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Ending Life Support in the world
Approximately 30% of the Japanese population is aged 65 and over – one of the highest rates of any country in the world. In recent years, there has been a shift away from end-of-life care at home, and a dramatic increase in people who are dying in hospital, which puts a significant strain on health services.
International Longevity Center (ILC)-Japan, in collaboration with its 14 sister organizations across the globe, has continued its efforts to build a vibrant aged society where not only older people but also all the generations can support each other.
Japan is aging dramatically with fewer children, and the country is expected to have much more deaths (about 1.66 million) than births (about 0.58 million) by 2040.
In this context, it will become increasingly essential to build the environment where (1) older people can continue independent living as long as possible, (2) they can fulfill their lives even when they need assistance in daily living, (3) the quality of life (QOL) based on older people’s own decisions until the last stage can be ensured, and (4) the conditions can be acceptable to caregivers.
In order to build the environment that enables older people to stay at home, make their own decisions and have decent QOL as well as to clarify the ideal end-of-life care, we have decided to employ the method of international comparison as a starting point so that we can conduct in-depth analyses while revisiting what had been taken for granted in Japan. For this purpose, we formed an “International Comparative Study on Ideal End-of-Life Care and Death” investigation and research committee; consisting of researchers specializing in a various fields such as medicine, welfare and bioethics
Humans currently have the longest life expectancy of any time in our history. This is due to a complex array of factors including the introduction of childhood immunisations, improved sanitation, advancements in medical knowledge and improved social and healthcare practices. By 2030, one in six people in the world will be over 60 years of age.
Japan is home to the largest population of elderly people in the world, with approximately 30% of its citizens aged 60 or over. By 2030, nearly a third of the Japanese population will be aged 65 or over. The fact that Japan’s ageing population harbours an increased number of chronic health problems inevitably causes increased demand on palliative care.
Palliative care refers to health and social care provided for a person who is nearing the end of their life due to a terminal or advanced stage of an illness. Amongst other aspects, this could include pain management, distressing symptom management, assistance with washing or dressing, and providing the patient and their family with support in making medical decisions.
In most developed countries, end-of-life care will include a holistic and multi-disciplinary approach from a number of different specialists such as palliative medical consultants, palliative care nurses, specialist occupational therapists and physiotherapists.
Depending on the patient’s wishes and other factors such as medical needs and familial support, palliative care may take place at home, in a care home, a hospice or a hospital. In recent years, the most common place of death for elderly people in Japan has shifted away from their home and moved instead towards hospitals.
Research has shown this is likely due to a complex mix of factors such as the patient’s belief that better medical care is delivered in a hospital, mixed with the desire to not place the burden of caring for them on loved ones and relatives.
Our study started with the following 2 questions.
Question 1: Why have hospital deaths been increasing while deaths at home have been decreasing?
Question 2: What are the factors that determine where we die?
As a medical doctor with a 20-year experience in home-based medical care, the author
has an impression that people have a high expectation for advanced medicine and hospital medicine even in the terminal phase. In reality, because surgical treatment, including PEG, cannot be provided at home, doctors tend to refer patients to a hospital if requested.
In many cases, these patients would be hospitalized. Accordingly, medical professionals who make decisions on medical treatment, including medical doctors, nurses and other professionals, tend to approve this condition.
Consequently, it is very difficult to “discontinue” the treatment they started in a hospital. Therefore, medical treatment would be “continued” until the patient dies, even if the effect of the treatment is not clear. This seems to reflect the large number of hospital deaths in Japan.
79.2% of the professional respondents in Japan said “the ideal place to support the patient’s final days” would be “home.” However, only 8.2% said “the patient would actually spend the final days at home (see page 13).” The gap between ideal and reality was significantly larger than in other countries. It seems to suggest inadequacy of the medical and care systems that enable people to spend the final days at home and/or care facilities in Japan.
The differences among countries shown in the figure above seem to reflect the historical differences between European countries and Japan rather than cultural differences among the countries. While European countries have long history as longevity societies, Japan rapidly became one in recent years.
There should be global movement, not just at the national level, so that the rights for the quality end-of-life care can be recognized throughout the world. It seems critical to advocate that being treated with dignity and respect until the last minute is one of the basic human rights.
The purposes of the interviews are to understand the current conditions and problems surrounding end-of-life care and to find the factors that contribute to characteristics of and differences in the end-of-life care.
The table below shows the “primary reasons” for taking an actual principle in working with a patient. In Australia, the survey respondents are less likely to choose “high possibility for longer life” and are more likely to choose “respect for a patient’s dignity” and “expected improvement of QOL” particularly in the dementia case. In Japan, the proportion of “more likely to fit family’s wishes” is particularly high.
From the interviews in Australia, several key words emerged that would emphasize the importance of independent living, including “replacement for the lost Ikigai (i.e. meaning of life, life worth living),” “the patient decides his/her own treatment,” “trying not to lower QOL” and “(caregivers’) core identity and meaning of life.”
On the other hand, several unique responses in the Korean interviews include “people want to have the loved ones live as long as possible due to the strong sense of devotion,” “people tend to take care of parents at home and to feel ashamed to come to an institution” and “people still tend to think that children who put their parents in hospital are good ones while those who put their parents in nursing home are the shame.”
In other words, while Australian people tend to place top priority on QOL that focuses on individual approaches to a society, Korean people tend to have Confucian norm, though it is gradually diminishing.
These differences seem to provide a partial explanation for the survey results that Australian respondents are less likely to choose “high possibility for longer life” but more likely to choose “respect for the patient’s dignity” and “expected improvement of QOL.” Moreover, since Japanese people tend not to have such norms, there is no definite criterion for decision-making. Consequently, Japanese people seem to focus on the wishes of families, who are the central players at the moment.
The ideal place to spend the final days is “home” in each country. In reality, however, such is not the case. The gap between ideal and reality is the biggest in Japan. In Japan, the proportion of the response “easing the family burden” is relatively high.
When giving explanations to families, Japanese respondents tend to make consideration to family caregivers, putting relative importance on “family care burden” and “financial cost.” “Remaining life expectancy” is less likely to be provided in Japan.
“Pain control” is the most frequent choice as the basic principle in both the ideal and actual situations. The most frequent reason is “respect dignity.” The relatively popular choice in the actual situation is “family’s wish” in Japan and “guideline” in UK and Australia.
Japanese respondents tend to think about death more frequently. Japanese respondents are more likely to have anxiety about and/or fear of death.
“Death with little pain and fear” and “death without long struggling days” are frequent responses in each country. The proportions of the responses “death without spending so much money” and “death after the maximum efforts to prolong life” differ among the countries. In France and the Netherlands, relatively fewer respondents choose “death without spending so much money.” In France, the Netherlands and USA, relatively fewer respondents choose “death after the maximum efforts to prolong life.
“Having discussion on preferred treatments with the patient beforehand” and “allowing families and friends to meet with the patient before death” are frequent responses in each country. Japanese respondents are less likely to choose “spending as much time as possible together even if unable to have conversation,” “preparing environment so as to receive as much medical and care service as possible,” “making the patient’s suffering last short” and “following the patient’s religious or cultural ritual.”
The most frequent choice as the ideal place of death for self is “home” in each country. The proportions of “hospice (institution)” are different among the countries: the respondents in France, Australia and South Korea are more likely to choose this option. The most frequent choice as the ideal place for families to spend their final days is also “home” in each country. In South Korea, respondents are relatively more likely to choose “long-term care hospital,” “hospital, clinic” and “hospice (institution).”
The ideal persons to be present at your death
In each country, the frequent responses are “spouse” and “children.” Japanese respondents are less likely to choose “clergy.” The proportion of “doctor” is relatively high in South Korea, UK and USA.
There is a significant gap between the ideal (home) and actual (hospital) places at the end of life. In your country, what kind of measures are mainly taken to fill this gap.
In USA, although hospice services are often provided in institutional settings, the respondent points out that the possibility of receiving hospice services at home helps to facilitate the goal of end-of-life care at home.
The respondent points out that these are the possible factors for people to think of institutional end-of-life care as suitable as end-of-life care at home.
In Australia, relatively few people chose “home” as the place at the end of life both in the ideal (46.4%) and actual (8.9%) situations compared with other countries. As a primary reason for these results, the Australian respondent points out a lack of the end-of-life care funding for people who live at home alone.
In South Korea, the respondent mentions individual situations and cultural factors that influence the place. Confucian philosophy has been passed down for generations in Korean society, and the nation has chosen to prioritize families over welfare. Most people had spent their final days at home, but the proportions of hospitals and home as the place to provide end-of-life care started changing around 2002.
It is pointed out that the contributing factors include social ones, such as a trend toward the nuclear family, concentrated apartments, social advancement of women and discontinuation of the system of home visit doctors, as well as a lack of 24-hour home care services under the welfare system for the elderly. Another possible factor is that everyone has easy access to hospitals.
Under these circumstances, the respondent mentions the needs for home renovation and removing barriers in order to ensure the space for older people to remain at home, enhancement of visiting nurse services, diversification of home care services, adjustment of end-of-life care reimbursement and improvement of palliative care education for family caregivers.
The South Korean respondent points out that provision of artificial nutrition is largely influenced by cultural differences, the patient’s decision-making and families’ wishes. Confucian philosophy remains deeply rooted among caregivers in their 50s and 60s. In particular, the number of artificial nutrition cases seems to be increasing if patients are spouses because their caregivers tend to have a strong attachment to “life.” Moreover, in South Korea, most of the patients who are not certified as needing care (levels 1-3) end up in geriatric hospitals.