Eating beef could threaten sons' fertility from telegraph.co.uk, March 28 2007. Retrieved June 6 2007.
51. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} (June 2003) "Position of the American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada: Vegetarian diets". Journal of the American Dietetic Association 103 (6): 748-765. DOI:10.1053/jada.2003.50142. Retrieved on 2006-09-15. 
52. ^ ^{a b} Lewis, Carl. Carl Lewis on Being Vegan. Introduction to Very Vegetarian, by Jannequin Bennett. Retrieved on 2006-10-30.
53. ^ Nicholson, Andrew. [http://www.pcrm.org/health/clinres/diabetes.html "Diabetes: Can a Vegan Diet Reverse Diabetes?", Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine.
54. ^ OrganicAthlete's Pro-Activist Team. Retrieved on 2006-10-30.
55. ^ Vegetarian and Vegan Famous Athletes. Retrieved on 2006-10-30.
56. ^ Vegan Health: Vitamin B12. veganhealth.org. Vegan Outreach (2006-07-26). Retrieved on 2007-02-23.
57. ^ ^{a b c} Vegan Health: Bone Health. veganhealth.org. Vegan Outreach (2007-01-09). Retrieved on 2007-02-23.
58. ^ ^{a b} P Appleby; A Roddam, N Allen and T Key (02 2007). "Comparative fracture risk in vegetarians and nonvegetarians in EPIC-Oxford". European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. DOI:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602659. PMID 17299475. Retrieved on 2007-02-25. 
59. ^ Vegan Health: Iodine. veganhealth.org. Vegan Outreach (2006-12-26). Retrieved on 2007-02-23.
60. ^ Vegan Health: Fat. veganhealth.org. Vegan Outreach (2007-02-20). Retrieved on 2007-02-23.
61. ^ ^{a b c} What every vegan should know about vitamin B12. Vegan Society. Retrieved on 2007-02-22. “Vitamin B12, whether in supplements, fortified foods, or animal products, comes from micro-organisms.”
62. ^ ^{a b c} Vegans and Vitamin D. Vegan Society. Retrieved on 2007-02-22.
63. ^ ^{a b} Steven Walsh. Nutrition: Iodine. Vegan Society. Retrieved on 2007-02-23.
64. ^ ^{a b c} Jack Norris, RD (2003-04-18). Staying a Healthy Vegan. Vegan Outreach. Retrieved on 2007-02-22. “There are no reliable, unfortified plant sources of vitamin B12; therefore fortified foods and/or supplements are necessary for the optimal health of vegans.”
65. ^ ^{a b} Vitamin B12 Information Sheet. Vegetarian Society. Retrieved on 2007-02-22. “[Vitamin B12] is exclusively synthesised by bacteria and is found primarily in meat, eggs and dairy products. ... [T]he present consensus is that any B12 present in plant foods is likely to be unavailable to humans and so these foods should not be relied upon as safe sources.”
66. ^ ^{a b} Jack Norris, RD (2005-07-22). Vegan Health: Myth about How Often Someone Needs B12. veganhealth.org. Vegan Outreach. Retrieved on 2007-01-02.
67. ^ Vitamin B12 (cobalamin). Merck Manual Home Edition. Retrieved on 2006-10-30.
68. ^ Obeid R, Geisel J, Schorr H, Hubner U, Herrmann W. (2002). "The impact of vegetarianism on some haematological parameters". Eur J Haematol. 69 (5–6): 275-9. PMID 12460231. 
69. ^ Healthy choices on a vegan diet. Vegan Society. Retrieved on 2007-02-14.
70. ^ Reed Mangels, Ph.D., R.D.. Vitamin B12 in the Vegan Diet. Vegetarian Resource Group. Retrieved on 2007-02-22.
71. ^ Don't Vegetarians Have Trouble Getting Enough Vitamin B12?. Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine. Retrieved on 2007-02-22.
72. ^ Jack Norris, RD. Vegan Health: B12 in Tempeh, Seaweeds, Organic Produce, and Other Plant Foods. veganhealth.org. Vegan Outreach. Retrieved on 2007-02-22.
73. ^ Jack Norris, RD. Vegan Health: Are Intestinal Bacteria a Reliable Source of B12?. veganhealth.org. Vegan Outreach. Retrieved on 2007-02-22.
74. ^ Information Sheet: Vegan Nutrition. Vegetarian Society. Retrieved on 2007-02-22.
75. ^ Lucia Lynn Kaiser; Lindsay Allen (2002-05-03). Nutrition and lifestyle for a healthy pregnancy outcome. American Dietetic Association. Retrieved on 2007-02-14.
76. ^ ADA’s Public Relations Team (2006-10-03). The Vegetarian Mom-to-Be. American Dietetic Association. Retrieved on 2007-02-14.
77. ^ Kuhne T, Bubl R, Baumgartner R (1991). "Maternal vegan diet causing a serious infantile neurological disorder due to vitamin B12 deficiency". Eur J Pediatr 150 (3): 205-8. PMID 2044594. 
78. ^ Weiss R, Fogelman Y, Bennett M (2004). "Severe vitamin B12 deficiency in an infant associated with a maternal deficiency and a strict vegetarian diet". J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 26 (4): 270-1. PMID 15087959. 
79. ^ Sanders TA (1999). "Essential fatty acid requirements of vegetarians in pregnancy, lactation, and infancy". Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 70 (3 Suppl): 555S-559S. PMID 10479231. 
80. ^ Sanders TA (1999). "The nutritional adequacy of plant-based diets". The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 58 (2): 265-9. PMID 10466165. 
81. ^ Steinman, G. (05 2006). "Mechanisms of twinning: VII. Effect of diet and heredity on the human twinning rate." (PDF, fee required). Journal of Reproductive Medicine 51 (5): 405-10. PMID 16779988. Retrieved on 2007-02-25. 
82. ^ Dedyna, Katherine. "Healthy lifestyle, or politically correct eating disorder?", Victoria Times Colonist, CanWest MediaWorks Publications Inc., 2004-01-30. Retrieved on 2006-10-30. 
83. ^ O'Connor MA, Touyz SW, Dunn SM, Beumont PJ (1987). "Vegetarianism in anorexia nervosa? A review of 116 consecutive cases". Med J Aust 147 (11–12): 540-2. PMID 3696039. 
84. ^ Davis, Brenda. (2002). Becoming Vegan: The Complete Guide to Adopting a Healthy Plant-Based Diet. p.224. ISBN 1-57067-103-6
85. ^ Animal Products and the Environment: Solutions. Vegan Society. Retrieved on 2007-05-29. “Switching to a plant-based vegan diet will not 'save the world,' but it is a significant step towards limiting your individual impact on our increasingly fragile environment.”
86. ^ ^{a b} About Veganism: For the Environment. Vegan Action. Retrieved on 2007-05-29. “Animal agriculture takes a devastating toll on the earth. It is an inefficient way of producing food, since feed for farm animals requires land, water, fertilizer, and other resources that could otherwise have been used directly for producing human food.”
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88. ^ ^{a b c} Factory Farming: Mechanized Madness. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. Retrieved on 2007-05-29. “Factory farms are harmful to the environment as well. Each day, factory farms produce billions of pounds of manure, which ends up in lakes, rivers, and drinking water. ... Of all the agricultural land in the U.S., 80 percent is used to raise animals for food and grow the grain to feed them—that’s almost half the total land mass of the lower 48 states. ... it takes more than 1,250 gallons of water to produce a pound of cow flesh, whereas it takes about 235 gallons of water to grow 1 pound of wheat.”
89. ^ Environment: Land. Vegan Society. Retrieved on 2007-05-29. “In all, the raising of livestock takes up more than two-thirds of agricultural land, and one third of the total land area.”
90. ^ Environment: Water. Vegan Society. Retrieved on 2007-05-29. “If we put all of these figures together, we find that whilst wheat provides us with an average 27.5 kcal for each litre of water used, beef provides only 0.76 kcal per litre. This means that - based on the data presented to show that other figures were "overstated" - beef still requires 36 times as much water per calorie as wheat.”
91. ^ Environment: Energy. Vegan Society. Retrieved on 2007-05-29. “A plant-based vegan diet uses substantially less energy than a diet based on animal products. This energy is virtually all derived from fossil fuels, making meat and dairy consumption a contributing factor in air pollution, acidification, oil spills, habitat destruction and global warming.”
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103. ^ Jyoti Mehta. Veganism and Hinduism. The Young Indian Vegetarians. Retrieved on 2007-02-22.
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105. ^ Fraser, Gary (08 1999). "Associations between diet and cancer, ischemic heart disease, and all-cause mortality in non-Hispanic white California Seventh-day Adventists". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 70 (3). 532S-538S. Retrieved on 2007-02-22. 

[edit] Further reading

Wikibooks Cookbook has more about this subject:

Vegan cuisine

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:

Veganism

General

• Vegan Society (UK)
• Vegan Action, US vegan product certification
• Vegan Outreach, creators of the popular "Why Vegan?" pamphlet
• American Vegan Society
• Vegan Society of Australia
• Movement for Compassionate Living (the Vegan Way)

Health/Nutrition

• American Dietetic Association position on vegetarian diet
• American Dietetic Association: A new food guide for North American vegetarians
• The Vegan Society (UK) webpages on nutrition
• Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine
• The Vegetarian and Vegan Foundation

Ethical

• People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
• Mercy for Animals
• Farm Sanctuary

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