[부정사] 부정사와 동사의 유형

[나병모]

부정사를 취하는 동사는 목적어의 유무 및 의문사의 선택에 따라 다음 4 가지 유형으로 분류할 수 있다. 첫 번째 유형은 단순히 부정사만을 취하는 경우, 두 번째는 의문사를 취하는 경우, 세 번째는 목적어를 취하는 경우, 네 번째는 목적어가 선택적인 경우이다.

유형 1: 동사 + to 부정사

agree, endeavour,  proceed, aim, fail,  promise, appear, forget, prove, arrange, guarantee, refuse
attempt, happen, resolve, bother(negative), hesitate, seem, care(negative), hope, swear
choose, learn, tend, claim, long for, threaten, condescend, manage, trouble(negative)
consent, neglect, try(=attempt),,decide, offer, undertake, demand, plan, volunteer
determine, prepare, vow, be determined, pretend

• 다음 숙어 표현도 부정사를 취한다.

  do one's best/do what one can
  make an/every effort
  make up one's mind (decide)
  take the trouble
  turn out(prove to be)
  

• 위의 동사 가운데 appear, forget, happen, learn, pretend, promise, prove, seem, swear, threaten, undertake 등은 부정사 대신 that절을 취할 수 있다.

  
  I promise to wait = I promise that I will wait.
  He pretended to be angry = He pretended that he was angry.

  그러나 부정사와 that절이 의미상 다른 경우도 있다.
  
  He forgot to leave the car keys on the table(자동차 키를 두고 오지 않음)
  He forgot that his brother wanted to use the car.(자동차 키를 두고 옴)
  

• occur가 부정사나 that절에서 주절 주어로 it을 취하는 반면, appear, happen, seem, turn out은 that절에서만 it을 주어로 삼는다.
  
  It didn't occurred to me that he was trying to conceal something.
  It turned out that his 'country cottage' was an enormous bungalow.
  His country cottage turned out to be an enormous bungalow.
  

• agree, arrange, claim, decide, demand, determine, be determined, resolve 등은 that절을 취하는 경우 should를 쓴다.
  
  They decided to divide the profits equally.
  =They decided that the profits should be divided equally.
  
  I arranged to meet them.
  = I arranged for Tom to meet them.
  
  I arranged that Tom should meet them.
  = I arranged that they should be met by Tom.
  

• appear, happen, pretend, seem 다음에는 흔히 진행부정사가 온다.
  
  I happened to be looking out of the window when they arrived.
  He seems to be following us.
  

유형 2: 동사 + 의문사 + to 부정사

• ask, decide, discover, find out, forget, know, learn, remember, see, show + 목적어, think, understand, want to know, wonder 등은 의문사 + to 부정사를 취한다.
  

  
  He discovered how to open the safe.
  I found out where to buy fruit cheaply.
  I didn't know when to switch the machine off.
  I showed her what to do with the rubbish.
  I've been wondering where to hang my new picture.
  I'll have to think what to wear.
  

• want to know, wonder 다음에는 whether + to 부정사를 쓸 수 있으며, decide, know, remember, think 다음에는 부정어가 올 수 있다.
  
  I wonder/wondered whether to write or phone
  You needn't decide yet whether to study arts or science.
  He couldn't remember whether to turn left or right.
  

• ask, decide, forget, learn, remember 다음에 바로 부정사가 올 수 있으나 의미가 다르다.
  
  She learned how to make lace.(특수한 기술인 경우)
  She learned to drive a car.(일반적인 기술인 경우)
  
  

유형 3: 동사 + (목적어) + to 부정사

• ask, beg, expect, would hate, help, intend, like, would like, would love, mean, prefer, want, wish 등은 목적어가 선택적이다.
  
  He likes to have a good meal at midday.
  He likes his staff to have a good meal at midday.
  I want to learn German.
  I want my children to learn German.
  
  
• ask, beg은 두 문형간에 의미 차이가 있다.
  
  I asked to speak to Mr Jones = I said, 'Could I speak to Mr Jones?'
  I asked Bill to speak to Mr Jones = I said, 'Bill, would you speak to Mr Jones?'

  I begged(to be allowed) to go with him = I said, 'Please let me go with you.'
  I begged him to go = I said, 'please go.'
  

• expect의 경우 두 구문의 의미가 같으나, 목적어를 취할 경우에 의무감을 나타내기도 한다.
  
  I expect to arrive tomorrow = I think it is likely that I will arrive tomorrow.
  I expect him to arrive tomorrow = I think it is likely that he will arrive tomorrow.
  
  He expects his wife to bring him breakfast in bed at weekends(He thinks it is her duty to do this)
  
  
• hate, intend, like, love, mean, want는 동명사도 가능하다.
  

유형 4: 동사 + 목적어 + to 부정사

advise, allow, ask, bribe, compel, command, encourage, entitle, forbid, force, induce, implore, instruct, invite, oblige, order, persuade, remind, request, show how, teach/teach how, tell/tell how, tempt, urge 등이 이러한 구문에 쓰이며, feel, hear, let, make, see, watch 등의 사역동사와 감각동사는 동사의 원형을 취한다.



He encouraged me to try again.
She reminded him to buy petrol.
They invited us to go with them.

• ask의 경우 목적어 생략이 가능하나, 목적어를 쓰는 것이 일반적이다.
  
• advise, allow, permit는 동명사를 취할 수 있다.

• make는 능동태에서, 그리고 let는 능동태와 수동태에서 동사의 원형을 취한다.
  
  He made me move my car.
  cf. I was made to move my car(수동태에서는 to를 쓰는 것에 유의)
  She let us use her phone.
  After looking at our passports they let us go.
  After they had looked at our passports we were let go/allowed to go.
  
  
• feel, hear, see, watch 다음에는 동사의 원형이 온다. 그러나 see와 hear의 경우 수동태에서 to가 나타난다.
  
        I felt the house shake.
        I heard her shout, 'Stop!'
        I saw him take the money.
        He was seen to take the money.

  
    지각동사의 경우 현재분사가 나타나기도 한다.
  
  I heard her shouting.
  I saw him taking the money.
  

• show/teach/tell + how
  
  He showed me how to change a fuse.
  He told me how to replace a fuse.
  He told me to change the fuse.
  
       He taught me how to light a fire without matches.
       He taught me to ride.
       He taught me to obey all commands without asking questions.
  

• remind, show, teach, tell 다음에는 that절이 올 수 있다.
  
  He reminded me to drive slowly.
  = He reminded me that the road was dangerous.
  
  He showed me how to open the safe.
  = He showed me that it was quite easy.
  
        He told me to go
        = He told me that I was already late.
  

• ask, request 다음에 that절이 오면 should가 쓰인다.
  
  He requested/asked that the matter should be kept secret.