이사금, 차차웅, 마립간, 거서간, 이사장의 유래

[참으로]

이사금, 차차웅, 마립간, 거서간, 이사장의 유래

회사의 대표를 이사장이라고 한다. 우두머리인 것이다. 즉 왕이다. 이사금 isa를 인도와 페르시아에서는 예수를 “이사” 라고 부른다. “이사”는 사람을 구원할 인물 예수와 같은 존재로 보통명사로 쓴다.

이사금의 금(金), 역시 왕 최고 우두머리, 이사 역시 그런 의미로 볼 수가 있다. 이기다는 의미나 세다는 의미로 볼 수 없다.

언 어	문자발음	한 국 어
힌디어	ईसा  [ i:sa: ]	(남성형 명사) 예수 그리스도
페르시아어	عیسی [ ‛īsā ]	[기독교] 예수
터키어	İsa	(고유명사) 예수그리스도
우즈벡어	Iso Masih	예수 (고대 이스라엘)

◾신라 차차웅의 고대 알타이어 해석

다향님께서 저에게 차차웅의 알타이어 뜻을 물으셔서 드디어 가닥을 잡았습니다. 우선 '차차웅'은 두 가지 프로토 알타이어 재구성이 가능해 보입니다.

1. jaza (1.결정하다, 2.통치하다) + un(i) (주술을 걸다, 샤먼, 귀신) / ongo (옹고: 정령) / jaza- un(i) (자차운, /자차우니) ⟶주술로 통치하다, 샤먼왕  / jaza-ongo(자차옹고)  

2. 만주어 : 떼젱구 (Ddejengu) : 주술하다, 굿거리하다.

우선 1번의 경우를 보면,

Protoform: *jaza- (자차) Altaic etymology: Meaning: 1 to determine, govern 2 to create Turkish: jasa- 1 Kazakh: žasa- 2 Uighur: jasa- 2 Altai: jaza-1⟶자짜 (통치하다: govern)	Tungus etymology : Protoform: *ūńi- (우니) Altaic etymology:   Meaning: to shamanize (주술을 걸다) Negidal: ūńi- Nanai: un- Orok: ūnǯin- Oroch: uńi- Comments: ТМС 2, 277.
Altaic etymology : Protoform: *ṑńè ( ˜ *ū-, -o) (우네) Meaning: shaman, spirit (샤먼/정령) Mongolian protoform: *oŋgo-n Tungus protoform: *ūńi- Japanese protoform: *onì Comments: ? Cf. OT oŋužin 'a k. of devil'; TM *ogiaŋä 'evil spirit' ( + Orok oŋdo id.; < Mong.?).	Mongolian etymology : Protoform: *oŋgo-n (옹고) Altaic etymology:   Meaning: spirit, ancestor spirit  (정령, 조상령) Written Mongolian: oŋɣon (L 614: oŋɣun)

이상으로 보면 자차운(우니)/자차옹고 는 주술로 통치하는, 또는 샤먼킹을 의미한다고 해석되어 집니다.

또 다시 2번의 경우를 보면,

굿하다는 뜻의 만주어 '때젱구 (ddejengu)'와의 연관성도 살펴볼 수 있겠지요.
떼젱구=> 쩨젱구==> 쩨젱(구)=>자충

◾ 신라 이사금의 비밀
제가 고대 알타이어로 이것저것을 해석하니까 어떤 분은 신뢰성이 없다고 하시더군요. 그래서 이번엔 아주 작심하고 왜 원시알타이어가 중요한 지 보여드리려 합니다.

신라에 왕호는 거서간에서  마립간으로 그리고 이사금으로 갑니다. 그런데 이게 뭡니까?

이사금에 이르러서는 한편의 코미디가 펼쳐지는 것입니다. 석탈해와 유리가 왕위를 놓고 벌이는 웃지 못할 게임입니다. '자고로 이가 많은 사람이 현명하다고 했으니 어디 한 번 떡을 물어 누가 이가 많은 지 시험해 봅시다' 이것이 유리의 제안이었지요.

삼국사기를 쓴 김부식은 인텔리입니다. 아무리 쓰기 거북한 이야기가 있다고 해도 이건 너무 심하지 않습니까? 적어도 한 국가의 왕을 결정하는데 떡을 물어 이를 세어서 많은 쪽이 왕노릇을 하자니, 무언가 사연이 있었겠지요. 그 사연을 파헤쳐 봅시다. 일단 이사금의 말뜻은 '이사 +금'일 것입니다. 그러면 '이사' 로 발음되는 고대 알타이어가 있을까요? 아래를 한번 보시죠. (러시아 주립대학 세르게이 교수 논문중)

어     원	해     설
[원시알타이어군 : 물다==> ìsú (이수)] Altaic etymology (알타이 동족어) Protoform: *ìsú (이수) Meaning: to bite (물다) Turkic protoform: *isir- (이실) Middle Turkic: isir-, isur- 'to bite, to eat' (Abush., Sangl.) (중세 투르크어) Tungus protoform: *(x)ise- (이세) Japanese protoform: *ùsú Comments: SKE 73 (Kor.-Tung.), АПиПЯЯ 281.	◾위에서 보는 바처럼 원시 알타이어로 물다(bite)는 이수, 투르크어는 '이시~ㄹ’ ◾퉁구스어로는 'ㅎ이세'로 발음합니다. ◾자 그렇다면 퉁구스어 'ㅎ이세'는 각 민족별로 어떻게 발음했으며 무슨 뜻일까요?

어     원	해     설
[퉁구스 어군] Tungus etymology : *(x)ise- (ㅎ이세) Protoform: *(x)ise- (ㅎ이세) Meaning: 1 to crush 2 to beat 3 to butt, quarrel (박살내다, 이기다, 싸우다) Evenki: iše- (dial.) 1 (이세) Negidal: isi-kte- 1 (이식테) Solon: išjil- 'to contest' (잇질)==> 겨루다.. 컨테스트하다. Manzhu: isele- 2 (이셀레) Oroch: isǟmeči- 'перетягивать (друг у друга, держась за противоположные концы веревки, - игра)' Comments: ТМС 1, 336.	◾위에서 보시다시피 만주 퉁구스 제어로 'ㅎ이세'는 물다에서 박살내다,다투다, 이기다의 뜻으로 쓰여지고 있지요. ◾특히 솔롱(몽고가 우리를 솔롱고라 부릅니다)에서 '잇질'이 컨테스트하다라는 뜻으로 쓰이네요. ◾만주어로는 '이셀레'군요.. 그럼 유리가 탈해한테 '이셀레?' (이를 세어 볼레?' 이렇게 했던 것일까요? ◾그 뜻은 이를 세어 보자는 게 아니라, 겨뤄볼래? 였겠지요

결국 터어키, 몽고, 퉁구스, 만주 등의 제 민족에 있어서 '이시', '이세','잇질'등은 '물다'라는 뜻에서 겨루다, 싸우다, 박살내다 등으로 쓴다는 것을 알 수 있지요.

따라서 이시감(isikam), '이세감', '잇질감'은 그 발음 그대로  '승부를 겨뤄서 이긴 왕'을 뜻하는 겁니다. 삼국사기에는 그래서 이사금을 이질금(尼叱今)이라고도 한다고 한 것이지요. 이질금은 '잇질'이라고 발음하는 솔롱족의 발음과 일치합니다.

탈해와 유리가 무엇을 가지고 자웅을 겨뤘는 지는 모르나 적어도 떡을 물어서 이를 세었다는 것은 '이시~ㄹ', '잇시', '잇질', '이셀레''라는 겨루다라는 말을 후대에 둘러댄 것이 분명해 보입니다.

◾아리랑의 수수께끼

아리랑,아리랑, 아라리요..
아리랑고개를 넘어간다.

나를 버리고 가시는 님은
십리도 못가서 발병이 나리..

여기서 '아라리'는 아주 흥미로운 단어입니다. 수메르의 저승 여신 인안나가 남편 두무치의 죽음을 슬퍼하며 아라리(Arari)에 두무치를 남겨 놓고 떠나야 하는 것을 울며 탄식하는 내용이지요.

'아라리(arari)' 는 영원한 삶을 약속하는 땅인 동시에 저승을 의미하는 곳입니다. 그래서 후에는 '죽음'을 의미했던 것이지요. 아리랑을 수메르에서 찾는 것이다소 황당 스러우실 수 있습니다. 하지만 사실 수메르어를 고대 알타이어와 대조해 보면 정말 믿기 어려울 정도로 유사한 부분이 많습니다.

이것을 들이대면 미친놈 소리를 들을까봐 함부로 못합니다.

그중에 기자 (Gija)라는 단어도 있는데, 그 뜻은 '신하의 예를 지키지 않는 사람', 반항자를 뜻합니다. 이 수메르어 gija가 기자조선의 기자와 연관이 있다고 하면 저는 미친놈이겠지요. 수메르어 짜-짜 (za-za)가 요란하게 끊임없이 소리를 내는 무당 즉 샤먼을 뜻하기에 그것이 신라 '차차웅'과 관련이 있을 거라고 해도 저는 미친놈일거구요. 군주를 뜻하는 수메르어 말리크(malik)가 마립간과 관계있다고 하면 더 미친놈이 되고, 결정적으로 이가 많으면 현명하다는 뜻에서 이세주(ece(many)+zu(teeth))가 현명한을 뜻하고 이것이 이사금과 관련을 지으면 아예 상대를 안 하겠지요.

그런데 삼국사기에 탈해가 '내 듣기로 이가 많으면 덕과 지혜가 많다고 하니 떡을 물어 이를 세어보자'고 했는데 이가 많으면 현명하다는 것이 수메르의 생각과 같은 것은 그냥 다 우연이라고 해 버리면 될까요? 아리랑 이야기하다가 이상하게 되 버렸군요.

◾거서간(Gerser Khan)

Here is a short version of the Geser story read by students in Buryatia. As far as I know this is the first translation of any form of the shamanist Geser myth into English. Please consult the Golomt home page glossary if any of the shamanist terms in the story are unfamiliar (click here to access glossary).

Geser, Hero of the People 

The War Among the Tenger

This happened in the very earliest of times. At that time, the mountain Sumber stood at the center of the world and extended up to heaven, but Lake Baikal was nothing more than a small pond. In the upper world, beyond the downy clouds, were the 55 tenger of the western direction and the 44 tenger of the eastern direction. The leader of the tenger of the west was Han Hormasta, the leader of the 44 eastern tenger was Atai Ulaan. Between them was the land of Sagaan Sebdeg (Blue Ice) Tenger. One time Han Hormasta and Atai Ulaan happened to meet at the border of the lands of Sagaan Sebdeg. Atai Ulaan asked, "What business do you have coming here?" and so they argued and argued and finally it turned into a fight. Han Hormasta won after smashing Atai Ulaan into pieces. He then tore off Atai Ulaan's head and tore his body into bits and scattered them in the air. When the pieces drifted down to earth they turned into evil spirits and all sorts of diseases. The people living on earth were ruled by three brothers, Sargal Noyon, Sengelen Noyon, and Hara Zutan. Suddenly there appeared on the land all sorts of evil spirits in strange forms which wreaked havoc among mankind. First they polluted the waters. Then all the animals got sick with plague and anthrax and started to disappear. Animals were hungry and were dying off. The shamaness which served the three brothers, Sharnaihan Shara, shamanized, calling to the tenger to help the suffering of the world, and when she reached ecstasy, she threw her drumstick to the sky, and it flew to the upper world and landed on the table of Manzan Gurme Toodei, mother of all the sky spirits. When the drumstick came flying up to her, Manzan Gurme Toodei was very astonished, and took out her shaman mirror and when she gazed into it she saw that the animals and humans on earth were in danger of disappearing. Knowing this, she called the tenger to meet and decide what to do to save mankind. Han Hormasta had three sons, the middle son was Bukhe Beligte. The tenger decided to send him down to earth to become a human. After being born as a human he would kill off the monsters and save the people. When the Hero was Born on Earth The oldest of the three leaders of the people, Sargal Noyon, had a dream. He said,"On the north side of Sumber Mountain I saw a lark singing , it was a bird from the tenger. If it can come down to earth it would save us from our troubles!" Hara Zutan, while hunting in the mountain forests, saw the lark come down. It turned into a remarkably beautiful maiden. It was Naran Goohon, the daughter of Naran Dulaan Tenger (tenger of the sun). Hara Zutan brought the maiden home with him and presented her to his brothers. Sargal Noyon said, "We will marry her to Sengelen Noyon. But since she is now living as a human we have to change the face of this heavenly woman and make her ordinary. She will live with Sengelen Noyon in a tepee and they will eat out of carved wooden pots like poor people." Hara Zutan said, "I will mutilate this woman!" He then slashed her hands and feet, and disfigured her face so that she was no longer beautiful. After this was done, Sengelen Noyon and Naran Goohon were married. They were sent far away to live in a smoke-filled tepee and were completely helpless. They had no dog, not did they have a child to raise upon the knee. They had no livestock and practically no possessions. They survived by gathering wild onions and garlic, netting small fish and catching rabbits with snares. One night while Naran Goohon was sleeping inside the tepee she awakened suddenly. Her bedcover suddenly raised up, and then she heard the steps of a man walking away, but she saw no one. She then realized that the slashes on her hands, feet, and face had disappeared. That night she became pregnant and she rejoiced that she would have a child. Finally the day that the couple was waiting for arrived. When the little red infant was first born, he raised his right hand up as if to strike, bent his left leg, and looked at them with the right eye wide open and the left eye squinted. Then the newborn baby spoke these wise words, "I hold up my right hand to show I will strike my enemies. Bending the left leg shows I will kick my enemies. My wide open eye shows that I will always see the right path. My squinted eye shows that I will be able to see through deceit." Thus the middle son of Han Hormasta, Bukhe Beligte, was born as a man on this earth. He starts to defeat enemies while still in the cradle While Bukhe Beligte was lying in his cradle, the enemies he was born to defeat learned about his arrival on earth. The evil spirits lived in a place that was dry, sunless, all plants were withered in this clearing in the forest. They met and decided that they would kill the newborn child. They sent a giant rat with a bronze muzzle to kill him. The little baby grabbed a whip with 18 tails, and struck the rat so that it shattered into ninety tiny mice. The evil spirits then sent a raven with an iron beak and claws, black as night. The boy smashed the raven into bits, then with great strength threw the beak and claws so that they flew all the way back to the clearing in the forest where it had been sent from. The hateful enemies of the child then sent a giant mosquito as large as a horse. The baby took a red whip and struck it with great force, saying "forever be hungry and fly among the grasses!" and the giant mosquito turned into a cloud of mosquitoes and gnats. Seeing that the three monsters they had sent were destroyed, the boy's enemies were much dismayed. Nine hundred monsters and ninety evil spirits met together and said to their leader, "O great powerful one, a magical boy has been sent to earth by the will of Tenger! We need to kill this child, to smash him, to beat him into a pulp, to crush him!" Therefore after some time the leader of the evil ones traveled to the boy's native land with the purpose of exterminating him. Upon reaching the border of Sengelen Noyon's lands he changed his appearance into that of a shaman. According to the custom of hospitality he walked into the dwelling of Sengelen Noyon's family, saying, "I am a shaman who has traveled from a long distance away. I have heard that you recently gave birth to a child. I have come to help and protect him." The baby started crying loudly. The shaman said "Why is the boy crying, is it because of his illness?" and approached the cradle. As he neared the child the guest turned back into the monster he truly was. He shouted "I will take away your suld, cut off your life, and eat your ami!" and showed a mouth full of iron fangs. The baby was ready for him. He grabbed the iron muzzle of the monster, and kicked his neck so that his head was torn off. He then threw the monster's head to the ground. The hero's growth did not go from year to year like most children, nor from month to month, but rather day by day he grew larger and stronger. His parents said, "Before he turned even four years old he has defeated four enemies!" and rejoiced at having such a child. When he would sleep they would wrap him in a sheep's skin, but soon it was too small and they had to wrap him in a cowhide instead. While playing he would run, jump, and yell. How the boy came to be called Nuhata Nurgai Heroes usually are born into and spend their early years in poor households. When they are small they do not wear brocades and silk but rather wear poor and nasty clothing. For this reason they will never get cold. The elder brother of the child's father, Sargal Noyon, came one day to visit his younger brother Sengelen Noyon. He regretted that he had married off Naran Goohon and sent her with his brother to live in exile as poor people. Therefore, when he saw that they had a child he was very happy. He wanted to adopt this child who showed the temperament of a warrior. He said, "Let me take this child with me, and he can grow up and play with my own two sons!" The boy's parents agreed. Sargal Noyon then released his brother from his exile and Sengelen Noyon returned with his wife Naran Goohon to her own family in the upper world. The child that was to become Geser in the future was quite a troublesome and confusing little boy for his parents. He would urinate in his swaddling great amounts of water like a river, and when he would defecate in his cradle the smell was powerful. He would run around barefoot with snot running out of his nose. When Sargal Noyon came home he gave a feast to celebrate the arrival of the boy. He told his guests, "Up to this time this boy has no name. Find me a suitable name for him!" he told his people, "To the one who gives me a name I will give meat enough to cover his head like a hat and a lump of fat as big as his head!" From among the people an old man leaning on a white walking stick said, "He has snot running from his nose, he is sweaty and muddy. Why not call him Nuhata Nurgai (Slimy Face)?" Everybody laughed, and, smiling, Sargal Noyon embraced the old man warmly. After that time Nuhata Nurgai watched Sargal Noyon's animals. Sargal Noyon's own two sons were called Altan Shagai and Mungun Shagai. They constantly tested his strength, tested his quickness of mind with riddles, and sent him out on the hunt. He succeeded at any test that they put him to. Sargal Noyon then thought, "Any man who can endure such tests at this time was certainly born to defeat the monsters and evil things on the earth!" At that time the leader of the people of the northwestern lands, Temeen Ulaan, has a very beautiful daughter named Tumen Jargalan. He announced that he would give his daughter in marriage to any man who was able to win three demonstrations of strength. Warriors came from many different households and gathered for the contest. Nuhata Nurgai also came, wearing old clothes and riding a mouse brown two year old colt. But once the contests began he won every single one. He shot a huge liver colored rock so forcefully with his arrow that it shattered into flints. His arrow then uprooted a pine tree from the forest and it shattered into splinters, then broke apart an ephedra bush. No one was able to match this kind of ability. Among them was the boy's uncle Hara Zutan, and from that time onward poisonous hatred boiled in his heart toward his nephew. Having won all the contests, Nuhata Nurgai took Tumen Jargalan back to his own country as his wife. After returning home, before long Nuhata Nurgai went out again on his travels. He still rode the little mousy colt, and was armed with a simple red willow bow and horn tipped willow shafted arrows. He went here and there about the world. He arrived at one country where its ruler, Shaazgai Bayan, was promising to give his daughter in marriage to any man who was able to defeat a giant warrior. The giant had a powerful black body, a chest as wide as the sea, armor of forged iron, a broad strong bow, a quiver made of planks, rode a buckskin horse and had a powerful booming voice. With the power of his body and the quickness of his mind Nuhata Nurgai was able to win the contest. He therefore was able to take Shaazgai Bayan's daughter, Urmai Goohon, back to his home as his second wife. How the Hero was transformed into Geser Tumen Jargalan, Urmai Goohon, and Nuhata Nurgai had a very dull life together. Their life became poorer and worse every day. The two wives were very astonished, for after he had brought them home he never slept with them. Instead, he would always go out at night and would not return until daybreak. One night Nuhata Nurgai climbed to the summit of Mount Sumber and did a ritual to honor Etseg Malaan Tenger. There, at the summit of the mountain, his face changed into his true appearance as Bukhe Beligte. Instead of a boy's body he had the appearance of a warrior, a dark red brown face, broad white teeth, a powerful broad chest, powerful black fists, multicolored eyes, and black hair a fathom long! Looking down from the upper world Bukhe Beligte Tenger's father, Han Hormasta saw his son upon the summit of the mountain. He took back the warrior's equipment that Bukhe Beligte had entrusted to Etseg Malaan Tenger before his birth. He then sent these things down on a warrior's horse, a bay that came down from heaven. It had hooves that would never slip, legs that would never get cold, and a mane that was three armfuls worth of hair. When it alighted upon the mountain its hooves struck sparks upon the rocks and lightning glittered in its eyes! The horse was named Beligen (gift). The warrior who had now become Geser grabbed the red reins of the horse, put his feet into the silver stirrups and sat upon the silver saddle. He rode down toward the world, and saw the seven lands while riding his horse. His bay steed Beligen galloped between heaven and earth through the skies, the hero had become like the eagle. On his way back to his home Geser met thirty three warriors, three thousand and ninety soldiers, and three hundred captains for his army. They followed him as he traveled toward his home. Thus Geser came to the world to kill the monsters, suppress the evil spirits, and bring life and happiness to all people and living things.Sengelen Noyon and Naran Goohon rejoiced to know they had borne such a heroic son. When Tumen Jargalan and Urmai Goohon realized that they were married to such a handsome warrior they were content. He was then asked, "Where shall the people's famous hero Geser make his home?" He answered, "By the great river, on the shores of the eternal lake, by the Hatan River, and on the shores of the black lake, in the land of the larks!" (the eternal, black lake is Lake Baikal) In this beautiful land Geser lived happily for three years and a day. Geser's Third Wife Alma Mergen One day Geser got up and told his family, "I am tires of eating beef, I miss eating game. I will go hunting in the Altai and Sayan mountains." Thus Geser went hunting among the peaks of the Altai and Sayan Mountains. After three days of hunting he had not killed a single deer. On the fourth day he saw a spotted deer running in the forest and he followed it. Then suddenly a young man riding a chestnut horse appeared and shot the deer before Geser. While at a trot the boy reached down, grabbed the dead deer, swung it up on his horse, and galloped away. Geser was angry and shouted after the boy. He then rode after him and continued to shout, but the boy ignored him and continued riding. Geser did not want to return home without the deer. In great anger he struck Beligen with his whip and pursued the boy. The boy and his horse were starting to get tired, and they were approaching the shores of Baikal. But the youth rode fearlessly into the waters of the lake and disappeared. Geser tied his horse to a tree and entered the waters of the lake supporting himself with his spear. He then discovered that he had found the entrance to the country of Uha Loson, the head of the water spirits. The rider of the chestnut horse was none other than the daughter of Uha Loson. When she had met Geser she had taken on the appearance of a young man while hunting. He came to the house of Uha Loson and announced who he was, and he was introduced to Alma Mergen. When he was young, Uha Loson had known Han Hormasta quite well and had become anda. Furthermore, they had agreed that his daughter Alma Mergen and Han Hormasta's son Bukhe Beligte would be married. According to this custom, Alma Mergen became Geser's third wife. After ten days of feasting Geser announced his intention to return to his homeland. He had still not slept with his new wife. Alma Mergen used her own guile to keep Geser from leaving and put a drug in his food that made him lose all his thoughts and worries about his former life. He did not know whose son he was, where he came from, where he was going, he was powerless to remember anything. At this time Alma Mergen became pregnant and gave birth to a daughter. Days and months went by, and became years. Geser had become stupid, and did not remember his home, his lands, or his livestock. Instead he watched the animals belonging to his father-in-law. On the shore of the lake his horse Beligen had turned into skin and bones and was barely able to stand. At that time the western tenger looked down from the upper world and were astonished, saying, "We have not heard about Geser for a long time, we do not hear the galloping of his horse Beligen." They then sent Bukhe Beligte's three older sisters down to earth to see what had happened. After traveling to many places the three sisters came to Uha Loson's land and found Geser. They slapped him on the right cheek and he vomited up a black object, then they slapped him on the left cheek and he vomited up the rest of the drug that had deprived him of his senses. They then smudged him with juniper and sprayed him with spring water so that his body returned to normal. Geser went out hunting, killed a moose, and threw the carcase before his father in law, announcing to Uha Loson that he was returning to his own country, saying, "You do not catch foreigners in a net, you cannot fit a moose's leg in a kettle," and he left taking his wife and daughter with him. When Uha Loson brought them to the shore of the lake it was night. Geser immediately went looking for his horse. When he found Beligen, his horse was barely alive, but Geser hugged him around the neck, happy to find him again. Once Beligen the bay horse had regained his strength Geser, his wife Alma Mergen, and his daughter returned to the land of the big river, the eternal lake, the Hatan river, the black lake. Geser then built three houses for his three wives. With happiness filling his heart he would say to them affectionately, "Is the sun in the sky beautiful, or is Tumen Jargalan beautiful? Is the sun in the heavens beautiful, or is Urmai Goohon beautiful? Is the golden sun beautiful, or is Alma Mergen beautiful?