문장의 5형식

[meca]

 

제 1장. 문장의 정의  ( 동사의 종류와 문형 5형식을 중심으로 )

Part 1. 문장의 구성 / 8품사와 문장의 주 요소

Point 1. 문장의 구성

 문장의 기본 의미를 전달하기 위해서는 반드시 S + V 가 필요하다.

 곧 S + V 는 모든 문형의 기본적인 틀이다.

Part 2. 8품사와 문장의 주 요소

 알파벳 : 언어를 만들어 내기 위한 하나의 기호. A 라는 알파벳 자체에는 아무런 의미가 없다.

 단어 : 알파벳이 모이면 비로소, 의미를 나타낼 수 있는 단어가 만들어지는데, 영어의 수없이 많은

       단어들 중에서 비슷한 성격을 가진 것끼리 모아놓은 것을 [품사]라 하고 8가지로 분류한다.

       ( 명사, 대명사, 동사, 형용사, 부사, 전치사, 접속사, 감탄사 )

 구 : 두 개 이상의 단어가 모여 하나의 역할을 하는 것 ex. to 부정사......

 절 : 구와 마찬가지로 두 개 이상의 단어가 모여 만들어지는데, 여기에는 반드시 주어, 동사가 있어야

      한다.

 [문장의 4대 구성 요소]

 주어 / 동사 / ( 목적어 ) / ( 보어 ) 

 ( 주어, 동사는 필수 성분이다. )

 → 결국, 4대 구성요소도 단어들로 만들어지는 것이므로, 여러분들은 어떤 품사가 어떤 요소가 될 수

    있는지를 알아둘 필요가 있다.

 주어가 될 수 있는 것 :

  The poet went mad in the end.

  She seldom goes out on a rainy day.

  To climb steep hills requires slow pace at first.

  Driving faster than the set speed limit can lead to an accident.

  That he is honest is true.

  What she wants is ridiculous.

 목적어가 될 수 있는 것 :

The early bird catches the worm.

  I wanted it. 

  Everybody desires to promote the welfare of the society.

  I finished writing the composition.

  I know that he is honest.

  I don't know what I should do.

 보어가 될 수 있는 것 :

  He became a doctor when he grew up.

  My hobby is to collect stamps.

  His purpose of going there is making money. 

  The trouble is that we are short of funds. 

  He is happy.

  He seems ( to be ) happy.

  He seems ( to be ) happy.

Part 2. 동사의 종류 /  문장 5형식

Point 1. 동사의 종류

자동사 ( 목적어 X ) / 타동사 ( 목적어 O )

 완전동사 ( 보어 X ) / 불완전 동사 ( 보어 O )

 1형식 : S + 완전자동사

 2형식 : S + 불완전 자동사 + S.C

 3형식 : S + 완전타동사 + O

 4형식 : S + 수여동사 + I.O + D.O

 5형식 : S + 불완전 타동사 + O + O.C

☞ 꼭 알아두세요 !

① 자동사는 수동형이 될 수 없다

② 만약 타동사가 능동형으로 나와있는데 뒤에 목적어가 없다면 틀린 문장이고,

   수동형으로 바꿔줘야 한다.

Point 2. 문장 5형식

1형식 : ① 알고 있는가 ? do 도 1형식일 수 있다

         ② 전치사는 자동사의 도우미다.

 2형식 : 형용사 보어에 주의하라 ! 부사는 절대 보어가 될 수 없다

 3형식 : discuss about 은 맞을까 ? 틀릴까 ?

         우리 말 때문에 헷갈리는 타동사들 : 전치사는 써서는 안 된다.

 4형식 : ① 간접 목적어와 직접 목적어가 순서가 바뀔 수 있다. 그때는 적당한 전치사를 집어넣어라 !

         ② ~에게 ~을 설명해주다... explain 는 과연 4형식 동사일까 ?

 5형식 : 다양한 목적보어의 모양. 동사와 목적보어의 짝짓기에 주의하라 !

Point 2 -1. 1형식

 1. S + 완전자동사 + ( 부사 ) ...

  Our school begins at 8 a.m.

  My husband drunk heavily last Friday night.

 2. There ( Here ) + v + s 도치 구문 ;

     There is a book on the desk.

     There lived an angel of a woman.

     Here comes the bus.             Here he comes.       

☞ 꼭 알아두세요 !

① I think ; therefore I am.

   That will do.

   He made toward the island. ( = go, move, head )

   Farming doesn't pay.

   Where he went does not matter.

② 전치사는 자동사의 도우미다 : 자동사 + 전치사 → 타동사 구실

   You are not attending to my words.

   He had the honor of attending on the king.

   Disease often results from poverty.

   Their negotiation resulted in failure.

   The doctor operated on a patient for a tumor.

   They called for a strike

   The problem admits of discussion

   Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen    

   I will answer for his honesty.

   Happiness consists in contentment.

   He graduated from a vacational training school.

   He laughed at her for being childish.

   I agree with you.

   I don't object to the plan.

   Idleness accounts for poverty.

   This chapter deals with verbs.   add to / apologize to / look for / wait for / interfere with / start from...

                                   reply to / get into....

Point 2-2. 2형식

 1. 상태의 유지 : ~ 이다: be   /  lie, stand   / keep, remain, stay ,hold   / continue   + 형용사 보어

       A hare lay dead at a root of a tree.

       The house stands empty.

       He remained / kept silent all day.

       Stay quiet for a while.

       The law still holds good.

       I hope it will continue fine.

 2. 상태의 변화 [ ～이 되다]의 동사

       :

      ① become, get, grow, turn  + 형용사 보어

       The truth became known to everybody.

       It's getting warmer.

       He grew thin and weak.

       All the leaves turned red and yellow.

       ② go come, run , fall ( 이 동사들이 become 의 의미로 쓰이는 경우는 다음의 경우들을 관용

                                표현으로 기억하자. 

        go mad ( wrong, bald, pale, rusty, sour ... )

        come true ( loose , undone.... )

        run dry ( short of , wild ... )

        fall asleep ( sick, vacant, silent.... )

 3.  준 보어 ( 유사 보어 ) : 보어가 필요 없는 동사가 보어를 가질 때

                               → 주어의 상태나 동작의 결과를 표시.

      He came back rich. / He came back a rich man.

      He arrived safe and sound.

      He left home a beggar and came back a millionaire.

      She was born rich.             She was born a princess.

☞ 꼭 알아두세요 !

① 감각동사 : look, seem, appear / sound / feel / smell / taste .... + 형용사 보어 

      ex) 다음 중 맞는 문장은 ?

      He looks happily.   This medicine tastes betterly.

      The birds sings sweet.   It may sound strange.

      She looks ( seems / appears ) healthy.

       cf. She looks to be healthy. ( O , X )

         She seems ( appears ) to be healthy. ( O , X ) = It seems ( appears) that she         healthy.

      Mozart's music sounds sweet and soothing.

       cf. He looks like a doctor.

          That sounds like a good idea.

      I don't feel good this morning.

      The rose smells sweet.

      The water tastes bitter.

      참고. 형용사 + ly → 부사        /   명사 + ly → 형용사

② turn out  ( to be )  + 형용사 / 명사

    prove

      She turned out ( proved ) to be a spy.     The news turned out ( proved ) to be false.

      cf. He proved his innocence.

Point 2-2. 3형식

S + 완전타동사 + 목적어

 You did an excellent job.

 He killed himself.

 She lived a happy life.

참고.

 재귀 목적어 : 재귀 대명사를 목적어로 가지는 경우

 absent oneself from                apply oneself to         devote oneself to

 present oneself at                  pride oneself on         enjoy oneself

 overeat oneself                     help oneself to

동족 목적어 : 자동사가 동사와 비슷한 뜻의 명사를 목적어로 취하는 타동사 화한 경우

 She lived a happy life. = She lived happily.

 He died a miserable death. = He died miserably.

☞ 꼭 알아두세요 !

① 자동사로 착각하기 쉬운 타동사 : 전치사를 동반할 필요가 없다.

      다음의 각 동사는 타동사이므로 (  ) 의 전치사를 넣으면 안 된다

       Someone addressed me in English.   ( to )

       He mentioned a simple example.     (about)

       We are now approaching the island.  ( to )

       He awaits me. ( for )

        주의. He waits for me.

       The child resembles its father closely. ( with )

       My uncle inhabits Seoul. ( in )

        주의. My uncle lives in Seoul.

       Are you going to attend the meeting ? ( at )

        주의. attend to / on

       Have you answered her letter ? ( to )

        주의. answer for

       His secretary accompanied him. ( with )

       Government policy will not affect / influence us. ( on )

       The maid covered the table with a cloth. ( over )

       We discussed political problems late into the night. ( about )

       The doctor entered the room quietly. ( into )   

        주의. We entered into conversation after dinner. ( = begin ) 

       Most of the students excel you in English. ( over )

       He married a rich girl.  ( with )

        주의. He is married to a rich girl.

       Soldiers must obey orders. ( to )

       The new shirt becomes ( suits 어울리다 / fits 맞다 ) you.

       Your letter never reached me. ( to )

         주의. The man reached for his purse.

       People ridiculed him. ( at )

② 목적어 다음에 전치사구를 수반하는 동사

   3형식 동사 + 전치사의 중요한 관용적 표현

      ⓐ tell (know, distinguish  /  separate) + A from B

         [구별, 분리의 동사 : A와 B를 구별하다 / A를 B로부터 분리하다]

        How do you know a good mushroom from a bad one?

        I can't tell one twin from the other.

      ⓑ deprive (rob / rid, clear /  ease, relieve, cure) + one + of + something

         [제거, 박탈의 동사 : ～에게서 ～을 빼앗다 / 제거하다 / 괴로움을 덜다]

         “I will ease you of your burden."  Saying so, the robber robbed the traveler of

          his money.

         cf. He stole a watch from the store.

      ⓒ provide (supply, furnish, present /  endow) + one + with + something

         [공급, 위탁, 부여의 동사 : ～에게 ～을 주다 /  선사 ,제공하다]

        He furnished me with the necessary information.

        His principle is to provide children with a good education.

        cf. They supply us with oil. = They supply oil to us.

           Parents provide their children with food and clothes.

           = Parents provide food and clothes for their children.

      ⓓ inform (notify / remind / warn / convince) + one + of + something.

         [정보, 경고, 확신의 동사

          : ～에게 알리다, 통보하다 / 상기시키다, 떠오르게 하다 / 경고하다 / 확신시키다, 납득시키다]

        He informed her of her son's death.

        I couldn't convince him of his mistake.

        He reminds me of my father.

      ⓔ keep ( stop, prevent, hinder ) + one + from + ~ ing 

        His wife prevented him from going abroad.

        Business prevented him from going to the movies.

③ 절을 목적어로 취하는 동사

명령, 주장, 제안, 요구, 욕구, 동의 동사

 : order, command / insist / suggest, propose, recommend/ demand, require ( want ) / desire /

   move, agree

                                       + that + S +  should  + 원형 : 영국식 영어

                                       + that + S + 원형             : 미국식 영어 ( 가정법 현재 )

   We demanded that he leave this town by tomorrow.

   He insisted that she stay at home quietly.

   I move that the money ( use )

  주의. ex. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 어법상 적절하지 않은 문장은?

  ①One day a truck hit a pedestrian on the street. ②The driver argued that the careless pedestrian was to blame for the accident. ③It was difficult to determine exactly where the accident had taken place. ④Many witnesses insisted that the accident should take place on the crosswalk. ⑤So, the driver was held responsible for the accident.

Point 2-4. 4형식

S + 수여동사 + I.O + D.O

 We gave Alex his birthday party.

 Mother made me a new suit.

☞ 꼭 알아두세요 !

① 직접목적어 + 전치사 + 간접목적어 로의 변화

 to : give, grant, offer, lend, permit, tell, read, teach, send, show, write.....

 for : buy, make, cook, find, gain, get, obtain, order, do....  ( do 의 경우는 do good, harm to 사람 도 가능)

 of : ask, inquire, demand, request, require.....

 I offered my help to him.

 Mother made a new suit for me.

 Will you do me a favor for me ?

 May I ask a favor of you ?

 참고. He played me a mean trick. = He played a mean trick on me.

주의. 4형식이지만 3형식으로 변환할 수 없는 동사 ; envy, save, cost, forgive..

     I envy him his patience.

     This medicine will save you a  lot of trouble.

     God will forgive you your sin.

     The pen costs me 5 dollars.

② 4 형식 동사로 착각하기 쉬운 3형식 동사 ;

        explain, suggest, propose , confess, introduce, describe, announce... 등은

        우리말로는 - 에게 -를 (  ) 주다 즉 4형식 동사로 생각될 수 있지만 이 동사들은 4형식이 아니며,

        우리말의 간접목적어에 해당하는 말 앞에 to를 붙여야 한다. 

         He explained me the plan. (o, x )

         → 

         He announced her plan to her friends.

         He confessed his error to his friends.

Point 2-5. 5형식

명사 상당어구 : to R , 동명사 .....

 형용사 상당어구 : to R , 현재 분사, 과거분사 ...

S + 불완전 타동사 + O + O. C

                      5형식의 O 와 O.C 사이에는 주술관계가 성립해야 한다.

 [ 목적보어의 의미 ]

명사, 대명사 : 목적어와 목적보어가 동격

 형용사 : 목적보어가 목적어의 상태, 성질을 설명

 부정사 : 목적어가 목적보어의 의미상 주어

 현재 분사 : 목적어와 목적보어가 능동 관계 ( 진행의 의미 )

 과거분사 : 목적어와 목적보어가 수동 관계 ( 수동, 완료의 의미 )

☞ 꼭 알아두세요 !

[동사와 목적보어 짝짓기]

① 사역동사 + 목적어 + 원형 : 목적어와 목적보어가 능동관계

make :                   have :                  let :

 Nothing could make him change his mind.

 My father always makes me study.

 Finally, the police let the thief go.

 I had him carry my luggage.

 단, 목적어와 목적보어가 수동관계 일 때는 목적보어는 p.p를 쓴다.

 특히  have 는 사람 목적어 + 원형       

                사물 목적어 + 과거 분사  ( 목적어와 목적보어가 수동관계 )

 I had him carry my luggage = I had my luggage         by him.

 I had my hair ( cut ) 

 I had my picture (take) 

 I can't make myself ( understand ) in English.

 @ 준 사역 동사

   get 은 사람 + to ~

          사물 + 과거분사  ( 목적어와 목적보어가 수동관계 )

   help + 목적어 + ( to ) 원형

  I got him ( carry ) my bag. = I got my bag         by him.

   I helped him ( to ) clean his room.

② 지각동사

지각동사는 V + 목적어 + 원형 / ~ ing

                          (이 경우는 문법적 차이는 없으나,

                           원형은 일반적이며, 완결된 동작 / ~ ing 일 때는 ‘진행’의 의미가 강조된다)

                        + 과거분사 ( 목적어와 목적보어가 수동관계 )

 see , watch, look at, notice, , perceive, observe

 hear, listen to

 feel

 smell

1. Did you see Jane run down the street ?

    Did you see Jane running down the street ?

    Did you hear the rain fall  on the roof ?

    Did you hear the rain falling on the roof yesterday ?

 2. I saw my friend ( murder ) by the hit - man.

    I heard my name (call).

    I felt my shoulder (touch) by someone.

    I felt something ( crawl ) up my arm.

③ V + 목적어 + to 부정사

ⓐ 소망, 기대 : want , would like / wish / expect / desire  +  to ~ 

                                                            + 목적어 + to ~

                                                            + that ~ ( 단, want 의 경우는 주의 요함 )

    I want to do the dishes.

    I want you to do the dishes.

    I want that you do the dishes.

    I wish to go abroad.

    I wish you to go at once.

    I wish that I were a bird.

    I expect to succeed.

    I expect him to succeed.

    I expect that he will succeed.

    I desire to be happy.

    I desire you to go at once.

    She desired that the letters ( should ) be burnt after her death.

      cf. I hope to see you soon . ( O, X )        

       I hope you to go at once. ( O, X ) 

       I hope that you will be able to do the task. ( O, X ) 

  ⓑ 의지, 의향 : intend, mean to ~        / intend, mean + 목적어 + to ~

   I intend to go .            I intend him to be a writer.

  ⓒ 충고, 권유, 설득, 간청 : advise / encourage , enable / persuade , urge / beg

   She advised me to see the doctor.

   My parents encouraged me to try again.

   Money encourages one to do a log to things.

   He persuaded me to forgive her.

   He urged me to go into business.

   I beg you to sit down.

  ⓓ 요구, 강요, 명령, 준 사역 : require / force , oblige / order , command / get , cause / tell...

   He required them to be present.

   He forced me to sign the agreement.

   The law obliges parents to send their children to school.

   The police ordered the driver to stop.

   The rain caused the river to overflow.

   Tell them to be quiet.

ⓔ 허용 , 금지 : allow, permit , leave / forbid

   My father allowed me to use his Sonata.

   Permit me to go.

   Leave him to do anything he wants.

   The storm forbade us to proceed.

④ V + 목적어 + 명사, 형용사

 We elected him chairman.

 I painted the house white.    

⑤ think , believe, guess, know, find, suppose... + 목적어 +                  

   consider, appoint.. + 목적어 +                                     

   regard, think of , look upon, count / refer to , describe, take ..... + 목적어 +          

 I believe him ( to be ) a reliable man.

 He regarded him as an authority.

Part 3. 혼동하기 쉬운 동사

Point 1. 의미상 혼동하기 쉬운 동사

① say, tell, speak, talk

 say + 목적어 ( that 절, wh 절 ) : 사람 목적어는 쓸 수 없다

  tell : 4형식  / 3형식 : tell + 사람 목적어 → 결국 say to 사람 = tell 사람

  speak : 1형식 ( 전치사가 결합된다 ) / 3형식 ( 언어, 연설 의 의미 )

  talk : 1형식 ( 전치사가 결합된다 )

  I can't say who will be elected.

  I will tell you a secret.

  He told me that he would go there alone.

  We were speaking about him.

  What shall we talk about next ?

② take , bring

  take ( 물건, 사람을 다른 곳으로 가지고 가다 , 데리고 가다  )

  bring ( 물건, 사람을 다른 곳에서 가지고 오다, 데리고 오다  )

③ rob, steal

  rob ( 폭력, 협박으로 빼앗다, 강탈하다  : rob + one + of + something. )

  steal ( 몰래 훔치다 )                  : steal + something + from one )

  He robbed her of her watch

  He stole the money from the safe.

Point 2. 형태상 혼동하기 쉬운 동사

 (1)  bind [baind]   ㉹묶다, 감다.          -bound - bound [baund]

     bound [baund] ㉶튀어 오르다.        -bounded - bounded

     She bound the package with a bright ribbon.

     The ball bounded back from the wall.

 (2)  fall [f l] ㉶떨어지다, 낙하하다.  -fell - fallen

     fell [fel] ㉹넘어뜨리다.         -felled - felled

     The book fell from the table to the floor.

     He felled his enemy with a single blow.

 (3)  find [faind] ㉹발견하다.     -found - found

      found [faund] ㉹설립하다.  -founded - founded

     He found his missing purse on the floor.

     He collected funds and founded a school.

 (4)  lie [lai] ㉶거짓말하다.           -lied - lied

              ㉶놓여있다, 드러눕다.    -lay - lain

      lay [lei] ㉹놓다, 두다.           -laid - laid

     She lay beside her baby on the bed.

     She laid the table for dinner.

 (5) hang   ㉹걸다, 매달다, 널다.          -hung - hung

             ㉹목매달다, 교수형에 처하다.   -hanged - hanged

      He hung the pictures as high as he could.

      He was hanged for murder.

 (6)  sit   ㉶앉다, 위치하다.      -sat - sat

      seat ㉹앉히다.              -seated - seated

      Let us sit on the front porch.

      Seat yourself in an armchair.

 (7)  see [si:] ㉹보다                    -saw - seen

      saw [s ] ㉹톱으로 켜다.           -sawed - sawed/sawn

      sew [sou] ㉹바느질하다, 꿰매다.    -sewed - sewed/sewn

      sow [sou] ㉹(씨를) 뿌리다, 심다.   -sowed - sowed/sown

      I saw a dog there.

      I saw a log into board.

      I can sew a button on my coat.

      As a man sows, so he shall reap.

 (8)  wind [waind] ㉹감다, 돌리다.         -wound - wound

      wound [wu:nd] ㉹상처 입히다.        -wounded - wounded

      I wound the old clock yesterday.

      Your sharp words always wound me.

 (9)  rise [raiz] ㉶일어나다, (해가) 뜨다.    -rose - risen

     raise [reiz] ㉹들어올리다, 일으키다.   -raised - raised

      The sun rose at six thirty this morning.

      Suddenly he raised up his right hand saying 󰡒Hurrah, I've won.󰡓