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9. Accidentally on Purpose
The Universe is but the Thing of things,
The things but balls all going round in rings.
Some mighty huge, some mighty tiny,
All of them radiant and mighty shiny.
They mean to tell us all was rolling blind
Till accidentally it hit on mind
In an albino monkey in the jungle,
And even then it had to grope and bungle,
Till Darwin came to earth upon a year
To show the evolution how to steer.
They mean to tell us, though, the Omnibus
Had no real purpose until it got to us.
Never believe it. At the very worst
It must have had the purpose from the first
To produce purpose as the fitter bred:
We were just purpose coming to a head.
Whose purpose was it, His or Hers or Its?
Let’s leave that to the scientific wits.
Grant me intention, purpose and design—
That’s near enough for me to the divine.
And yet with all this help of head and brain,
How happily instinctive we remain.
Our best guide upward farther to the light:
Passionate preference such as love at sight.
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우연한 목적
우주는 물질의 물질일 뿐이다.
물질은 모두 원을 그리며 도는 공일뿐이다.
어떤 것은 매우 크고, 어떤 것은 매우 작지만,
모두가 빛을 발하고 매우 빛난다.
그들이 우리에게 말하려는 것은 모든 것이
맹목적으로 구르다가 우연히 어느 정글의
흰둥이 원숭이에게 정신을 점지하였으나,
그때도 그것은 갈팡질팡해야 했다는 것이다.
마침내 어느 해에 다윈이 이 땅에 와서
진화에게 어느 방향으로 갈지 가르쳐 주었다.
하지만, 그들이 우리에게 말하려는 것은 옴니버스는
아무런 목적 없이 인간에 이르렀다는 것이다.
결코 그것을 믿지 말라. 아무리 나쁘게 말해도
그것은 점점 적자(適者)로 키워가려는 목적을
달성할 뜻을 처음부터 가졌음에 틀림없다.
우리는 단지 무르익어가는 목적이었다.
그것은 누구의 목적이었는가? 그의 또는 그녀의 또는 그것의?
그런 문제는 과학자들에게 맡기자.
저에게는 신이 내려주심에 다름없는―
의도, 목적, 그리고 설계를 허용해 주소서.
그러나 머리와 두뇌의 도움을 받아도
다행히 우리는 여전히 직관적이니,
직관은 저 위 빛으로 인도하는 최고의 안내자,
첫 눈에 반하는 열렬한 선호(選好)다.
-신재실 옮김-
단상(斷想): 프로스트의 시「우연한 목적」은 베르그송의 철학을 가장 폭넓게 반영하고 있는 시중의 하나이다. 우선 기계론적 유물론의 입장에서 진화론을 펼치고 있는 다윈주의에 대한 풍자가 이 시의 전반부를 차지한다. 우주를 물질로만 구성되었다고 생각하는 유물론자들을 풍자하면서, 창조의 신비에 접근하는 것이 이 시의 목적이다.
프로스트는 “물질의 물질일 뿐”인 우주를 구성하는 물질들이 모두 “원을 그리며 도는” 공에 불과하다고 말함으로써 자연의 순환 법칙을 환기시켜 주는가 하면, 또한 천체를 구성하는 매우 큰 구체(球體), 그리고 생명체를 구성하는 매우 작은 세포(細胞)를 모두 발광(發光)체 즉 에너지의 발산체로 비유한 것은 보통 사람들이 배워 알고 있는 자연과학의 지식과 일치한다.
하지만, 둘째 연에서 화자는 초기 진화론자들의 맹목적 진화론의 오류를 냉소적인 어조로 풍자한다. 다윈에 이르러서야 진화론은 적자생존의 원리에 의해 진화를 설명하면서, 하나의 노선에 의하여 앞 단계에서 다음 단계로 진화 발전한다는 직선적 진화론을 전개하였다. 그러나 이러한 이론 또한 인간과 같은 유기체의 진화과정을 설명할 수 없다. 왜냐하면 인간은 진화의 첨단에 서 있는 것이 분명하지만, 적자생존의 원리에 부합되게 주어진 환경에 가장 잘 적응할 수 있는 신체적 기능과 구조를 타고난 종(種)이어서 살아남았다고 주장할 수는 없는 것이다.
인간이 진화의 첨단에 서 있는 것은 말할 것도 없이 두뇌기능의 발달에 있다. 어찌하여 인간만이 창의적 사고가 가능한 두뇌가 발달하였는가? 단순한 환경적응설로는 설명하기 어렵다. 요행히 발달된 기관이 바로 사고의 기능을 갖춘 두뇌라는 기관인가? 실제로 다윈주의자들은 환경적응설로 해명할 수 없는 부분을 돌연변이의 개념으로 설명하고 있다. “맹목적으로 구르다가 우연히 어느 정글의/ 흰둥이 원숭이에게 정신을 점지하였으나”라는 구절에서 화자가 풍자하는 것은 바로 진화론자들이 주장하는 직선적 진화와 돌연변이 이론이다. 직선적 진화론에 의하면 인간의 조상은 발전 단계로 보아 원숭이 일 수밖에 없다는 결론에 다다르게 되고, 원숭이가 어느 날 갑자기 정신을 소유한 인간으로 진화한 것은 돌연한 요행에 지나지 않는다. 여기서 주목되는 것은 “물질”의 존재가 정신보다 먼저이고 “정신”은 물질 운동의 우연한 산물이라는 유물론적 가정을 읽을 수 있다. 둘째 연 마지막 행에서 “그때도 그것은 갈팡질팡해야 했다”는 구절은 우연을 강조한 초기 진화론의 한계를 조롱한다.
다윈주의자들은 사고 능력을 가진 진화된 인류의 출현까지 우주라는 공은 맹목적으로 굴러갔다고 주장한다. 진화의 옴니버스가 인간에 이르기까지 진정 아무런 목적도 없이 굴러 왔다고 하지만, “마침내 어느 해에 다윈이 이 땅에 와서/ 진화에게 어느 방향으로 갈지 가르쳐 주었다.”는 구절 또한 다윈의 적자생존과 자연도태의 이론 역시 진일보한 것이지만 여전히 사실과 부합하지 않는 허위라고 빈정거린다.
「우연한 목적」이라는 역설적인 제명이 시사하듯, 시의 전반부는 인간의 진화를 우연히 이루어진 돌연변이로 해석하려는 다윈주의자들에 대한 풍자로 구성되어 있고, 후반부는 인간이 처음부터 우주의 주된 목적으로 창조되었다는 성서적 믿음을 인간 진화의 사실과 결합시키면서, 동시에 신의 종교적 사랑에 대한 믿음을 보이고 있다.
“결코 그것을 믿지 말라”는 유물론에 대한 단호한 거부로 시작되는 후반부는 다윈주의가 주장하는 적자생존의 원리로 보면 인간이 진화의 정점에 서게 된 것은 우연한 요행일 수 밖에 없을 것이다. 그러나 이것은 결코 우연한 일이 아니고 당초부터 인간을 “점점 적자(適者)로 키워가려는” 의도가 있었고, 그 의도가 이제 실현되고 있다고 주장한다. 인간을 선두에 서게 하는 목적이 무엇인지는 모른다 해도, 자신을 주된 목적으로 인식하는 두뇌를 가진 인간을 창조한다는 목적만큼은 처음부터 있었던 것이 분명하다. 그것이 신의 “의도, 목적, 그리고 설계”인지 어떤지 인간의 두뇌로는 알 수 없을 것이다. 그러나 하늘의 “빛”을 지향하는 인간의 “직관”은 인간을 만물의 영장으로 키울 목적이 당초에 있었음을 직감하고, 그렇게 믿는다. 그게 아니라면, 물리적으로 연약한 인간이 어떻게 진화의 첨단에 설 수 있겠는가?
-신재실 씀-
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Cluster of Faith: “Accidentally on Purpose,” “A Never
Naught Song,” “Version,” “A Concept Self-Conceived,”
“[Forgive, O Lord, my little jokes on Thee]” (1962)
What Robert Hass calls “Frost’s final word on his
long struggle with evolution,” “Accidentally on Pur
pose” postulates existence as a purposeful accident.
“The Universe is but the Thing of things,” Frost
writes in the opening line. Respect for its vastness is
highlighted in the thrice repeated, almost liturgical,
“mighty.” Whereas the opening stanza reflects on
the universe as a series of “balls all going round in
rings,” something like a child’s toy, the second
stanza focuses on the time when human beings were
but “albino monkey[s] in a jungle.”
With Darwin, EVOLUTION has been explained,
and the speaker questions whether evolution had
“no real purpose till it got to us.” He is concerned
with thought and humanity, and our “purpose,” but
he says it is a mistake to believe that there was no
purpose before. There must have always been a
purpose, he believes, and we are that “purpose
coming to a head,” its culmination.
The poem is only cautiously Darwinian; its
speaker is agnostic. He does not know whose pur
pose the universe was, admits he has no ability to
discern, and suggests that sort of speculation be left
to “the scientific wits.” He does not need divinity,
however; all he wants is “intention, purpose, and
design.” His “head and brain” do not help him
understand why we are here any more than the mon
key in the jungle does. Yet we remain just as “hap
pily instinctive,” embracing such earthly delights as
“love at sight,” for that is our “best guide upward fur
ther to the light.” As Frost writes in “Birches,”
“Earth’s the right place for love.” See SCIENCE.
“A Never Naught Song,” continues the theme
that there has always been a “purpose” when it pro
poses that there was never “naught,” or nothing:
“There was always thought.” The speaker imagines
the Big Bang as a “burst” of matter and the bursting
forth of the universe as an “atomic One.” When
the bang occurred, “everything was there, every
single thing . . . Clear from hydrogen / All the way
to men.” This bang was the creation of all things; it
was even the first evidence of thought. The speak
er’s explanation eliminates the need for the “whole
Yggdrasil,” which is, in Norse mythology, the world
tree, a giant ash that connects and shelters all
known worlds. This song, then, replaces the tree
myth with matter that is “[c]unningly minute” and
yet possessed of the “force of thought.”
“Version” suggests yet another approach to mak
ing something of nothing: that an archer comedi
cally shot his arrow at “non-existence.” This version
of a creation myth is more mythological than the
earlier two, which present scientific concepts. It
also in many ways contradicts “Accidentally on
Purpose,” as it focuses less on the notion of a pur
pose and more on the possibility of a humorous
accident. This poem has an unusual textual his
tory: It is considered to have first been published
incompletely in In the Clearing, and Edward C.
Lathem altered and lengthened the poem from
manuscript evidence (Library of America, 1987).
“A Concept Self-Conceived” faults the notion
that God is in all things by pointing out that such a
concept is of our own making and therefore is “no
more good than old Pantheism.” He suggests that a
monotheistic approach is not at all superior to a
pantheistic approach—both are childish. The
speaker points out that we reassure ourselves, as
children do in the dark, and we perpetuate our own
belief. He criticizes the religious raising of children
when he asserts that such indoctrination “never
give[s] a child a choice.”
This five-poem “cluster” is, at the last, presented
as a joke on God, closing with the couplet “Forgive,
O Lord, my little jokes on Thee / And I’ll forgive
Thy great big one on me.” But the speaker is only
half in jest, as he clearly feels he has been wronged.
The cluster is a comment on faith, and it is unclear
at times whether it is the poet or some other voice
doing the criticizing. The cluster seems to say that
we must either grant design and talk about the
designer or do what Darwin did and grant the
design but deny its source.
Robert Faggen calls the cluster a “clever refer
ence to the inextricable relationship between the
material of stars and the impulses of religion,” a
“cartoon history of cosmology and a caricature of
ideas of evolution.”
“Accidentally on Purpose” was originally pub
lished as Frost’s 1960 Christmas poem; “Forgive, O
Lord” was originally published in 1959 as “The
Preacher” in A Remembrance Collection of New
Poems, created for Frost’s 85th birthday celebration
at the Waldorf Astoria in New York. These and the
others later appeared together in In the Clearing.
See BELIEF.
FURTHER READING
Faggen, Robert. Robert Frost and the Challenge of Dar
win. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press,
1997, 307–312.
Hass, Robert. Going by Contraries: Robert Frost’s Con
flict with Science. Charlottesville: University Press
of Virginia, 2002, 86–88.
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evolution - Deirdre Fagan
Charles Darwin’s (1809–82) Voyage of
the Beagle (1839) and The Origin of Species (1859)
had a profound impact on Western understanding
of the world and the transcendent. Frost was born
16 years after the latter was published, when the
fury of debates that followed the publication of the
book were well under way. He first learned about
Darwin from his older friend Charles Burrell, who
introduced him to a number of thinkers (see LITER
ARY FRIENDS AND ACQUAINTANCES). The impact of
Darwin’s theories of evolution are expressed in a
variety of ways throughout Frost’s work, as he con
tinues to turn things this way and that in his own
discovery and evaluation of what it means to exist
in a post-Darwinian world. Robert Faggen, in his
Robert Frost and the Challenge of Darwin, argues
that “much of the tension and power of Frost’s
poetry derives from his lifelong engagement with
implications of science in general and Darwin in
particular” (1). He also adds that “[w]ith Darwin as
a prism Frost was able to view the important tenets
that underlie modern science: change, indetermi
nacy, and relativism, all concepts that imply limits
as much as freedom” (5).
This prism, as Faggen calls it, is evident in a
number of poems. In “At Woodward’s Gardens,” as
the monkeys stand “laced together” behind the
bars, they react in what Faggen calls a “decidedly
human way” when they exchange “troubled glances
over life” (90). One puts his hand up to his nose,
and Frost writes that perhaps he is “[w]ithin a mil
lion years of an idea”—a reference to the theory of
evolution.
What Robert Hass calls “Frost’s final word on his
long struggle with evolution,” “Accidentally on Pur
pose,” postulates existence as a purposeful accident
(86). “The Universe is but the Thing of things” is
the opening line. Respect for the universe’s vastness
is highlighted in the thrice-repeated, almost liturgi
cal “mighty.” The opening stanza reflects on the
universe as a series of “balls all going round in rings,”
making it something of a child’s toy, and the second
stanza focuses on our arrival, when we were but
“albino monkey[s] in a jungle.” With Darwin, evo
lution is explained, and the speaker questions
whether evolution had “no real purpose till it got to
us.” He is concerned with our “purpose,” but he says
it is a mistake to believe that there was no purpose
before. There must always have been a purpose, he
believes, and we are that “purpose coming to a
head,” its culmination. The poem is only cautiously
Darwinian, however. Frost does not know whose
purpose the universe was, admits he has no ability
to discern, and suggests that that sort of speculation
be left to “the scientific wits,” since Darwin himself
never thought that humans were any type of “cul
mination” and never thought that his theory of evo
lution contained any vector of progress.
In “The Literate Farmer and the Planet Venus”
the poet twits evolution, saying that
So much is being now expected of,
To give developments the final shove
And turn us into the next specie folks
Are going to be, unless these monkey jokes
Of the last fifty years are all libel,
And Darwin’s proved mistaken, not the Bible.
The purpose and value of evolutionary traits is
considered in “On a Bird Singing in Its Sleep,”
where the “half wakened” bird sings “halfway
through its little inborn tune.” The question arises
whether singing half asleep has been a threat to the
bird’s survival and, if so, how the species could
have survived. “Singing out of sleep and dream”
apparently has not “made it much more easily
prey.” Evolution is described as traits that “come
down to us so far / Through the interstices of things
ajar / On the long bead chain of repeated birth.”
In “Sitting by a Bush in Broad Daylight” Frost
makes reference to the burning bush of the Old
Testament and reflects on the beginning of all life.
He asserts that if we have been watching for a long
time and have never seen “sun-smitten slime /
Again come to life and crawl off ”—a direct refer
ence to Darwin’s theory—“We must not be too
ready to scoff ” at the notion. He criticizes the
explanations of both religion and science: “sun
smitten slime.” Although we may not feel as though
we came from sun-smitten slime, this does not
make it untrue. Although we no longer speak to
God, this does not make it untrue that we once did.
In this sense there are parallels between evolution
and religion, belief and faith. And Frost presents
himself as somewhere between the two extremes.
In the closing stanza of “The White-Tailed Hor
net,” the speaker asks,
Won’t this whole instinct matter bear revision?
Won’t almost any theory bear revision?
To err is human, not to, animal.
Or so we pay the compliment to instinct,
Only too liberal of our compliment
That really takes away instead of gives.
Alluding to Darwin, the speaker acts troubled by
the comparisons that “yield downward” to “see our
images / Reflected in the mud and even dust” rather
than heavenward. At one time, not long ago, we
looked “stoutly upward” for comparison: “With
gods and angels, we were men at least, / But little
lower than the gods and angels,” he recalls, allud
ing to the Bible, Psalms 8:5: “For thou hast made
him a little lower than the angels, and hast crowned
him with glory and honor.” Now it is all “disillusion
upon disillusion” and “[n]othing but fallibility [is]
left us.”
In his prose pieces “On Taking Poetry,” “Educa
tion by Poetry,” and “The Future of Man,” Frost also
refers to Darwin. In the first he provides the example
of evolution and his mother’s religious distress over
it: “Your idea was that God made man out of mud;
the new idea is that God made man out of prepared
mud. You’ve still got God you see—nothing very dis
turbing about it.” In the second Frost identifies evo
lutionary thinking as metaphorical, and in the third
he wonders whether man will become “another kind
of people.” Drawing on the evolutionary theories of
Darwin and the anthropologists who had caused
“young people” to find that there is “such an amus
ing distance between us and the monkeys,” he asserts
that the young of his day find that there “will only be
another amusing distance from us to the superman,”
referring to the “evolutionary” ideas of philosopher
Friedrich Nietzsche.
Richard Poirier writes that
Politically and intellectually, Frost tended to find
evidences of “system” and its deleterious effects
not in anything that has “come down” to us
but in what had been more recently contrived.
Darwinism, socialism, the New Deal, Freudian
sm were all to him the dangerous imposition of
“system” upon the free movements of life. It was
against these that he directed his sometimes
vulgar contempt.” (49)
Poirier later writes, “Frost seldom misses a chance
to bring Darwinism into question, more in a teasing
than a dogmatically organized way. Darwinian evo
lution for him implied too much linear predictabil
ity, and while it proposed the necessity of waste it
was indifferent to its virtues (265). Just how Frost
speaks of Darwin through his poems continues to
be debatable.
While Lawrance Thompson relates that “Frost
spoke with sincerity about his early delight in read
ing and re-reading Charles Darwin’s book on the
famous voyage of the Beagle to the islands of the
South Seas,” he also mentions a letter Frost wrote
to Sidney Cox in May 1926 about cornering some
scientists at Ann Arbor on the subject of evolution.
Thompson uses the letter to determine that Frost
was expressing hostility toward Darwin’s theories,
but other interpretations can be drawn. Frost wrote,
“I’m not a good debater but they are so sure of
themselves in evolution that they haven’t taken
the trouble to think out their position. All I had to
do was ask them [Socratic] questions for informa
tion. The last one led up to was, Did they think it
was ever going to be any easier to be good” (284).
While such comments might suggest that Frost was
attacking the theory of evolution, he later said,
“Sometime I’ll tell you about them. I believe I’ll
never forget them. They just jumped off the edge.
Me, I didn’t have to expose myself. I was just out
for information. Tell me, I’d say” (Thompson, 297).
The exposure, it seems, is what it is all about.
Frost never truly exposed himself. He played all
his games from both sides because it was never about
choosing a side but about identifying the difficulties
that lie on both sides. Robert Hass writes that
Frost convinced himself that he could meet the
challenge of Darwin with only a slight remod
eling of his inherited religious beliefs. The
construction of a different kind of God, one
partially reconfigured against Christian ortho
doxy by the trial of evolution, seemed to him a
likely solution to his problem. He only had to
go by contraries, suspend thesis, and antithesis,
extract the most congenial elements of each
system, and acknowledge the limited validity
of both poles without wholly sanctioning either.
To Frost, Darwin had not yet dissolved the
familiar comforts of organized religion, and for
the moment it seemed to him that a wholly sat
isfactory synthesis was still possible.” (46–47)
Jay Parini finds that after Burrell and Frost met,
Frost “divided the world three ways in one of these
pieces, into ‘unquestioning followers’ of religious
custom, ‘enemies,’ and ‘rethinkers’ ” and that he
placed “himself into the ‘rethinker’ category,” iden
tifying with those who “follow custom—not without
question, but where it does not conflict with the
broader habits of life gained by wanderers among
ideas” (29).
The debate continues over Frost’s views on the
conflict between faith and science. What is clear is
that he began the debate. He was a debater, despite
what he might say, only he did his debating in met
aphor and he went by contraries. He denies in
speech what he reveals in poetry. He denies in
poetry what he reveals in speech. It might seem
that he was unsure of himself, but perhaps he sim
ply did not want to be exposed.
FURTHER READING
Faggen, Robert. Robert Frost and the Challenge of Darwin.
Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997.
Hass, Robert. Going by Contraries: Robert Frost’s Con
flict with Science. Charlottesville: University Press
of Virginia, 2002.
Poirier, Richard. Robert Frost: The Work of Knowing.
New York: Oxford University Press, 1977.
Thompson, Lawrance. Robert Frost: The Later Years,
1938–1963. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1976.
