|
can't bear | He can't bear being alone. | He can't bear to be alone. |
can't stand | Nancy can't stand working the late shift. | Nancy can't stand to work the late shift. |
cease | The government ceased providing free health care. | The government ceased to provide free health care. |
continue | She continued talking. | She continued to talk. |
hate | He hates cleaning dishes. | He hates to clean dishes. |
like | Samantha likes reading. | Samantha likes to read. |
love | We love scuba diving. | We love to scuba dive. |
neglect | He neglected doing his daily chores. | He neglected to do his daily chores. |
prefer | He prefers eating at 7 PM. | He prefers to eat at 7 PM. |
propose | Drew proposed paying for the trip. | Drew proposed to pay for the trip. |
Although the difference in meaning is small with these particular verbs, and gerunds and infinitives can often be used interchangeably,
there is still a meaning difference.
Using a gerund suggests that you are referring to real activities or experiences. 실제적인 행위아 경험
Using an infinitive suggests that you are talking about potential or possible activities
or experiences. 잠제성/가능성있는 행동/경험
Because of this small difference in meaning, gerunds
and infinitives cannot always be used interchangeably,
such as in the
examples below.
비록 문법상 호환적으로 쓰일 수는 있다 하더라도
실제일과 잠재적인 일이라는 성격이 반영 되었다면
의미상 다를 수 있으니
그런 경우는 호환될 수 없다
Examples:
The British reporter likes living in New York. He lives in New York and he likes what he experiences there.
지금 살고있으니 할 수 있는 말; 실제성의 동명사
The
British reporter likes to live in New York whenever he works in the
United States. He likes the option or possibility of living in New York
when he works in the United
States.
지금 살고있진 않지만 앞으로 살고 싶다는 의미; 미래성의 부정사
I
like speaking French because it's such a beautiful language. I like the
experience of speaking French, and the way it makes me feel when I
speak the
language.
지금 배우고 있는 불어라 불어 하는거 좋아한다
I like to speak French when I'm in France. I prefer the option of speaking French when I am in France.
잠재성 부정사니 지금 하는지 어짜는진 모르지만 미래에 그리하면 좋겠다는것
동작자 명시가 필요하면 목적 + 부정사로 쓰고
동작자 명시가 필요 없으면 동명사를 목적으로 쓰면 된다
advise | I advised seeing a doctor. 누구한테 한건지 언급 불 필요함 | I advised them to see a doctor. 의사 볼 사람 명시 필요 |
allow | Ireland doesn't allow smoking in bars. | Ireland doesn't allow people to smoke in bars. |
encourage | He encourages eating healthy foods. | He encourages his patients to eat healthy foods. |
permit | California doesn't permit fishing without a fishing license. | California doesn't permit people to fish without a fishing license. |
require | The certificate requires completing two courses. | The certificate requires students to complete two courses. |
urge | They urge recycling bottles and paper. | They urge citizens to recycle bottles and paper. |
동명사와 부정사가 서로 다른 의미를 주는 경우 예문
http://www.englishpage.com/gerunds/gerund_or_infinitive_different_list.htm
아래 예문은 동명사와 부정사가 의미상 같아 호환 되던지 서로 다르면 호환 불가의 경우다
begin | She began singing. When "begin" is used in non-continuous tenses, you can either use a gerund or an infinitive. 둘다 사용가능 | She is beginning to sing. When "begin" is used in continuous tenses, an infinitive is used. 진행형인 경우 지금 진행되는 일 다음에 올 일이므로 미래특성상 부정사를 쓴다 |
dread | She dreaded taking the test. Usually "dread" is followed by a gerund. 일반적으로 동명사를 씀/실제일이니 두렵지 | He dreaded to think of the consequences of his actions. "Dread"
is sometimes used with infinitives such as "think" or "consider." In
the sentence above, "dreaded to think" means "did not want to think." 부정사를 쓸 경우는 무섭다는게 아니고 싫다는 의미 |
forget | She forgot reading the book when she was a kid. When
"forget" is used with a gerund, it means "to forget that you have done
something." The sentence above means that she read the book when she was
a kid, and that she has forgotten that fact. 이미 했다는 사실을 잊은것 | She forgot to pay the rent this month. When
forget is used with an infinitive, it means "to forget that you need to
do something." The sentence above means that she forgot that she needed
to pay the rent. 부정사를 쓰면 해야할 필요성이 있는데 못했다는 의미가 된다 |
keep | She kept talking. "Keep" is normally used with a gerund to mean that you continue doing an action. 계속되는 일이니 ing 형 동명사를 쓴다 | The attackers kept hostages to prevent the police from entering. "Keep" can also be used with an object followed by an infinitive, but then the infinitive takes on the meaning of "in order to... ." In the sentence above, the attackers kept hostages in order to prevent the police from entering. 부정사를 쓰면 부사적인 의도설명 내용이 된다 |
need | The house needs cleaning. When "need" is used with a gerund, it takes on a passive meaning. The sentence above means "the house needs to be cleaned." 동작자 명시가 불필요한 명사형/명칭이므로 사람아닌 사물 주어에 쓸수 있다 | He needs to call his boss. "Need" is usually used with an infinitive or an object + an infinitive. 잠재적 동작이니 동작자 명시가 필요하다 |
regret | I regretted being late to the interview. "Regret" is normally used with a gerund. 과거사라야 후회하니 과거사 특성있는 동명사를 쓴다 | We regret to inform you that your position at the company is being eliminated. "Regret" is sometimes used with infinitives such as "to inform." In the sentence above, "We regret to inform you" means "We wish we did not have to tell you (bad news)." 앞으로 말할 내용에 대해서 후회스럽게 생각한다니 잠재/미래 특색있는 부정사를 쓴다 |
remember | I remember mentioning the meeting yesterday. When
"remember" is used with a gerund, it means "to remember that you have
done something." The sentence above means that I mentioned the meeting,
and that I remember the fact that I did that. 과거사라야 기억하죠 | He remembered to turn off the lights before he left. When
"remember" is used with an infinitive, it means "to remember that you
need to do something." The sentence above means that he remembered that
he needed to turn the lights off. 할 필요가 있다는걸 기억은 했었으나 잠재적인 부정사라 실제로 했는지 아닌지는 모른다 |
start | Marge started talking really fast. When "start" is used in non-continuous tenses, you can either use a gerund or an infinitive. 동명사/부정사 둘다 좋다 | Marge is starting to talk really fast. When "start" is used in continuous tenses, an infinitive is used. I started to learn Russian, but it was so much work that I finally quit the class. In other situations, an infinitive means that you did not complete or continue an action. 단 본동작이 진행중이면 다음 동작으로 미래성 부정사가 와야한다 또한 부정사를 쓰면 완성하지 못했다는 의미란다 |
stop | He stopped smoking for health reasons. "Stop" is normally used with a gerund. 계속 진행된 일이어야 그만둘 수 있으니 ing 형 | He stopped to rest for a few minutes. When
"stop" is used with an infinitive, the infinitive takes on the meaning
of "in order to." In the sentence above, he stopped in order to rest for
a few minutes. 이 경우는 멈춘 목적/의도 설명이 된다 부정사가 부역도 하니 생기는 현상 |
try | She can't find a job. She tried looking in the paper, but there was nothing. She tried asking friends and family, but nobody knew of anything. She also tried going shop to shop, but nobody was hiring. "Try + gerund" means to try or to experiment with different methods to see if something works. She tried eating the snake soup, but she didn't like it. " Try + gerund" is often used when you experiment with something, but you do not really like it or want to do it again. 다른걸 시도해 본다는 말은 이미 한번 이상 시도 해본거니 시도가 진행중이라 사료된다 하여 ing 형 동명사 | She tried to climb the tree, but she couldn't even get off the ground. When you "try to do" something, you want to do it, but you do not succeed in actually doing it. In the sentence above, an infinitive is used because she cannot successfully climb the tree. Try not to wake the baby when you get up tomorrow at 5 AM. An infinitive is also used if you are asking someone to try something they may or may not be able to accomplish. 최초의 시도에는 시도라는 본동작에 대비하여 준동작은 미래적이라 보면 이해된다 |
동명사의 동작자라 함은
동명사의 출신이 동사인지라
비록 역할상 명사로 전용 되지만
동사 쏘가지는 여전하니 썽질상 동작 동사인지라 (그래서 be/자동/타동사 성격에 따른 술부를 대동한다)
동작자 암시가 필요한 경우도 있기에
어떤 경우는 동명사의 동작자를 명시하여 오해 소지를 발본색원 (not 발본쇄본) 하고자
소유격으로 소위 의미상 주어/동명사의 동작자를 표시한다
허나 동작자 표시가 없더라도 동작자가 있어야 동작이 있다는 원칙상 by definition
완전 명사화된 smoking 이라도 동작자는 일반적인 끽연자의 동작이라는 암시가 있다 한다
아래 예문은 동작자를 particular actor 로 특별히 명시하지 않고
general public 일반 대중으로 암시하는 우회적/간접적인 표현법/어법이다
I've suggested [counseling or taking a trip together].
* suggest 는 준동사를 목적으로 쓸 경우 동명사를 씀
이유는
suggest + -ing, such as "I suggest doing aerobic exercise at least three times a week", is used to give general advice when you don't want to or don't need to direct this advice to a particular person.
달리 말하면 명사형인 동명사이기에 동명사의 동작자를 따로 지정할 필요가 없으므로
일반적이고 '간접적인 제안'이 된다는 것이다
또 단어 자체가 우회적으로 말 할 때 쓰므로
특정인에게 하라는 동작이 아닌 동명사가 목적으로 적합하다 하겠다
부정사를 목적으로 직접 쓸 수 없는건
부정사는 동작자가 지정된 특정적이고 직접적인 제안이라 offer 등에 쓴다 한다
Here are some guidelines that have helped my ELS students understand and use "suggest":
suggest + -ing,
such as "I suggest doing aerobic exercise at least three times a week", is used to give general advice
when you don't want to or don't need to direct this advice to a particular person.
특정한 사람에게 직접적으로 충고하는 방식이 아닌 일반적인 경우의
일반인을 동작자로 암시하는 동명사를 목적으로 쓴 경우다
suggest + -ing is also used to indirectly include the speaker in the advice: "I suggest going for a walk since the weather is so nice." (= "I suggest that we go...")
우회적인 충고를 하고자 할 때 동명사를 쓰는데
일반인이 동작자니 말하는 본인도 포함된다
suggest that S V is used when you want to direct advice /to a specific person
or to specific people. Doctor to patient: "I suggest that you do more
exercise to keep your blood pressure down." "We suggest that the ruling
party act more decisively in order not to be voted out of office in the
next election."
suggest 의 목적으로 that 절을 쓴 경우로
제안/충고를 받는 대상을 확실히 명시 하고자 할 때는 주어 동사가 필요한 절로 하여 쓰나 무지 격식적이다
suggest that S V is usually followed by a subjunctive verb in North American English, but it is often followed by "should" in UK English:
미국에서는 격식문에서 suggest + that 절의 동사로 원형 동사를 써서
의무, 요구, 제안등의 기분/감정을 표시하는 가상법으로 쓰나
영국에서는 should + 원형동사로 쓴다
영국에서만 쓰는것은 아니고 미국인들도 비격식적으로 should 를 쓰나
격식문 표준으로 원형동사를 쓰도록 가르치고 표준으로 모두가 인정한다
(한국에서 어떤분은은 원형동사가 쓰인 경우를 should 가 생략되었다 하나 이는 표준을 모르고 하시는 말씀이시다)
"I suggested that John exercise more." "The teacher suggested that Mary study the lesson again."
(the usual correct US construction - notice no "s" on "exercise" or "study" because it is subjunctive)
미국 격식문에서는 여전히 요래 쓴다
Though some North Americans might say informally "I suggested that John exercises (or exercised) more", this is still considered sub-standard grammar and should be avoided in formal writing.
미국에서 이래 쓰면 비표준이라 한다
"I suggested that John should exercise more."
(commonly used in the UK - believe it or not, formal UK grammar is more flexible than formal US grammar! For example, the UK's usage of both "the government is" and "the government are" is not "okay" in US grammar!)
영국 문법은 should 를 쓰기도 하나 미국문법은 좀 까칠하다 하겠다
Examples:
위와 같은 경우가 영어를 해석으로 배워서는 않된다는 걸 증명해 준다
또한 한글을 영어로 직역 해서도 않 된다는것도 여실히 증명해준다
Remember that there are many "adjective + preposition" combinations and "noun + preposition" combinations in English as well. These are also followed by gerunds. List of Adjective + Preposition Combinations Followed by Gerunds and List of Noun + Preposition Combinations Followed by Gerunds. Once again, you don't have to memorize these resources, you just need to remember that gerunds are used after prepositions!
전치사 + 동명사구 = 전치사구로 명사나 형용사를 수식하는 형역/부역 전구의 경우이다
Examples:
Since Dan especially loved working with pine, he kept a good supply /on hand, piling leftover or unused pieces in Jered’s wood box for his own special projects