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Summoning artists to participate
In the august occasions of the state
Seems something artists ought to celebrate.
Today is for my cause a day of days.
And his be poetry’s old-fashioned praise
Who was the first to think of such a thing.
This verse that in acknowledgement I bring
Goes back to the beginning of the end
Of what had been for centuries the trend;
A turning point in modern history.
Colonial had been the thing to be
As long as the great issue was to see
What country’d be the one to dominate
By character, by tongue, by native trait,
The new world Christopher Columbus found.
The French, the Spanish, and the Dutch were downed
And counted out. Heroic deeds were done.
Elizabeth the First and England won.
Now came on a new order of the ages
That in the Latin of our founding sages
(Is it not written on the dollar bill
We carry in our purse and pocket still?)
God nodded his approval of as good.
So much those heroes knew and understood,
I mean the great four, Washington,
John Adams, Jefferson, and Madison
So much they saw as consecrated seers
They must have seen ahead what not appears,
They would bring empires down about our ears
And by the example of our Declaration
Make everybody want to be a nation.
And this is no aristocratic joke
At the expense of negligible folk.
We see how seriously the races swarm
In their attempts at sovereignty and form.
They are our wards we think to some extent
For the time being and with their consent,
To teach them how Democracy is meant.
"New order of the ages" did they say?
If it looks none too orderly today,
’Tis a confusion it was ours to start
So in it have to take courageous part.
No one of honest feeling would approve
A ruler who pretended not to love
A turbulence he had the better of.
Everyone knows the glory of the twain
Who gave America the aeroplane
To ride the whirlwind and the hurricane.
Some poor fool has been saying in his heart
Glory is out of date in life and art.
Our venture in revolution and outlawry
Has justified itself in freedom’s story
Right down to now in glory upon glory.
Come fresh from an election like the last,
The greatest vote a people ever cast,
So close yet sure to be abided by,
It is no miracle our mood is high.
Courage is in the air in bracing whiffs
Better than all the stalemate an’s and ifs.
There was the book of profile tales declaring
For the emboldened politicians daring
To break with followers when in the wrong,
A healthy independence of the throng,
A democratic form of right devine
To rule first answerable to high design.
There is a call to life a little sterner,
And braver for the earner, learner, yearner.
Less criticism of the field and court
And more preoccupation with the sport.
It makes the prophet in us all presage
The glory of a next Augustan age
Of a power leading from its strength and pride,
Of young amibition eager to be tried,
Firm in our free beliefs without dismay,
In any game the nations want to play.
A golden age of poetry and power
Of which this noonday’s the beginning hour.
The land was ours hefore we were the land’s.
She was our land more than a hundred years
Before we were her people. She was ours
In Massachusetts, in Virginia,
But we were England’s, still colonials,
Possessing what we still were unpossessed by,
Possessed by what we now no more possessed.
Something we were withholding made us weak
Until we found out that it was ourselves
We were withholding from our land of living,
And forthwith found salvation in surrender.
Such as we were we gave ourselves outright
(The deed of gift was many deeds of war)
To the land vaguely realizing westward,
But still unstoried, artless, unenhanced,
Such as she was, such as she would become.
Accidentally on Purpose
The Universe is but the Thing of things,
The things but balls all going round in rings.
Some mighty huge, some mighty tiny,
All of them radiant and mighty shiny.
They mean to tell us all was rolling blind
Till accidentally it hit on mind
In an albino monkey in the jungle,
And even then it had to grope and bungle,
Till Darwin came to earth upon a year
To show the evolution how to steer.
They mean to tell us, though, the Omnibus
Had no real purpose until it got to us.
Never believe it. At the very worst
It must have had the purpose from the first
To produce purpose as the fitter bred:
We were just purpose coming to a head.
Whose purpose was it, His or Hers or Its?
Let’s leave that to the scientific wits.
Grant me intention, purpose and design—
That’s near enough for me to the divine.
And yet with all this help of head and brain,
How happily instinctive we remain.
Our best guide upward farther to the light:
Passionate preference such as love at sight.
A Never Naught Song
There was never naught,
There was always thought.
But when noticed first
It was fairly burst
Into having weight.
It was in a state
Of atomic One.
Matter was begun—
And in fact complete,
One and yet discree
To conflict and pair.
Everything was there,
Every single thing
Waiting was to bring,
Clear from hydrogen
All the way to men.
It is all the tree
It will ever be,
Bole and Branch and root
Cunningly minute.
And this gist of all
Is so infra-small
As to blind our eyes
To its every guise
And so render nil
The whole Yggdrasill.
Out of coming-in
Into having been!
So the picture’s caught
Almost next to naught
But the force of thought.
Version
Once there was an Archer,
And there was a minute
When He shot a shaft
On a New Departure.
Then He must have laughed:
Comedy was in it.
For the game He hunted
Was the non-existence
Of the Phoenix pullet
(The Μἠ ὄν of Plato),
And the shaft got blunted
On her non-resistance,
Like a dum-dum bullet—
Did in fact get splattered
Like a ripe tomato.
That’s how matter mattered.
A Concept Self-Conceived
The latest creed that has to be believed
And entered in our childish catechism
Is that the All’s a concept self-conceived,
Which is no more than good old Pantheism.
Great is the reassurance of recall.
Why go on further with confusing voice
To say God’s either All or over all?
The rule is, never give a child a choice.
[Forgive, O Lord…]
Forgive, O Lord, my little jokes on Thee
And I’ll forgive Thy great big one on me.
Kitty Hawk
Back there in 1953 with the Huntington Cairnses
(A skylark for them in three-heat phrases)
Kitty Hawk, O Kitty,
There was once a song,
Who knows but a great
Emblematic ditty,
I might well have sung
When I came here young
Out and down along
Past Elizabeth City
Sixty years ago.
I was, to be sure,
Out of sorts with Fate,
Wandering to and fro
In the earth alone,
You might think too poor-
Spirited to care
Who I was or where
I was being blown
Faster than my tread—
Like the crumpled, better-
Left-unwritten letter
I had read and thrown.
Oh, but not to boast,
Ever since Nag’s Head
Had my heart been great,
Not to claim elate,
With a need the gale
Filled me with to shout
Summary riposte
To the dreary wail
There’s no knowing what
Love is all about.
Poets know a lot.
Never did I fail
Of an answer back
To the zodiac
When in heartless chorus
Aries and Taurus,
Gemini and Cancer
Mocked me for an answer.
It was on my tongue
To have up and sung
The initial flight
I can see now might—
Should have been—my own
Into the unknown,
Into the sublime
Off these sands of Time
Time had seen amass
From his hourglass.
Once I told the Master,
Later when we met,
I’d been here one night
As a young Alastor
When the scene was set
For some kind of flight
Long before he flew it.
Just supposing I—
I had beat him to it.
What did men mean by
THE original?
Why was it so very,
Very necessary
To be first of all?
How about the lie
That he wasn’t first?
I was glad he laughed.
There was such a lie
Money and maneuver
Fostered overlong
Until Herbert Hoover
Raised this tower shaft
To undo the wrong.
Of all crimes the worst
Is to steal the glory
From the great and brave,
Even more accursed
Than to rob the grave.
But the sorry story
Has been long redressed.
And as for my jest
I had any claim
To the runway’s fame
Had I only sung,
That is all my tongue.
I can’t make it seem
More than that my theme
Might have been a dream
Of dark Hatteras
Or sad Roanoke,
One more fond alas
For the seed of folk
Sowed in vain by Raleigh,
Raleigh of the cloak,
And some other folly.
Getting too befriended,
As so often, ended
Any melancholy
Götterdämmerung
That I might have sung.
I fell in among
Some kind of committee
From Elizabeth City,
Each and every one
Loaded with a gun
Or a demijohn.
(Need a body ask
If it was a flask?)
Out to kill a duck
Or perhaps a swan
Over Currituck.
This was not their day
Anything to slay
Unless one another.
But their lack of luck
Made them no less gay,
No, nor less polite.
They included me
Like a little brother
In their revelry—
All concern to take
Care my innocence
Should at all events
Tenderly be kept
For good gracious’ sake.
And if they were gentle
They were sentimental.
One drank to his mother
While another wept.
Something made it sad
For me to break loose
From the need they had
To make themselves glad
They were of no use.
Manners made it hard,
But that night I stole
Off on the unbounded
Beaches where the whole
Of the Atlantic pounded.
There I next fell in
With a lone coast guard
On midnight patrol,
Who as of a sect
Asked about my soul
And where-all I’d been.
Apropos of sin,
Did I recollect
How the wreckers wrecked
Theodosia Burr
Off this very shore?
’Twas to punish her,
But her father more—
We don’t know what for:
There was no confession.
Things they think she wore
Still sometimes occur
In someone’s possession
Here at Kitty Hawk.
We can have no notion
Of the strange devotion
Burr had for his daughter:
He was too devoted.
So it was in talk
We prolonged the walk,
On one side the ocean,
And on one a water
Of the inner sound;
“And the moon was full,”
As the poet said
And I aptly quoted.
And its being full
And right overhead,
Small but strong and round,
By its tidal pull
Made all being full.
Kitty Hawk, O Kitty,
Here it was again
In the self same day,
I at odds with men
Came upon their pity,
Equally profound
For a son astray
And a daughter drowned.
When the chance went by
For my Muse to fly
From this Runway Beach
As a figure of speech
In a flight of words,
Little I imagined
Men would treat this sky
Someday to a pageant
Like a thousand birds.
Neither you nor I
Ever thought to fly.
Oh, but fly we did,
Literally fly.
That’s because though mere
Lilliputians we’re
What Catullus called
Somewhat (aliquid).
Mind you, we are mind.
We are not the kind
To stay too confined.
After having crawled
Round the place on foot
And done yeoman share
Of just staying put,
We arose from there
And we scaled a plane
So the stilly air
Almost pulled our hair
Like a hurricane.
Then I saw it all.
Pulpiteers will censure
Our instinctive venture
Into what they call
The material
When we took that fall
From the apple tree.
But God’s own descent
Into flesh was meant
As a demonstration
That the supreme merit
Lay in risking spirit
In substantiation.
Westerners inherit
A design for living
Deeper into matter—
Not without due patter
Of a great misgiving.
All the science zest
To materialize
By on-penetration
Into earth and skies
(Don’t forget the latter
Is but further matter)
Has been West-Northwest.
If it was not wise,
Tell me why the East
Seemingly has ceased
From its long stagnation
In mere meditation.
What is all the fuss
To catch up with us?
Can it be to flatter
Us with emulation?
Spirit enters flesh
And for all it’s worth
Charges into earth
In birth after birth
Ever fresh and fresh.
We may take the view
That its derring-do
Thought of in the large
Was one mighty charge
On our human part
Of the soul’s ethereal
Into the material.
In a running start,
As it were from scratch,
On a certain slab
Of (we’ll say) basalt
In or near Moab
With intent to vault
In a vaulting match,
Never mind with whom
(No one, I presume,
But ourselves—mankind,
In a love and hate
Rivalry combined)—
’Twas a radio
Voice that said, “Get set
In the alphabet,
That is, A B C,
Which someday should be
Rhymed with 1 2 3
On a college gate.”
Then the radio
Region voice said, “Go,
Go you on to know
More than you can sing.
Have no hallowing fears
Anything’s forbidden
Just because it’s hidden.
Trespass and encroach
On successive spheres
Without self-reproach.”
Then for years and years
And for miles and miles
’Cross the Aegean Isles,
Athens, Rome, France, Britain,
Always West-Northwest,
As have I not written,
Till the so-long-kept
Purpose was expressed
In the leap we leapt.
And the radio
Cried, “The Leap—The Leap!”
It belonged to US,
Not our friends the Russ,
To have run the event
To its full extent
And have won the crown,
Or let’s say the cup,
On which with a date
Is the inscription, though,
“Nothing can go up
But it must come down.”
Earth is still our fate.
The uplifted sight
We enjoyed at night
When instead of sheep
We were counting stars,
Not to go to sleep,
But to stay awake
For good gracious’ sake,
Naming stars to boot
To avoid mistake,
Jupiter and Mars,
Just like Pullman cars,
’Twas no vain pursuit.
Some have preached and taught
All there was to thought
Was to master Nature
By some nomenclature.
But if not a law
’Twas an end foregone
Anything we saw
And thus fastened on
With an epithet,
We would see to yet—
We would want to touch,
Not to mention clutch.
Talk Aloft
Someone says the Lord
Says our reaching toward
Is its own reward.
One would like to know
Where God says it, though.
We don’t like that much.
Let’s see where we are.
What’s that sulphur blur
Off there in the fog?
Go consult the log.
It’s some kind of town,
But it’s not New York.
We’re not very far
Out from where we were.
It’s still Kitty Hawk.
We’d have got as far
Even at a walk.
Don’t you crash me down.
Though our kiting ships
Prove but flying chips
From the science shop
And when motors stop
They may have to drop
Short of anywhere,
Though our leap in air
Prove as vain a hop
As the hop from grass
Of a grasshopper,
Don’t discount our powers;
We have made a pass
At the infinite,
Made it, as it were,
Rationally ours,
To the most remote
Swirl of neon-lit
Particle afloat.
Ours was to reclaim
What had long been faced
As a fact of waste
And was waste in name.
That’s how we became,
Though an earth so small,
Justly known to fame
As the Capital
Of the universe.
We make no pretension
Of projecting ray
We can call our own
From this ball of stone,
None I don’t reject
As too new to mention.
All we do’s reflect
From our rocks, and yes,
From our brains no less.
And the better part
Is the ray we dart
From this head and heart,
The mens animi.
Till we came to be
There was not a trace
Of a thinking race
Anywhere in space.
We know of no world
Being whirled and whirled
Round and round the rink
Of a single sun
(So as not to sink),
Not a single one
That has thought to think.
The Holiness of Wholeness
Pilot, though at best your
Flight is but a gesture,
And your rise and swoop,
But a loop the loop,
Lands on someone hard
In his own backyard
From no higher heaven
Than a bolt of levin,
I don’t say retard.
Keep on elevating.
But while meditating
What we can’t or can
Let’s keep starring man
In the royal role.
It will not be his
Ever to create
One least germ or coal.
Those two things we can’t.
But the comfort is
In the covenant
We may get control,
If not of the whole,
Of at least some part
Where not too immense,
So by craft or art
We can give the part
Wholeness in a sense.
The becoming fear
That becomes us best
Is lest habit-ridden
In the kitchen midden
Of our dump of earning
And our dump of learning
We come nowhere near
Getting thought expressed.
The Mixture Mechanic
This wide flight we wave
At the stars or moon
Means that we approve
Of them on the move.
Ours is to behave
Like a kitchen spoon
Of a size Titanic
To keep all things stirred
In a blend mechanic,
Saying That’s the tune,
That’s the pretty kettle!
Matter mustn’t curd,
Separate and settle.
Action is the word.
Nature’s never quite
Sure she hasn’t erred
In her vague design
Till on some fine night
We two come in
Like a king and queen
And by right divine,
Waving scepter-baton,
Undertake to tell her
What in being stellar
She’s supposed to mean.
God of the machine,
Peregrine machine,
Some still think is Satan,
Unto you the thanks
For this token flight,
Thanks to you and thanks
To the brothers Wright,
Once considered cranks
Like Darius Green
In their hometown, Dayton.
Auspex
Once in a California Sierra
I was swooped down upon when I was small,
And measured, but not taken after all,
By a great eagle bird in all its terror.
Such auspices are very hard to read.
My parents when I ran to them averred
I was rejected by the royal bird
As one who would not make a Ganymede.
Not find a barkeep unto Jove in me?
I have remained resentful to this day
When any but myself presumed to say
That there was anything I couldn’t be.
The Draft Horse
With a lantern that wouldn’t burn
In too frail a buggy we drove
Behind too heavy a horse
Through a pitch-dark limitless grove.
And a man came out of the trees
And took our horse by the head
And reaching back to his ribs
Deliberately stabbed him dead.
The ponderous beast went down
With a crack of a broken shaft.
And the night drew through the trees
In one long invidious draft.
The most unquestioning pair
That ever accepted fate
And the least disposed to ascribe
Any more than we had to to hate,
We assumed that the man himself
Or someone he had to obey
Wanted us to get down
And walk the rest of the way.
Ends
Loud talk in the overlighted house
That made us stumble past.
Oh, there had once been night the first,
But this was night the last.
Of all the things he might have said,
Sincere or insincere,
He never said she wasn’t young,
And hadn’t been his dear.
Oh, some as soon would throw it all
As throw a part away.
And some will say all sorts of things,
But some mean what they say.
Peril of Hope
It is right in there
Betwixt and between
The orchard bare
And the orchard green,
When the boughs are right
In a flowery burst
Of pink and white,
That we fear the worst.
For there’s not a clime
But at any cost
Will take that time
For a night of frost.
Questioning Faces
The winter owl banked just in time to pass
And save herself from breaking window glass.
And her wings straining suddenly aspread
Caught color from the last of evening red
In a display of underdown and quill
To glassed-in children at the windowsill.
Does No One At All Ever Feel This Way In The Least?
O ocean sea, for all your being vast,
Your separation of us from the Old
That should have made the New World newly great
Would only disappoint us at the last
If it should not do anything foretold
To make us different in a single trait.
This though we took the Indian name for maize
And changed it to the English name for wheat.
It seemed to comfort us to call it corn.
And so with homesickness in many ways
We sought however crudely to defeat
Our chance of being people newly born.
And now, O sea, you’re lost by aeroplane.
Our sailors ride a bullet for a boat.
Our coverage of distance is so facile
It makes us to have had a sea in vain.
Our moat around us is no more a moat,
Our continent no more a moated castle.
Grind shells, O futile sea, grind empty shells
For all the use you are along the strand.
I cannot hold you innocent of fault.
Spring water in our mountain bosom swells
To pour fresh rivers on you from the land,
Till you have lost the savor of your salt.
I pick a dead shell up from where the kelp
Lies in a windrow, brittle-dry and black,
And holding it far forward for a symbol
I cry, “Do work for women—all the help
I ask of you. Grind this I throw you back
Into a lady’s finger ring or thimble.”
The ocean had been spoken to before.
But if it had no thought of paying heed
To taunt of mine I knew a place to go
Where I need listen to its rote no more,
Nor taste its salt, nor smell its fish and weed,
Nor be reminded of them in a blow—
So far inland the very name of ocean
Goes mentionless except in baby-school
When teacher’s own experiences fail her
And she can only give the class a notion
Of what it is by calling it a pool
And telling them how Sinbad was a sailor.
The Bad Island—Easter
(Perhaps so called because it may have risen once)
That primitive head
So ambitiously vast,
Yet so rude in its art,
Is as easily read
For the woes of the past
As a clinical chart.
For one thing alone,
The success of the lip
So scornfully curled,
Has that tonnage of stone
Been brought in a ship
Halfway round the world.
They were days on that stone.
They gave it the wedge
Till it flaked from the ledge.
Then they gave it a face.
Then with tackle unknown
They stood it in place
On a cliff for a throne.
They gave it a face
Of what was it? Scorn
Of themselves as a race
For having been born?
And then having first
Been cajoled and coerced
Into being beruled?
By what stratagem
Was their cynical throng
So cozened and fooled
And jollied along?
Were they told they were free
And persuaded to see
Something in it for them?
Well they flourished and waxed
By executive guile,
By fraud and by force,
Or so for a while;
Until overtaxed
In nerve and resource
They started to wane.
They emptied the aisle
Except for a few
That can but be described
As a vile residue,
And a garrulous too.
They were punished and bribed;
All was in vain,
Nothing would do.
Some mistake had been made
No book can explain,
Some change in the law
That nobody saw
Except as a gain.
But one thing is sure,
Whatever kultur
They were made to parade,
What heights of altrur-
ian thought to attain,
Not a trace of it’s left
But the gospel of sharing,
And that has decayed
Into a belief
In being a thief
And persisting in theft
With cynical daring.
Our Doom To Bloom
“Shine, perishing republic.”
ROBINSON JEFFERS
Cumaean Sibyl, charming Ogress,
What are the simple facts of Progress
That I may trade on with reliance
In consultation with my clients?
The Sibyl said, “Go back to Rome
And tell your clientele at home
That if it’s not a mere illusion
All there is to it is diffusion—
Of coats, oats, votes, to all mankind.
In the Surviving Book we find
That liberal, or conservative,
The state’s one function is to give.
The bud must bloom till blowsy blown
Its petals loosen and are strown;
And that’s a fate it can’t evade
Unless ’twould rather wilt than fade.”
The Objection To Being Stepped On
At the end of the row
I stepped on the toe
Of an unemployed hoe.
It rose in offense
And struck me a blow
In the seat of my sense.
It wasn’t to blame
But I called it a name.
And I must say it dealt
Me a blow that I felt
Like malice prepense.
You may call me a fool,
But was there a rule
The weapon should be
Turned into a tool?
And what do we see?
The first tool I step on
Turned into a weapon.
A-Wishing Well
A poet would a-wishing go,
And he wished love were thus and so.
“If but it were,” he said, said he,
“And one thing more that may not be,
This world were good enough for me.”
I quote him with respect verbatim.
Some quaint dissatisfaction ate him.
I would give anything to learn
The one thing more of his concern.
But listen to me register
The one thing more I wish there were.
As a confirmed astronomer
I’m always for a better sky.
(I don’t care how the world gets by.)
I’m tempted to let go restraint,
Like splashing phosphorescent paint,
And fill the sky as full of moons
As circus day of toy balloons.
That ought to make the Sunday Press.
But that’s not like me. On much less
And much, much easier to get,
From childhood has my heart been set.
Some planets, the unblinking four,
Are seen to juggle moons galore.
A lot would be a lot of fun.
But all I ask’s an extra one.
Let’s get my incantation right:
“I wish I may, I wish I might”
Give earth another satellite.
Where would we get another? Come,
Don’t you know where new moons are from?
When clever people ask me where
I get a poem, I despair.
I’m apt to tell them in N e w York
I think I get it via stork
From some extinct old chimney pot.
Believe the Arcadians or not,
They claim they recollect the morn
When unto Earth her first was born.
It cost the Earth as fierce a pang
As Keats (or was it Milton? ) sang
It cost her for Enormous Caf.
It came near splitting her in half.
’Twas torn from her Pacific side.
All the sea water in one tide
And all the air rushed to the spot.
Believe the Arcadians or not,
They saved themselves by hanging on
To a plant called the silphion,
Which has for its great attribute
It can’t be pulled up by the root.
Men’s legs and bodies in the gale
Streamed out like pennants swallow-tail.
Most of them let go and were gone.
But there was this phenomenon:
Some of them gave way at the wrist
Before they gave way at the fist.
In branches of the silphion
Is sometimes found a skeleton
Of desperately clutching hand
Science has failed to understand.
One has been lately all the talk
In the museum of Antioch.
That’s how it was from the Pacific.
It needn’t be quite so terrific
To get another from the Atlantic.
It needn’t be quite so gigantic
As coming from a lesser ocean.
Good liberals will object my notion
Is too hard on the human race.
That’s something I’m prepared to face.
It merely would entail the purge
That the just-pausing Demiurge
Asks of himself once in so often
So the firm firmament won’t soften.
I am assured at any rate
Man’s practically inexterminate.
Someday I must go into that.
There’s always been an Ararat
Where someone someone else begat
To start the world all over at.
How Hard it Is to Keep from Being King When it's in You and In the Situation
The King said to his son: “Enough of this!
The Kingdom’s yours to finish as you please.
I’m getting out tonight. Here, take the crown.”
But the Prince drew away his hand in time
To avoid what he wasn’t sure he wanted.
So the crown fell and the crown jewels scattered.
And the Prince answered, picking up the pieces,
“Sire, I’ve been looking on, and I don’t like
The looks of empire here. I’m leaving with you.”
So the two making good their abdication
Fled from the palace in the guise of men.
But they had not walked far into the night
Before they sat down weary on a bank
Of dusty weeds to take a drink of stars.
And eyeing one he only wished were his,
Rigel, Bellatrix, or else Betelgeuse,
The ex-King said, “Yon star’s indifference
Fills me with fear I’ll be left to my fate:
I needn’t think I have escaped my duty,
For hard it is to keep from being King
When it’s in you and in the situation.
Witness how hard it was for Julius Caesar.
He couldn’t keep himself from being King.
He had to be stopped by the sword of Brutus.
Only less hard was it for Washington.
My crown shall overtake me, you will see;
It will come rolling after us like a hoop.”
“Let’s not get superstitious, Sire,” the Prince said.
“We should have brought the crown along to pawn.”
“You’re right,” the ex-King said, “we’ll need some money.
How would it be for you to take your father
To the slave auction in some marketplace
And sell him into slavery? My price
Should be enough to set you up in business—
Or making verse if that is what you’re bent on.
Don’t let your father tell you what to be.”
The ex-King stood up in the marketplace
And tried to look ten thousand dollars’ worth.
To the first buyer coming by who asked
What good he was he boldly said, “I’ll tell you:
I know the Quintessence of many things.
I know the Quintessence of food, I know
The Quintessence of jewels, and I know
The Quintessence of horses, men, and women.”
The eunuch laughed: “Well, that’s a lot to know.
And here’s a lot of money. Who’s the taker?
This larrikin? All right. You come along.
You’re off to Xanadu to help the cook.
I’ll try you in the kitchen first on food
Since you put food first in your repertory.
It seems you call quintessence qwintessence.”
“I’m a Rhodes scholar—that’s the reason why.
I was at college in the Isle of Rhodes.”
The slave served his novitiate dishwashing.
He got his first chance to prepare a meal
One day when the chief cook was sick at heart.
(The cook was temperamental like the King.)
And the meal made the banqueters exclaim
And the Great King inquire whose work it was.
“A man’s out there who claims he knows the secret,
Not of food only but of everything,
Jewels and horses, women, wine, and song.”
The King said grandly, “Even as we are fed
See that our slave is also. He’s in favor.
Take notice, Haman, he’s in favor with us.”
There came to court a merchant selling pearls,
A smaller pearl he asked a thousand for,
A larger one he asked five hundred for.
The King sat favoring one pearl for its bigness,
And then the other for its costliness
(He seems to have felt limited to one),
Till the ambassadors from Punt or somewhere
Shuffled their feet as if to hint respectfully,
“The choice is not between two pearls, O King,
But between peace and war as we conceive it.
We are impatient for your royal answer.”
No estimating how far the entente
Might have deteriorated had not someone
Thought of the kitchen slave and had him in
To put an end to the King’s vacillation.
And the slave said, “The small one’s worth the price,
But the big one is worthless. Break it open.
My head for it—you’ll find the big one hollow.
Permit me.” And he crushed it under his heel
And showed them it contained a live teredo.
“But tell us how you knew,” Darius cried.
“Oh, from my knowledge of its quintessence.
I told you I knew the quintessence of jewels.
But anybody could have guessed in this case,
From the pearl’s having its own native warmth,
Like flesh, there must be something living in it.”
“Feed him another feast of recognition.”
And so it went with triumph after triumph
Till on a day the King, being sick at heart
(The King was temperamental like his cook,
But nobody had noticed the connection),
Sent for the ex-King in a private matter.
“You say you know the inwardness of men,
As well as of your hundred other things.
Dare to speak out and tell me about myself.
What ails me? Tell me. Why am I unhappy?”
“You’re not where you belong. You’re not a King
Of royal blood. Your father was a cook.”
“You die for that.”
“No, you go ask your mother.”
His mother didn’t like the way he put it,
“But yes,” she said, “someday I’ll tell you, dear.
You have a right to know your pedigree.
You’re well descended on your mother’s side,
Which is unusual. So many Kings
Have married beggar maids from off the streets.
Your mother’s folks——”
He stayed to hear no more,
But hastened back to reassure his slave
That if he had him slain it wouldn’t be
For having lied but having told the truth.
“At least you ought to die for wizardry.
But let me into it and I will spare you.
How did you know the secret of my birth?”
“If you had been a King of royal blood,
You’d have rewarded me for all I’ve done
By making me your minister-vizier,
Or giving me a nobleman’s estate.
But all you thought of giving me was food.
I picked you out a horse called Safety Third,
By Safety Second out of Safety First,
Guaranteed to come safely off with you
From all the fights you had a mind to lose.
You could lose battles, you could lose whole wars,
You could lose Asia, Africa, and Europe,
No one could get you: you would come through smiling.
You lost your army at Mosul. What happened?
You came companionless, but you came home.
Is it not true? And what was my reward?
This time an all-night banquet, to be sure,
But still food, food. Your one idea was food.
None but a cook’s son could be so food-minded.
I knew your father must have been a cook.
I’ll bet you anything that’s all as King
You think of for your people—feeding them.”
But the King said, “Haven’t I read somewhere
There is no act more kingly than to give?”
“Yes, but give character and not just food.
A King must give his people character.”
“They can’t have character unless they’re fed.”
“You’re hopeless,” said the slave.
“I guess I am;
I am abject before you,” said Darius.
“You know so much, go on, instruct me further.
Tell me some rule for ruling people wisely,
In case I should decide to reign some more.
How shall I give a people character?”
“Make them as happy as is good for them.
But that’s a hard one, for I have to add:
Not without consultation with their wishes;
Which is the crevice that lets Progress in.
If we could only stop the Progress somewhere,
At a good point for pliant permanence,
Where Madison attempted to arrest it.
But no, a woman has to be her age,
A nation has to take its natural course
Of Progress round and round in circles
From King to Mob to King to Mob to King
Until the eddy of it eddies out.”
“So much for Progress,” said Darius meekly.
“Another word that bothers me is Freedom.
You’re good at maxims. Say me one on Freedom.
What has it got to do with character?
My satrap Tissaphernes has no end
Of trouble with it in his Grecian cities
Along the Aegean coast. That’s all they talk of.”
“Behold my son in rags here with his lyre,”
The ex-King said. “We’re in this thing together.
He is the one who took the money for me
When I was sold—and small reproach to him.
He’s a good boy. ’Twas at my instigation.
I looked on it as a Carnegie grant
For him to make a poet of himself on
If such a thing is possible with money.
Unluckily it wasn’t money enough
To be a test. It didn’t last him out.
And he may have to turn to something else
To earn a living. I don’t interfere.
I want him to be anything he has to.
He has been begging through the Seven Cities
Where Homer begged. He’ll tell you about Freedom.
He writes free verse, I’m told, and he is thought
To be the author of the Seven Freedoms:
Free Will, Trade, Verse, Thought, Love, Speech, Coinage.
(You ought to see the coins done in Cos.)
His name is Omar. I as a Rhodes scholar
Pronounce it Homer with a Cockney rough.
Freedom is slavery some poets tell us.
Enslave yourself to the right leader’s truth,
Christ’s or Karl Marx’, and it will set you free.
Don’t listen to their play of paradoxes.
The only certain freedom’s in departure.
My son and I have tasted it and know.
We feel it in the moment we depart
As fly the atomic smithereens to nothing.
The problem for the King is just how strict
The lack of liberty, the squeeze of law
And discipline should be in school and state
To insure a jet departure of our going
Like a pip shot from ’twixt our pinching fingers.”
“All this facility disheartens me.
Pardon my interruption; I’m unhappy.
I guess I’ll have the headsman execute me
And press your father into being King.”
“Don’t let him fool you: he’s a King already.
But though almost all-wise, he makes mistakes.
I’m not a free-verse singer. He was wrong there.
I claim to be no better than I am.
I write real verse in numbers, as they say.
I’m talking not free verse but blank verse now.
Regular verse springs from the strain of rhythm
Upon a meter, strict or loose iambic.
From that strain comes the expression strains of music.
The tune is not that meter, not that rhythm,
But a resultant that arises from them.
Tell them Iamb, Jehovah said, and meant it.
Free verse leaves out the meter and makes up
For the deficiency by church intoning.
Free verse, so called, is really cherished prose,
Prose made of, given an air by church intoning.
It has its beauty, only I don’t write it.
And possibly my not writing it should stop me
From holding forth on Freedom like a Whitman—
A Sandburg. But permit me in conclusion:
Tell Tissaphernes not to mind the Greeks.
The freedom they seek is by politics,
Forever voting and haranguing for it.
The reason artists show so little interest
In public freedom is because the freedom
They’ve come to feel the need of is a kind
No one can give them—they can scarce attain—
The freedom of their own material:
So, never at a loss in simile,
They can command the exact affinity
Of anything they are confronted with.
This perfect moment of unbafflement,
When no man’s name and no noun’s adjective
But summons out of nowhere like a jinni.
We know not what we owe this moment to.
It may be wine, but much more likely love—
Possibly just well-being in the body,
Or respite from the thought of rivalry.
It’s what my father must mean by departure,
Freedom to flash off into wild connections.
Once to have known it, nothing else will do.
Our days all pass awaiting its return.
You must have read the famous valentine
Pericles sent Aspasia in absentia:
For God himself the height of feeling free
Must have been His success in simile
When at sight of you He thought of me.
Let’s see, where are we? Oh, we’re in transition,
Changing an old King for another old one.
What an exciting age it is we live in—
With all this talk about the hope of youth
And nothing made of youth. Consider me,
How totally ignored I seem to be.
No one is nominating me for King.
The headsman has Darius by the belt
To lead him off the Asiatic way
Into oblivion without a lawyer.
But that is as Darius seems to want it.
No fathoming the Asiatic mind.
And father’s in for what we ran away from.
And superstition wins. He blames the stars,
Aldebaran, Capella, Sirius
(As I remember they were summer stars
The night we ran away from Ctesiphon),
For looking on and not participating.
(Why are we so resentful of detachment?)
But don’t tell me it wasn’t his display
Of more than royal attributes betrayed him.
How hard it is to keep from being King
When it’s in you and in the situation.
And that is half the trouble with the world
(Or more than half I’m half inclined to say).”
Lines Written in Dejection on the Eve of Great Success
I once had a cow that jumped over the moon,
Not onto the moon but over.
I don’t know what made her so lunar a loon;
All she’d been having was clover.
That was back in the days of my godmother Goose.
But though we are goosier now,
And all tanked up with mineral juice,
We haven’t caught up with my cow.
Postscript
But if over the moon I had wanted to go
And had caught my cow by the tail,
I’ll bet she’d have made a melodious low
And put her foot in the pail;
Than which there is no indignity worse.
A cow did that once to a fellow
Who rose from the milking stool with a curse
And cried, “I’ll larn you to bellow.”
He couldn’t lay hands on a pitchfork to hit her
Or give her a stab of the tine,
So he leapt on her hairy back and bit her
Clear into her marrow spine.
No doubt she would have preferred the fork.
She let out a howl of rage
That was heard as far away as New York
And made the papers’ front page.
He answered her back, “Well, who begun it?”
That’s what at the end of a war
We always say—not who won it,
Or what it was foughten for.
The Milky Way is a Cowpath
On wings too stiff to flap
We started to exult
In having left the map
On journey the penult.
But since we got nowhere,
Like small boys we got mad
And let go at the air
With everything we had.
Incorrigible Quidnuncs,
We would see what would come
Of pelting heaven with chunks
Of crude uranium.
At last in self-collapse
We owned up to our wife
The Milky Way perhaps
Was woman’s way of life.
Our un-outwitted spouse
Replied she had as soon
Believe it was the cow’s
That overshot the moon.
The parabolic curve
Of her celestial track,
As any might observe,
Might never bring her back.
The famous foster nurse
Of man and womankind
Had for the universe
Left trivia behind;
And gone right on astray
Through let-down pasture bars
Along the Milky Way
A-foraging on stars,
Perennial as flowers,
To where as some allege
This universe of ours
Has got a razor edge;
And if she don’t take care
She’ll get her gullet cut,
But that is no affair
Of anybody’s but—
The author of these words,
Whose lifelong unconcern
Has been with flocks and herds
For what they didn’t earn.
Some Science Fiction
The chance is the remotest
Of its going much longer unnoticed
That I’m not keeping pace
With the headlong human race.
And some of them may mind
My staying back behind
To take life at a walk
In philosophic talk;
Though as yet they only smile
At how slow I do a mile,
With tolerant reproach
For me as an Old Slow Coach.
But I know them what they are:
As they get more nuclear
And more bigoted in reliance
On the gospel of modern science,
For them my loitering around
At less than the speed of sound
Or even the speed of light
Won’t seem unheretical quite.
They may end by banishing me
To the penal colony
They are thinking of pretty soon
Establishing on the moon.
With a can of condensed air
I could go almost anywhere,
Or rather submit to be sent
As a noble experiment.
They should try one wastrel first
On a landscape so accursed
To see how long they should wait
Before they make it a state
* * *
Envoi to Hyde the Castaway of Crow Island
I made this you to beguile
With some optimism for Christmas
On your isle that would be an isle
But isn’t because of an isthmus.
Quandary
Never have I been sad or glad
That there was such a thing as bad.
There had to be, I understood,
For there to have been any good.
It was by having been contrasted
That good and bad so long had lasted.
That’s why discrimination reigns.
That’s why we need a lot of brains
If only to discriminate
’Twixt what to love and what to hate.
To quote the oracle of Delphi,
Love thou thy neighbor as thyself, aye,
And hate him as thyself thou hatest.
There quandary is at its greatest.
We learned from the forbidden fruit
For brains there is no substitute.
“Unless it’s sweetbreads,” you suggest
With innuendo I detest.
You drive me to confess in ink:
Once I was fool enough to think
That brains and sweetbreads were the same,
Till I was caught and put to shame,
First by a butcher, then a cook,
Then by a scientific book.
But ’twas by making sweetbreads do
I passed with such a high I.Q.
A Reflex
Hear my rigmarole.
Science stuck a pole
Down a likely hole
And he got it bit.
Science gave a stab
And he got a grab.
That was what he got.
“Ah,” he said, “Qui vive,
Who goes there, and what
ARE we to believe?
That there is an It?”
In a Glass of Cider
It seemed I was a mite of sediment
That waited for the bottom to ferment
So I could catch a bubble in ascent.
I rode up on one till the bubble burst,
And when that left me to sink back reversed
I was no worse off than I was at first.
I’d catch another bubble if I waited.
The thing was to get now and then elated.
From Iron
Tools And Weapons
To Ahmed S. Bokhari
Nature within her inmost self divides
To trouble men with having to take sides.
[Four-Room Shack...]
Four-room shack aspiring high
With an arm of scrawny mast
For the visions in the sky
That go blindly pouring past.
In the ear and in the eye
What you get is what to buy.
Hope you’re satisfied to last.
[But Outer Space...]
But outer Space,
At least this far,
For all the fuss
Of the populace,
Stays more popular
Than populous.
On Being Chosen Poet of Vermont
Breathes there a bard who isn’t moved
When he finds his verse is understood
And not entirely disapproved
By his country and his neighborhood?
[We Vainly Wrestle…]
We vainly wrestle with the blind belief
That aught we cherish
Can ever quite pass out of utter grief
And wholly perish.
[It Takes All Sorts…]
It takes all sorts of in- and outdoor schooling
To get adapted to my kind of fooling.
[In Winter In The Woods…]
In winter in the woods alone
Against the trees I go.
I mark a maple for my own
And lay the maple low.
At four o’clock I shoulder ax,
And in the afterglow
I link a line of shadowy tracks
Across the tinted snow.
I see for Nature no defeat
In one tree’s overthrow
Or for myself in my retreat
For yet another blow.
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In the Clearing (1962) - Deirdre Fagan
In the Clearing was Frost’s final volume of poetry. Its
working title had been “The Great Misgiving,” from
line 229 of “Kitty Hawk,” a poem that appeared in
the volume. Frost may certainly have had some
misgivings about the poems in In the Clearing, as
the book was postponed many times before finally
reaching publication on Frost’s 88th birthday. It
had also been 15 years since his last volume, Steeple
Bush, was published in 1947.
The book’s final title was derived from its third
poem, “A Cabin in the Clearing,” which had also
been Frost’s Christmas poem in 1951. When the
volume first appeared, a signed limited edition of
1,500 copies also was published. The volume had a
sly epigraph, “And wait to watch the water clear, I
may,” and was dedicated, “Letters in prose to Louis
Untermeyer, Sidney Cox, and John Bartlett for
them to dispose of as they please; these to you in
verse for keeps.” All three of the men named were
longtime friends of Frost; the “you” of the dedica
tion was another dear friend, Kay Morrison.
Despite Frost’s initial reservations, the volume
was an immediate best-seller, which eventually
reached 60,000 copies. The reviews of the book
were also fair, though written largely by friends and
admirers. John Ciardi wrote in the Saturday Review
of Literature that there were “two main stages” in
Frost’s verse: “The poet of passion and the poet of
wit and whimsy” (Parini, 424). Since the book was
his final volume, it was likely not held to the same
standards as his earlier work but was instead viewed
as another step in the poet’s lifelong journey in
verse.
Stephen D. Warner writes that “The real value
of the volume is in the new confidence reflected
through the tone and statement of the poems. They
affirm the truths of earlier poems through a broad
ened application and an elevated perspective”
(411). Referencing Frost’s pun in “The Milky Way
is a Cowpath,” he adds: “Frost’s career became the
‘parabolic curve’ that didn’t overshoot the moon
but plunged back into matter to complete the cycle
explicit in his early orthodoxy” (411).
The contents of the book were preceded by an
excerpt from “Kitty Hawk” titled “But God’s Own
Descent,” which begins with that title line and ends
with the line “Into the material.” The excerpt can
be read as a kind of self-proclamation of the poet’s
life’s achievement of “risking spirit in substantia-
tion” and of “charg[ing] into earth / In birth after
birth” in his poems.
The volume does not hold the great gems of
Frost’s career, such as “Birches,” “Death of the
Hired Man,” “Design,” “Home Burial,” “Depart
mental,” “Neither Out Far nor In Deep,” “The
Road Not Taken,” or “Stopping by Woods on a
Snowy Evening.” It does not reveal Frost at his cre
ative best. It does, however, include some good
poems.
There are playful pieces that have some merit,
such as “In a Glass of Cider” and “The Objection
to Being Stepped On.” In the first the poet equates
elation with bubbles in a glass of cider; when he is
elated, he rides a bubble to the top of the glass by
catching one in ascent. The second has a speaker
who is struck in his “sense” by “an unemployed
hoe.” These two poems are reminiscent of the poet
of “Departmental” in their playfulness.
Some poems reveal an aging, thoughtful poet
who can write skillfully even when he is not mas
terly. Frost still had much to say about the nature of
things, and the volume includes not only poems of
the playful sort but a number of poems that reflect
earlier propensities, as well as quite a few of what
might be called philosophical poems. In some ways
the poet’s work had become more philosophical and
scientific though less inspired in his later years, as if
he were working on getting his ideas out.
The more philosophical poems, include “Acci
dentally on Purpose,” in which the poet postulates
existence as a purposeful accident, and “A Never
Naught Song,” which, in keeping with the theme
that there has always been a “purpose,” proposes
that there was never “naught,” nothing, “[t]here
was always thought.” This poem imagines the Big
Bang as a “burst” of matter and the bursting forth
of the universe as an “atomic One.” Both of these
are included in the Cluster of Faith.
In still other poems in the Cluster of Faith, there
are meditations on the nature of religion, a subject
that interested Frost throughout his career. He
remained, it seems, agnostic until the end, asking
for “forgiveness” in his usual tongue-and-cheek
fashion when he writes to God, “Forgive, O Lord,
my little jokes on Thee / And I’ll forgive Thy great
big one on me.”
Some of the poems express Frost’s wish that art
continue long after he has ceased, such as “Escapist
Never” and “Closed for Good.” In the first Frost
represents humanity and himself at their best, where
“life is a pursuit of a pursuit forever.” In the second
the poet knows that eventually he will cease his role
as a “foot printer,” and “some slight beast / So mousy
or so foxy” will take his place. By paying homage to
those who came before him, he indicates that those
who follow him should not forget him either but
should instead “print there” as his “proxy.”
Frost also chose to include some occasion poems,
such as “For John F. Kennedy His Inauguration”
and “On Being Chosen Poet of Vermont.” He
seemed to be thinking about the future of his coun
try, revealing his nationalistic and patriotic side in
“Does No One at All Ever Feel This Way in the
Least?” and “America Is Hard to See.” Indeed, the
many facets of Frost that were evident in the earlier
poems find their way, at least to some extent, into
the poems in this valedictory volume.
The closing poem, “[In winter in the woods
alone],” Jay Parini maintains, could have easily
been included in A Boy’s Will. The poet returns to
a similar theme, himself alone in nature. And as in
so many of his earlier poems, he sees in “Nature no
defeat.” He overcomes. Frost once said at a reading
that the last line of the poem “Or for myself in my
retreat / For yet another blow” was a “threat to
write another book” (Parini, 421). Parini says that
“Many poems in this book fall into the category of
light verse, though there is often a darker side to
the joke” (421), and this darker side is characteris
tic Frost, right until the end.
Some poems seem to look back to old insecuri
ties and childhood wishes. In “Auspex” Frost writes,
“I have remained resentful to this day / When any
but myself presume to say / That there was any
thing I couldn’t be.” Even after accumulating
numerous honorary doctorates and awards, the old
poet seemed to feel he still had something to prove,
and even on the “Eve of a Great Success” those
lines could be, borrowing from one of Samuel Tay
lor Coleridge’s titles, “Written in Dejection.” But
Frost had made his point long before: “How Hard
It Is to Keep from Being King When It’s in You and
in the Situation.”
Frost puns on his own name a number of times
in his works. In this volume he does so pointedly in
“Peril of Hope.” He begins “It is right in there,”
without specifying what “it” is. He continues,
“Betwixt and between / The orchard bare and the
orchard green,” depicting the orchard as the fertile
ground for his life’s work. “When the orchard’s
right,” he says, “[i]n a flowery burst / Of all that’s
white, / That we fear the worst.” What is “in there”
is the fear that all will be undone, that all will be
forgotten. The poem closes, “For there’s not a clime
/ But at any cost / Will take that time / For a night
of frost.” Any who have spent a night with the
poetry of Frost know that there was no peril to his
hope. As his last formal gesture to the world, the
ever-insecure Frost still hid in a familiar landscape,
fearful and hopeful at once.
FURTHER READING
Brown, Terrence. “Robert Frost’s In the Clearing: An
Attempt to Reestablish the Persona of ‘The Kindly
Grey Poet,’ ” Papers on Language and Literature 5
(1969): 110–118.
Cramer, Jeffrey S. Robert Frost among His Poems: A Lit
erary Companion to the Poet’s Own Biographical
Contexts and Associations. Jefferson, N.C.: MacFar
land, 1996.
Parini, Jay. Robert Frost: A Life. New York: Holt, 1999,
421–424.
Richardson, Mark. “Frost and the Cold War: A Look
at the Later Poetry.” In Roads Not Taken: Rereading
Robert Frost, edited by Earl J. Wilcox and Jonathan
N. Barron, 55–77. Columbia: University of Mis
souri Press, 2000.
Warner, Stephen D. “Robert Frost in the Clearing:
The Risk of Spirit in Substantiation.” In Frost Cen
tennial Essays, edited by Jac Tharpe, 398–411.
Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1974.
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Context
Frost has always stood a large but solitary figure in the landscape of twentieth- century American poets. Unlike almost all of his luminary contemporaries and near-contemporaries –Eliot, Pound, Stevens, Williams, cummings, and Moore – Frost enjoyed an unrivaled popularity with a general readership. At the same time, at least for a long period, Frost had the respect of his peers and of critics as one of the great artists of his era. Yet he has often baffled some critics, scholars, and readers for his appearance of both artistic and political conservatism, a refusal to participate in the ferment of modernist and postmodernist preoccupations with either self-defined ideas of the new or the self-reflexive attitudes toward language. A great craftsman, he seemed to believe in values of individualism, order, and human agency in an age when it had become simply na¨ıve to do so. Yet many readers have, even during his life, perceived his subtle and acute insight into human psychology, and a vision of life in the poetry that though couched sometimes in humor and wit was, without question, terrifying and bleak. Frost developed a way both within and outside his poetry of seeming offhanded if not, sometimes, funny (in all senses of the word) and humorous, often joking with his readers and referring to his poems as jokes. But irony works in many different strategic ways in Frost:
I own any form of humor show fear and inferiority. Irony is simply a kind of guardedness. So is a twinkle. It keeps the reader from criticism...Beliefisbetterthan anything else, and it is best when rapt, above paying its respects to anybody’s doubt whatsoever. At bottom the world isn’t a joke. We only joke about it to avoid an issue with someone to let someone know we know that he’s there with his questions: to disarm him by seeming to have heard and done justice to his side of the standing argument. Humor is the most engaging cowardice. With it myself I have been able to hold some of my enemy in play far out of gunshot. (LU, 166)
At bottom, Frost’s world isn’t a joke, or one that can be hard at times to take. Acouplet Frost published tells us that all kinds of learning – far inside and outside books –may be necessary as we approach the world of his “fooling”: “It takes all sorts of in and outdoor schooling / To get adapted to my kind of fooling.”
Frost always kept both his learning and his intellectual interests muted. His posture as pastoral and somewhat untutored rural sage grew more pronounced as his fame increased –his immense learning of the classics, his great knowledge of science, theology, and philosophy, were matters that he kept largely to himself and to which he sometimes only hinted in his public talks. But his wickedly playful, shape-shifting evasiveness goes to the heart of the ethical force of much of his poetry. Rather than provide the simple order and closure for which it has become popular, his poetry often has the propulsive and disturbing effect that Frost suggested in a 1927 letter his writing might have on the attentive reader:
I was asked in yesterdays mail by a New Yorker: in my Mending Wall was my intention fulfilled with the characters portrayed and the atmosphere of the place? You might be amused by my answer. I should be sorry if a single one of my poems stopped with either of those things – stopped anywhere in fact. My poems – I should suppose everybody’s poems –are all set to trip the reader head foremost into the boundless. Ever since infancy I have had the habit of leaving my blocks carts chairs and such like ordinaries where people would be pretty sure to fall forward over them in the dark. Forward, you understand, and in the dark. I may leave my toys in the wrong place and so in vain. It is my intention we are speaking of – my innate mischievousness. (SL, 344)
When Frost arrived in England in 1912 and encountered Ezra Pound and eventually W. B. Yeats, T. E. Hulme, and Ford Madox Ford, the poems if not the poetic vision of what would soon be published as A Boy’s Will and, to a large extent, North ofBoston, had already been formed. He may have written some of the poems in England but we know that he had already begun and published a few of the innovative, longer narratives in North of Boston while in the United States (“A Hundred Collars,” “The Black Cottage, and “The Housekeeper,” among others). Frost developed intellectually and artistically in considerable isolation, as a young student in Massachusetts both at Lawrence and, then, Harvard and while living as a poultry farmer in Derry, New Hampshire, in the first decade of the twentieth century. This does not mean that he did not react to the ferment of modernism or remain impervious to his time in England, to World War I, the Great Depression, the New Deal, World War II, and the cold war. But Frost rarely allowed himself to be swayed easily by the moment and tended to absorb both politics and artistic currents carefully, subtly, and often ironically into the existing eddy of his poetic and intellectual preoccupations and symbolic landscapes. Frost distrusted intellectual currents and fashions. Many, though, have mistaken his approachability and lucidity for simplicity, innocence, or na¨ıvety. Though Frost wrote lyrics within recognizable traditions, his innovations in meter, particularly blank verse, subject matter, and form, made him one of the most unusual, if not iconoclastic poets of his time.
Frost had the modernist preoccupation with refreshing the language, purging it of some of its early Victorian literariness. We can often hear Frost talking about poetry and poetic practices in terms of the new and the casting off of the old. In this respect, he sounds not only American but Emersonian in his advocacy of discarding the sepulchers of the European fathers:
I must have registered the pious wish I wished in 1915 when the Germans were being execrated for having destroyed Reims Cathedral. I wish they could with one shell blow Shakespeare out of the English language. The past overawes us too much in art. If America has any advantage of Europe it is in being less clogged with the products of art. We aren’t in the same danger of seeing anywhere around us already done the thing we were just about to do. That’s why I think America was invented not discovered to give us a chance to extricate ourselves from what we had materialized out of our minds and natures. Our most precious heritage is what we haven’t in our possession – what we haven’t made and so have still to make. (N, 179)
Ye t, Frost held great respect for traditions and institutions and could in another thought go against Emerson’s ideal, expressed at the end of “Give All to Love,” of superseding the old in favor of the new:
I must have taken it as a truth accepted that a thing of beauty will never cease to be beautiful. Its beauty will in fact increase. Which is the opposite doctrine to Emersons in “Verily know when the half gods go the gods arrive”: the poets and poems we have loved and ceased to love are to be regarded as stepping stones of our dead selves to higher things. Growth is a distressful change of taste for the better. Taste improving is on the way upward to creation. Nay-nay. It is more likely on the way to dissatisfaction and ineffectuality. A person who has found out young from Aldous Huxley how really bad Poe is will hardly from the superiority of the position this gives him be able to go far with anything he himself attempts... (N, 49)
Frost once said that the way he became a poet was “by following the procession down the ages.” Classical poets including Horace, Virgil, Lucretius, and Ovid as well as the great English poets, Shakespeare, Donne, Marvell, Milton, Pope, Smart, Keats, Wordsworth, Tennyson, and Browning among many formed part of Frost’s own canon; he knew thousands of their lines by heart. He also immersed himself in American poets. He gave his future fiancee, Elinor, the ´ iconoclastic Emily Dickinson’s Poems, First Series (1890) (although, at the time, much of Dickinson’s strange practices of punctuation had been edited out). Frost’s interest in metaphor’s way of saying one thing in terms of another as well as one thing and meaning another may reflect Dickinson’s sense of circumference and her methods of telling the truth slant. When Frost wrote “A Fountain, a Bottle, a Donkey’s Ears, and Some Books,” he may well have had Dickinson in mind as a model of the home-bound poet. In reading “The Road Not Taken,” it would be hard to imagine that, in addition to Dante, Frost did not have this poem by Dickinson in mind:
Our journey had advanced;
Out feet were almost come
To that odd fork in Being’s road,
Eternity by term.
Our pace took sudden awe,
Our feet reluctant led,
Before were cities, but between,
The forest of the dead.
Retreat was out of hope,–
Behind, a sealed route,
Eternity’s a white flag before,
And God at every gate.
Frost may be less inclined to meditate beyond the grave but both he and Dick- inson had penetrating minds, exploring the conflict of knowledge and faith.
Frost also read and admired the poetry of William Cullen Bryant, Emerson, Longfellow, and, of course, Edwin Arlington Robinson, all poets known and popular in their own times. It might be true that Frost sought to align himself with a New England tradition and sense of place associated with these poets. The chords often strike deeper. Frost no doubt loved both the thought and the wit of Emerson’s appeal to the vernacular in Monadnoc:“Ican spare the college bell, / And the learned lecture, well; / Spare the clergy and libraries, / Institutes and dictionaries, / For that hardy English root / Thrives here, unvalued, underfoot.” Writing of this passage in 1918 to Regis Michaud, a Smith College Professor, Frost stressed both its emphasis on the colloquial and its inspiration of the local in poetry:
I am assure that the colloquial is the root of every good poem as I am that the national is the root of all thought and art. It may shoot up as high as you please and flourish as widely abroad in the air, if only the roots are what and where they should be. One half of individuality is locality; and I was about venturing to say the other half was colloquiality. (SL, 228)and symbolic landscapes. Frost distrusted intellectual currents and fashions. Many, though, have mistaken his approachability and lucidity for simplicity, innocence, or na¨ıvety. Though Frost wrote lyrics within recognizable traditions, his innovations in meter, particularly blank verse, subject matter, and form, made him one of the most unusual, if not iconoclastic poets of his time.
Frost had the modernist preoccupation with refreshing the language, purging it of some of its early Victorian literariness. We can often hear Frost talking about poetry and poetic practices in terms of the new and the casting off of the old. In this respect, he sounds not only American but Emersonian in his advocacy of discarding the sepulchers of the European fathers:
I must have registered the pious wish I wished in 1915 when the Germans were being execrated for having destroyed Reims Cathedral. I wish they could with one shell blow Shakespeare out of the English language. The past overawes us too much in art. If America has any advantage of Europe it is in being less clogged with the products of art. We aren’t in the same danger of seeing anywhere around us already done the thing we were just about to do. That’s why I think America was invented not discovered to give us a chance to extricate ourselves from what we had materialized out of our minds and natures. Our most precious heritage is what we haven’t in our possession – what we haven’t made and so have still to make. (N, 179)
Ye t, Frost held great respect for traditions and institutions and could in another thought go against Emerson’s ideal, expressed at the end of “Give All to Love,” of superseding the old in favor of the new:
I must have taken it as a truth accepted that a thing of beauty will never cease to be beautiful. Its beauty will in fact increase. Which is the opposite doctrine to Emersons in “Verily know when the half gods go the gods arrive”: the poets and poems we have loved and with the net down as to write verse with no verse set to stay me.”1 A third, and
related, aspect of modernism that troubled Frost was the way the emphasis on the image allowed for disassociation among the images or no great attempt to create connections among them. Fourth, Frost found the modernist poem became a kind of a self-referential game, “intimation, implication, insinuation, and innuendo as an object in itself.”2 Fifth, and related, Frost found much of
modernist poetry a game of literary allusions, “They quote to see if you can place the quotations.”3
The tension in Frost between innovation and tradition remained throughout his work. In his sly Introduction to E. A. Robinson’s King Jasper,Frost begins by summarizing many of the trends of modernism, “new ways to be new,” but seems to praise Robinson for having found “the old fashioned way to be new.” Frost made an ambivalent response to Pound’s and the modernist mantra of “make it new.” Perhaps his difference from Pound and other high modernists also had something to do with his attitude toward success and toward his audience. Frost wanted to succeed by being read by a larger circle than those acclimated to the limited objectives of his own highly specialized ideas about poetics. Writing in 1913 from England to his former student John Bartlett, Frost emphasized his desire to “reach out” and, if possible, by “taking thought”:
There is one qualifying fact always to bear in mind: there is a kind of success called “of esteem” and it butters no parsnips. It means a success with the critical few who are supposed to know. But really to arrive where I can stand on my legs as a poet and nothing else I must get outside that circle to the general reader who buys books in their thousands. I may not be able to do that. I believe in doing it – dont you doubt me there. I want to be a poet for all sorts and kinds. I could never make a merit of being caviare to the crowd the way my quasi-friend Pound does. I want to reach out, and would if it were a thing I could do by taking thought. (CPPP, 667–668)
Frost was consonant with some of the attitudes of his contemporaries in his sense of the limits of self-expression in poetry. Dickinson presented a luminous but powerful lyric ego in circumference and Whitman an operatic ego. For all Whitman’s emphasis on self-song, he is not really more personally revealing than was Dickinson in her poetry. Though we are often tempted to identify Frost’s biographical persona with the lyric “I” of his poetry, Frost also resisted turning his poetry into self-expression, much less confession:
Poetry is measured in more senses than one: it is measured feet but more important still it is a measured amount of all we could say an we would. We shall be judged finally by the delicacy of our feeling of where to stop short. The right people know, and we artists should know better than they know. There is no greater fallacy going than art is expression –an undertaking to tell all to the last scrapings of the brain pan...Imnever so desperate for material that I have to trench on the confidential for one thing, nor on the private for another nor on the personal, nor in general on the sacred. (SL, 361)
Frost’s comment does not veer far from, though it is by no means the same as, T. S. Eliot’s assertion in “Tradition and the Individual Talent” that poetry is an escape from personality. Frost may be drawing on emotions and thought, what he liked to call (from the Roman poet Catullus) the mens animi,orthe “thought of his emotions,” but not from the raw and unvarnished scraps of his personal life.
Frost took the “scrapings of the brain pan,” or at least his intellect, quite seriously. Frost’s way of “taking thought” in poetry took many forms. He once wrote that the mind is a dangerous thing in poetry and must be left in:
To o many poets delude themselves by thinking the mind is dangerous and should be left out. Well, the mind is a dangerous thing and should be left in...Ifawriterweretosayheplanned a long poem dealing with Darwin and evolution, we would say it’s going to be terrible. And yet you remember Lucretius. He admired Epicurus as I admire, let’s say, Darwin. It’s in and out: sometimes it’s poetry, sometimes intelligent doggerel, sometimes quaint. But a great poem. Yes, the poet can use the mind –in fear and trembling. But he must use it.4 (I, 124)
Frost rigorously engaged some of the most difficult intellectual problems of his time, particularly the conflict between science and faith, as well as lasting human ethical problems of justice and mercy, freedom and fate. Perhaps the most challenging intellectual problem of the age into which Frost delved as a writer was natural science in general and Darwin in particular. Two years after Frost’s birth, Melville began his conclusion to Clarel, his epic poetic pilgrimage in the Holy Land, “If Luther’s day expand to Darwin’s year, / Shall that exclude the hope –foreclose the fear?” In “New Hampshire,” Frost wrote somewhat wryly (conflating the scientist with great pugilist John L. Sullivan), “The matter with the Mid-Victorians / Seems to have been a man named John L. Darwin.” For the young, avid botanist and astronomer, the questions raised about nature in light of natural selection did not go unnoticed. The early books he read on both subjects, Dana’s How to Know the Wild Flowers and Richard Proctor’s Our Place among the Infinities,contain detailed discussions about the impact of Darwinian thought on their subjects.
Much of the discussion of science and Darwin had focused on the conflict between science and religion or science and faith. Romantic writers such as Wordsworth, Emerson, and Thoreau, each in their own way, had allowed for aconfluence between the mind and nature that led somehow to revelations of spirit. Darwin himself was an avid reader of Wordsworth’s poetry. Darwin altered and threatened much of this way of thinking by introducing a vast amount of waste into an uncertain, fluid, and clumsy game of chance and vio- lence. Nature included human nature in the animal kingdom. Natural history and natural selection threatened science itself by including the human mind in the process of change, bringing enormous skepticism to the enterprise of scientific and positivistic certainty.
Frost hardly rejected Wordsworth, Emerson, or Thoreau. A reader of Frost’s poetry will recognize his dialogue with Wordsworth in “The Mountain” and “The Black Cottage”; with Thoreau’s account of the loons in Walden in “The Demiurge’s Laugh” or the French Canadian woodchopper in “The Ax-Helve.” But the dialogue remains complex. In one interview with Reginald Cook, Frost praised Walden as a favorite book but then wryly called himself “Thorosian,” suggestive of the way Thoreau tends to lose himself in his details (I, 143–144). In another interview, Frost also insisted “I am not a ‘back-to-the-lander.’ I am not interested in the Thoreau business” (I, 78). As full of praise as Frost could be about Emerson’s writing, particularly his style (“one of the noblest least egotistical styles,” LU, 166), Frost also wrote in his notebooks “Emerson’s Mistake about Nature” (N, 162).
That entry could have referred to many things but it is reasonable to assume that by the end of the nineteenth century, nature did not remain the same symbol of the spirit that Emerson had suggested in his first essays. Emerson read nature emblematically and symbolically in termsofcorrespondences between the mind of man and nature. Natural facts could be transformed and sublimated by man into spiritual facts. Darwin may have made man too much part of nature to make that kind of upward correspondence and symbolic reading possible. While one senses skepticism in Emerson’s later essays (particularly those produced after the death of his son and the publication of On the Origin of Species), one senses a limit to how radical his thinking about nature becomes. Darwin and science had driven many of faith entirely away from nature. One path for artists was that of despair at the disappearance of God. Another path could be the way of pure aestheticism. This duality became something of the major division among Victorian writers. Frost would eventually say of Emerson that he was “too Platonic about evil,” referring to Emerson’s essay “Circles” and his line in the poem “Uriel” that “unit and universe are round” (CP, 204). Frost added that “ideally in thought only is a circle round. In practice, in nature, the circle becomes an oval. As a circle it has one center – Good. As an oval it has two centers –Good and Evil” (CP, 205). While Frost did not portray himself as a moralist (“Never mind about my morality...Idon’tcarewhetherthe world is good or bad – not any particular day” CP, 106), he did continually suggest and dramatize a duality of conflict in which the poles of good and evil could be hard to discern. “We look for the line between good and evil and see it only imperfectly for the reason that we are the line ourselves,” Frost wrote (N, 169).
The rift created between Darwin and religion remained complex. For many Christian fundamentalists, Darwin and natural selection remained incom- patible ways of viewing creation and divinity. Some Protestant intellectuals attempted to reconcile evolutionary theory and Christianity, either through the misguided idea that evolution meant progress or by considering that Darwin’s concept of our humble beginnings was compatible with an idea of original sin. Frost himself certainly thought deeply about the challenge of the Darwinian conception of nature and man’s place in it to his own religious inclinations. Frost held science as another form of poetry, both created and limited by metaphor. He admired it greatly, and though never a positivist, his inclina- tions, as we shall see, went strongly with the empirical and experiential ten- dencies of science. Though it would be simple and wrong to say Frost was not swayed and moved by instincts and intuitions for which science had no names.
When Frost decided to attend Harvard in 1896, he had hoped to study with William James, who was on medical leave. James was a physiologist who even- tually became a psychologist and philosopher, deeply and positively influenced by Darwin’s theories. James found in Darwin’s concept of natural selection an alternative to a deterministic view of life. Yet James’s search for and belief in religious experience would also lead him into the strange domain of spiritualism. Nevertheless, James represented a major strain in American thought that attempted to heal the rift between science and faith. As a polymath who had developed new paths in the study of psychology, he had also been part of a group of Cambridge philosophers known as “The Metaphysical Club,” includ- ing Charles Sanders Peirce, Chauncey Wright, and Oliver Wendell Holmes. James’s development of pragmatism owed a great deal to Darwin and actu- ally used Darwin’s theory of natural selection to combat overly deterministic views of human action and will. James championed the human “will to believe” within the framework of the scientific worldview, and he also maintained faith in the reality of religious experience. James welcomed a vision of reality that was always in flux, and in which theories were merely instruments for an ongoing process of work:
“God,” “Matter,” “Reason,” “the Absolute,” “Energy,” are so many solving names. You can rest when you have them. You are at the end of your metaphysical quest.
Butifyou follow the pragmatic method, you cannot look on any such word as closing your quest. You must bring out each word its practical cash-value, set it at work within the stream of your experience. It appears less as a solution, then, than as a program for more work, and more particularly of the ways in which existing realities may be changed.
Theories thus become instruments, not answers to enigmas, in which we can rest.5
James’s instrumental theory of consciousness and language put man in the position of imposing truth on a constantly fluctuating reality:
In our cognitive life as well as in our active life we are creative. We add, both to the subject and to the predicate part of reality. The world stands readily malleable, waiting to receive its final touches at our hands. Like the kingdom of heaven, it suffers human violence willingly. Man engenders truth upon it.6
Frost did actually study philosophy at Harvard with two men worlds apart in their thinking: Josiah Royce and George Santayana. Irving Babbitt, with whom Frost did not study, also exerted considerable influence on the intellectual debate about science and religion of the time. Babbitt advocated humanism against romanticism, and he went to great lengths to define both of these terms carefully in his early lectures and his most famous book Rousseau and Romanticism.Babbitt’s aristocratic humanism insisted on perfecting the indi- vidual rather than the humanitarian elevation of the group and in maintaining a balance between sympathy and selection. More important, Babbitt strove to delimit the impact of empiricism and materialism. Babbitt viewed Fran- cis Bacon as one kind of corrosive influence, whose thinking “unkinged” man in the name of scientific law and progress. Rousseau, in Babbitt’s view, allowed for an excess of liberty, in the advocacy of unfettered action.7 Both tendencies, Babbitt thought, could be found not only in Emerson but also in William James and Henri Bergson, the French philosopher, whose widely influential Creative Evolution Frost read in 1911. Babbitt’s advocacy of classi- cal restraint and balance made him fear the possible consequences of severe religiosity or social chaos; he hated both theology and science. While some in Frost’s lifetime would identify him with some of Babbitt’s views, Frost never missed a chance to distance himself from “humanists,” and to ally himself at least to some degree with those of both a scientific and religious temperament.
Frost had little to say about Royce’s idealism in his later years. But Royce’s lectures would have given him ample exposure to the history of German ide- alism and to the problems it faced by evolution and contemporary science. Inalecture later published as “The Rise of the Doctrine of Evolution,” Royce characterized the significant shift in nineteenth-century thinking, which he characterized in terms of flow and change:
But for our nineteenth century it is just the change, the flow, the growth of things that is the most interesting feature of the universe.
Old-fashioned science used to go about classifying things. There were live things and dead things; of live things there were classes, orders, families, genera, species, – all permanent facts of nature. As for man, he had one characteristic type of inner life, that was in all ages and stations essentially the same, – in the king and in the peasant, in the master and in the slave,inthemanofthecityandinthesavage...Thedignityof human nature, too, lay in just this its permanence. Because of such permanence one could prove all men to be naturally equal, and our own Declaration of Independence is thus founded upon speculative principles that, as they are stated, have been rendered meaningless by the modern doctrine of evolution.8
Royce’s last statement about evolution’s threat to Jefferson’s “speculative prin- ciples” or natural law resonates strongly with the debate that goes on about Jefferson’s principles and the Civil War in Frost’s “The Black Cottage.”
George Santayana also taught with Royce the same philosophy survey that Frost took. Frost had a strong and apparently contrary reaction to Santayana, who seemed to him too much of an aesthete. Santayana approached the problem of science, scientific psychology, and religion by proposing the ultimate power of beauty and aesthetic pleasure and preference. He offered a radical skepticism that tended to glorify the power of the mind and place all constructs in the realm, happily so, of illusion. When writing of religion in The Sense of Beauty (1896), Santayana encouraged trust of the supremely imaginative beyond any veracity:
For, if we are hopeful, why should we not believe the best we can fancy is also the truest; and why should if we are distrustful in general of our prophetic gifts, why should we cling only to the most mean and formless of our illusions? From the beginning and end of our perceptive and imaginative activity, we are synthesizing the material of experience into unities independent of reality of which is beyond proof nay beyond the possibility of evidence...Themost perfect of these forms, judged by its affinity to our powers and its stability in the presence of our experience, is the one with which we should be content; no other veracity could add to its value.9
Illusion, then, exalted to its highest form of imagination became Santayana’s reaction to the scientific worldview. This satisfied Wallace Stevens in part but Frost found it anathema. In his notebooks, Frost remained critical of San- tayana’s sense of imagination and spirit dissociated from matter: “All Santayana thinks is that almost all natural basis for spirit can be done away with –not quite all: almost all virtue can be stated in terms of taste – not quite all. The spirit needs not personality nor nationality nor any place of order at all. But it must have place. Be it no more than chaos” (N, 254). Referring to them by initials, Frost in his notebooks criticized the masks of Yeats and the aesthetic illusions of Santayana. Poetry becomes the shedding of “dead selves” and “illu- sions” in the pursuit of reality. Frost’s metaphor of the “stream that runs away” suggests the figure he uses in “West-Running Brook,” a figure of consciousness and duration that he appears to have adapted from both William James and the French philosopher Henri Bergson:
There is such a thing as sincerity. It is hard to define but is probably nothing but your highest liveliness escaping from a succession of dead selves. Miraculously. It is the same with illusions. Any belief you sink into when you should be leaving it behind is an illusion. Reality is the cold feeling on the end of the trout’s nose from the stream that runs away. WBY and G. Santa. are two false souls. (N, 456–457)
This severe comment does at least give some indication that Frost maintained a sense of the real outside of the human imagination. He wrestled with the rela- tionship of poetic knowledge and scientific knowledge of the world, acknowl- edging an interesting, if uneasy, relationship between the two seemingly dis- parate realms.
Ye t it would be wrong to assume that Frost, a consummate craftsman, whose most intense preoccupations were with the tones of voice in poetry and with the power of instinct and “passionate preference” in ethics, would be indifferent to Santayana’s sense of beauty.10 Frost’s sense of aesthetic pleasure always led
to life beyond the poem: “My object is true form – is was and always will be –form true to any chance bit of true life” (SL, 361).11
from "The Cambridge Introduction to Robert Frost - Robert Faggen"
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