20060227~20060310 주제별 영어(마라톤관련)

[anarchist]

마라톤 관련

marathon 

1896, marathon race, from story of Gk. hero Pheidippides, who ran the 26 miles and 385 yards to Athens from the Plains of Marathon to tell of the allied Greek victory there over Persian army, 490 B.C.E. The original story (Herodotus) is that he ran from Athens to Sparta to seek aid, which arrived too late to participate in the battle. Introduced as an athletic event in the 1896 revival of the Olympic Games, based on a later, less likely story, and quickly extended to mean "any very long event or activity."

http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?l=m&p=5

-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathon

Marathon

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

This article is about long-distance running. For other uses, see Marathon (disambiguation).

Modern day marathon runners

The marathon is a long-distance road running event of 42.195 km (26.2 miles; 26 miles 385 yards; or 46145 yards).

Contents

[hide]

• 1 History
• 2 Distance
• 3 World records and "world's best"
• 4 The Olympic traditions
• 5 Running a marathon
  • 5.1 Glycogen and "the wall"
  • 5.2 Training
  • 5.3 Before the race
  • 5.4 During the race
    • 5.4.1 Water consumption issues
  • 5.5 After the marathon
• 6 Marathon races
• 7 Notable marathon runners
  • 7.1 Men
  • 7.2 Women
• 8 See also
• 9 References
• 10 External links

//

[edit]

History

1896 Olympic marathon

The name "marathon" comes from the legend of Pheidippides, a Greek soldier who, according to legend, ran from the town of Marathon to Athens to announce that the Persians had been defeated in the Battle of Marathon, and died shortly after. There is no evidence that any such event took place; according to the Greek historian Herodotus, Pheidippides ran from Athens to Sparta. The legend that he ran from Marathon to Athens was invented by later writers and appears in Plutarch's On the Glory of Athens in the 1st century AD. The International Olympic Committee estimates the distance from the Marathon battlefield to Athens as 34.5 km (21.4 miles).

The idea of organising the race came from Michel Bréal, who wanted to put the event on the program of the first modern Olympic Games in 1896 in Athens. This idea was heavily supported by Pierre de Coubertin, the founder of the modern Olympics, as well as the Greeks. The Greeks staged a selection race for the Olympic marathon, and this first marathon was won by Charilaos Vasilakos in 3 hours and 18 minutes. Spiridon "Spiros" Louis, a Greek shepherd, finished fifth in this race but won at the Olympics in 2 hours, 58 minutes and 50 seconds, despite stopping on the way for a glass of wine from his uncle waiting near the village of Chalandri. The women's marathon was introduced at the 1984 Summer Olympics (Los Angeles, USA).

[edit]

Distance

Year	Distance (km)
1896	40
1900	40.26
1904	40
1906	41.86
1908	42.195
1912	40.2
1920	42.75
Since 1924	42.195

The length of a marathon was not fixed, since all that was important was that all athletes competed on the same course. The exact length of an Olympic marathon varied depending on the route established for each venue.

The choice of distance was somewhat arbitrary. The first Olympics in 1896 had a marathon distance of 40 km. The starting point for the 1908 Olympic marathon in London was modified so that the Royal Family could have a good view and the length happened to be 42.195 km (26 miles 385 yards). For the next Olympics in 1912, the length was changed to 40.2 km and changed again to 42.75 km for the 1920 Olympics. Of the first 7 Olympic games, there were 6 different marathon distances between 40 and 42.75 km (40 km being used twice).

A fixed distance of 42.195 km was adopted in 1921 by the International Amateur Athletic Federation (IAAF) as the official marathon distance.

[edit]

 

World records and "world's best"

World records were not officially recognised by the IAAF(주1) until 1 January 2004; previously, the best times for the Marathon were referred to as the 'world best'. Courses must conform to IAAF standards for a record to be recognised. However, marathon routes still vary greatly in elevation, course, and surface, making exact comparisons impossible. Typically, the fastest times are set over relatively flat courses near sea level, during good weather conditions and with the assistance of pacesetters.

The world record time for men over the distance is 2 hours 4 minutes and 55 seconds, set in the Berlin Marathon by Paul Tergat of Kenya on September 28, 2003 (ratified as the world record by the IAAF on 1st January 2004), an improvement of 20 minutes and 44 seconds since 1947 (Marathon world best progression). The world record for women was set by Paula Radcliffe in the London Marathon on 13 April 2003, in 2 hours 15 minutes and 25 seconds. This time was set using male pacesetters - the fastest time by a woman without using a male pacesetter ('woman-only') was also set by Paula Radcliffe, again during the London Marathon, with a time of 2 hours 17 minutes and 42 seconds set on 17 April 2005.

All-time men's best marathon times under 2h 10'30"

All-time women's best marathon times under 2h 30'00"

주석

(주1) IAAF

The International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) is the international governing body for the sport of athletics (known in the US as "track and field"). It was founded in 1912 at its first Congress in Stockholm, Sweden by representatives from 17 national athletics federations as the International Amateur Athletics Federation.

[edit]

 

 

 

The Olympic traditions

Since the modern games were founded, it has become a tradition for the men's Olympic marathon to be the last event of the athletics calendar, with a finish inside the Olympic stadium, often within hours of the closing ceremonies. This tradition was further enhanced by a much older tradition in the 2004 Summer Olympics, as the long-established route from Marathon to Athens ended at Panathinaiko Stadium, the venue for the 1896 Summer Olympics.

The Games of the XXVIII Olympiad were held in Athens, Greece, over a period of 17 days from August 13 to August 29, 2004. Planners expected 10,500 athletes (in fact 11,099 competed) and 5,500 team officials from 202 countries. Athens 2004 marked the first time since the 1996 Summer Olympics that all countries with a National Olympic Committee were in attendance. There were a total of 301 medal events from 28 different sports.

[edit]

Running a marathon

Completing a marathon is often considered to be a superhuman effort, but many coaches believe that it is possible for anyone willing to put in the time and effort.

[edit]

Glycogen and "the wall"

Carbohydrates that a person eats are converted by the liver and muscles into glycogen for storage. Glycogen burns quickly to provide quick energy. Runners can store about 8 MJ or 2,000 kcal worth of glycogen in their bodies, enough for about 30 km - 20 miles of running. Many runners report that running becomes noticeably more difficult at that point. When glycogen runs low, the body must then burn stored fat for energy, which does not burn as efficiently. When this happens, the runner will experience dramatic fatigue. This phenomenon is called bonking or hitting the wall. The aim of training for the marathon, according to many coaches, is to maximize the limited glycogen available so that the fatigue of the "wall" is not as dramatic.

carbohydrate 탄수화물
one of several substances such as sugar or starch, which provide the body with energy, or foods containing these substances such as bread, potatoes, pasta and rice

"Bonk" is a jargon term used by endurance athletes, primarily cyclists, to describe a condition when athlete's glycogen stores in the liver and muscles are depleted, resulting in a major performance drop. The term can be used both as a noun ( "hitting the bonk" ) and a verb ( "to bonk halfway through the race" ). This condition is also known to long-distance (marathon) runners, who usually refer to it as "hitting the wall".

[edit]

Training

For most runners, the marathon is the longest run they have ever attempted. Many coaches believe that the most important element in marathon training is the long run. Usually recreational runners try to reach a maximum of about 30 km - 20 miles at one time and about 60 km - 40 miles a week when training for the marathon. More experienced marathoners may run a longer distance, and more miles or kilometers during the week. Greater weekly training mileages can offer greater results in terms of distance and endurance, but also carries a greater risk of training injury. Some elite marathon runners will have weekly mileages of over 160 km - 100 miles per week. (Daniels, 2005)

A good training program lasts a minimum of five or six months, with a gradual increase in the distance run every two weeks. Many trainers including Dr. Daniels recommend a weekly increase in mileage of no more than 10%. It is also often advised to maintain a consistent running program for six months or so before beginning a marathon training program to allow the body to adapt to the new stresses. (Burfoot, 1999)

During marathon training, it is considered important to give your body adequate recovery time. If fatigue or pain is felt, it is recommended to take a break for a couple of days or more to let your body heal. Overtraining is a condition that results from not getting enough rest to allow the body to recover from difficult training. It can actually result in a lower endurance and speed and place a runner at a greater risk for injury. (Daniels 2005)

[edit]

Before the race

During the last two or three weeks before the marathon, runners typically reduce their weekly training (typically by as much as 50%-75% of peak distance) and take at least a couple of days of complete rest to allow their bodies to recover for a strong effort. Many marathoners carbo-load (increase their carbohydrate intake while holding total caloric intake constant) during the week before the marathon to allow their bodies to store more glycogen. This phase of training is also called tapering.

Immediately before the race, many runners will refrain from eating solid food to avoid digestive problems. They will also ensure that they are fully hydrated and that they urinate and defecate beforehand. Many races will have portable toilet facilities, but lines can be long, especially at larger marathons. Light stretching before the race is believed by many to help keep muscles limber.

defecate    /"def.@.keIt/ verb [I] FORMAL
to excrete the contents of the bowels

limber    /"lIm.b@r/  /-b@`/ adjective
(of a person) able to bend and move easily and gracefully

-http://cafe.daum.net/FUNRUNCLUB

테이퍼링(Tapering), 카보로딩에 관련한 글 모음 
 
번호 : 376   글쓴이 : yongsu
 조회 : 23   스크랩 : 1   날짜 : 2006.03.02 17:33
 
 
1. 테이퍼링

▶가장 쉬운 스피드 향상법-테이퍼링

▶훈련 중단으로 인한 훈련효과의 감소 폭과 속도는?

요지는 훈련을 줄이면 근력이 줄어든다는 생각때문에 훈련을 줄이지 못하지만,

훈련중단으로 근력감소효과는 시간에 따라 예상보다 느리게 줄어들고,

훈련을 줄임으로 피로회복으로 인해 근력이 좋아지는 효과는 예상보다 높습니다.

두가지 효과가 최고점에 이르는 시점을 대회일로 잡으면 최고의 성적을 낼 수 있겠지요.

2. 카보로딩

▶마지막 일주일간의 준비 : 식이요법, 테이퍼링, 주의 사항.

▶운동생리학 고전산책: 셔먼식 카보로딩

▶효율적인 당질대사로 마라톤벽을 넘자

▶시합 당일의 식이요법

요지는 글리코겐 고갈로 다시 채우는 글리코겐을 평소 이상으로 채우는 방법과

훈련 강도를 조절하여 당질대사를 높여 글리코겐 사용량을 줄이면서

(호흡을 트이게 한다고 하는데, 당질대사를 높여 산소 소모량을 줄여

호흡을 적게해도 되도록하므로 호흡이 트이는 듯한 효과를 내는 것 같습니다)

글리코겐 저장량도 높이는 방법이 셔먼식 카보로딩 방법인 것 같습니다.
 
테이퍼링(Tapering)에 관하여... 
 
번호 : 375   글쓴이 : yongsu
 조회 : 11   스크랩 : 1   날짜 : 2006.03.01 11:21
 
 
▣ 테이퍼링(Tapering)이란?

⇒ 대회일(D-day)에 맞추어 자신의 몸(컨디션) 상태를
   최상의 조건으로 만들기 위해
   평소의 훈련량을 줄여 나가는 것을
   테이퍼링(Tapering)이라고 한다.

▣ 테이퍼링(Tapering)의 기원

⇒ "새는 날고 물고기는 헤엄치고 인간은 달린다”는 명언으로
   너무나 잘 알려진 유명한 마라토너 “에밀 자토펙”이
   1947년 유럽선수권대회를 앞두고 무리한 훈련을 강행하다
   병에 걸려 대회 2주 전 병원에 입원하게 된다.
   대회 이틀 전에 퇴원한 그는 2주간의 충분한 휴식으로
   최상의 컨디션을 유지할 수 있었고
   5000m, 10000m 종목에 출전해 우승을 하였다.
   이 일을 계기로 테이퍼링을 "자토펙 효과"라고 부르기도 한다.

▣ 테이퍼링(Tapering)의 효과

1. 훈련으로 인해 활동량이 늘어난 근육(가늘게 늘어남)을
   훈련량을 줄이면 근육은 다시 원상태를 회복하며
   원래의 굵기로 돌아간다.

2. 또한 휴식 중에는 근육 수축 속도가 빨라져서
   약 20%의 근력이 증가하는 효과를 볼 수 있다.

3. 훈련량이 줄어들면 에너지 소비도 줄어
   체내에 글리코겐을 효과적으로 저장할 수 있으며,
   이렇게 축적된 글리코겐은 대회 당일 에너지원으로 사용된다.

4. 훈련으로 쌓인 신체적 정신적 피로를 해소할 수 있다.

⇒ 이렇게 테이퍼링을 통해서 더 빨리,
   더 오래 달릴 수 있는 신체로 거듭나는 것이다.

▣ 테이퍼링(Tapering)의 효과 입증

⇒ 이미 많은 연구를 통해 엘리트 선수들이 대회에 앞서
   훈련량을 줄였을 때 보통 3～5% 경기력이 향상되었으며,
   최고 16%까지 효과를 본 선수도 있었다.

▣ 테이퍼링(Tapering)을 어떻게 할 것인가?

⇒ 운동과 휴식의 적절한 조화를 통해
   몸을 최적의 상태로 만드는 것으로,
   둘 사이의 균형을 얼마나 잘 맞추는가에 따라
   효과는 달라진다.

⇒ 테이퍼링은 기간이 너무 길면 체력이 저하되고,
   너무 짧으면 피로를 회복할 수 없다.
   풀코스 참가자의 경우 테이퍼링 기간은
   보통 2～3주 정도가 적당하다.

⇒ 훈련량은 일정한 비율로 줄이는 것보다는,
   휴식과 강도 높은 훈련을 섞어 일주일 단위로
   훈련량을 줄여 나가는 것이 효과적이다.

⇒ 일주일 단위로 전체 훈련량을 비교해 봤을 때
   3주 전에는 평소 운동량의 20～25%를,
   2주 전에는 30～40%,
   1주 전에는 50～60%까지 줄이는 것이 좋다.

⇒ 피로를 회복하면서 훈련으로 단련된 신체 기능을
   잃지 않으려면 훈련 시간과 훈련 횟수를 줄이되
   훈련 강도(스피드)는 꾸준히 유지해야 한다.

▣ 테이퍼링(Tapering) 기간 중 식이요법

⇒ 테이퍼링 기간에는 활발하게 사용하던 근육의 움직임이
   줄면서 글리코겐의 소비량이 줄어든다.
   여분의 글리코겐은 근육에 저장되어
   대회 당일 에너지원으로 사용되기 때문에
   테이퍼링 중 식이요법을 병행하는 것도 효과적이다.

⇒ 알콜은 글리코겐 흡수를 방해하고,
   커피나 탄산음료는 이뇨작용을 촉진하기 때문에 피해야 한며,
   충분한 휴식과 평소에 물을 충분히 마시면서
   간단한 식사로 몸을 가볍게 만들어 주는 것이
   대회 당일 최고의 결과를 내는 지름길이다.

★ 여러분들이 다 아시는 내용이지만
  대회전에 다시 한번 참고하셨으면
  좋겠다는 생각에서 정리하였습니다.

★ 저의 경험상 결론은

⇒ 대회일(D-day)에 맞추어 자신의 몸(컨디션) 상태를
   최상의 조건으로 만들기 위해서는

   평소의 훈련량을 줄여 피로를 해소하고,
   충분한 휴식과 영양섭취로 대회일에
   최상의 컨디션을 유지하는게
   자신의 목표를 달성하리라 사료됩니다.

⇒ 금번 제9회 서울마라톤에서 좋은 성과 있기를 기원드립니다.
 

Carbohydrate loading

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In sports, carbohydrate loading, also known as carbo-loading, is a strategy employed by endurance athletes such as marathon runners to maximize the storage of glycogen in the muscles.

The protocol of carbohydrate loading was originally developed in 1967 in Sweden. The original theory of carbohydrate loading was that, if the body's glycogen stores were depleted, it would store more glycogen than normal when carbohydrate intake returned to normal. Consequently, the original carbo-loading regimen began one week before the event, and called for three days of minimal carbohydrate intake and exercise to deplete the body's carbohydrate stores. Then for the next three days, the athlete would consume primarily carbohydrates, and reduce the intensity of exercise to allow for maximum storage.

In the 1980s, further research led to a modified carbo-loading regimen that eliminates the depletion phase, instead calling for increased carbohydrate intake and decreased training for three days prior to the event. Most athletes now follow this modified regimen and it is recommended by many coaches, although there are some athletes who still follow the original carbo-loading regimen.

Carbohydrate loading is generally recommended for endurance events lasting longer than 90 minutes.

[edit]

During the race

Coaches recommend trying to maintain as steady a pace as possible when running a marathon. Many novice runners make the mistake of trying to "bank time" early in the race by starting with a quicker pace than they can actually hope to maintain for the entire race. This strategy inevitably results in the runner bonking before completing the race.

Carbohydrate-based "energy" gels such as PowerGel are also a good way to get more energy, but these should be diluted with water when taken; otherwise they can cause nausea and vomiting. Honey is a natural, economical substitute for energy gels.

Typically, there is a maximum allowed time of about six hours after which the route is closed, although some larger marathons keep the course open considerably longer. For those running just as a hobby, times under four hours are considered good. Having a target time makes it easier to keep a steady pace.

dilute    /daI"lu:t/ verb [T]
 1 to make a liquid weaker by mixing in something else:
Dilute the juice (with water) before you drink it

nausea    /"nO:.zi.@/ /-Z@/  /"nA:-/ noun [U]
when you feel as if you are going to vomit:
Signs of the illness include fever, nausea and vomiting.

 

Bonk (condition)

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Jump to: navigation, search

"Bonk" is a jargon term used by endurance athletes, primarily cyclists, to describe a condition when athlete's glycogen stores in the liver and muscles are depleted, resulting in a major performance drop. The term can be used both as a noun ( "hitting the bonk" ) and a verb ( "to bonk halfway through the race" ). This condition is also known to long-distance (marathon) runners, who usually refer to it as "hitting the wall".

Whenever an athlete is engaged in exercise over a long period of time, his body produces energy via two mechanisms:

• aerobically via fat metabolism and
• anaerobically via breakdown of glycogen into glucose, followed by glycolysis.

How much energy comes from either source depends on the intensity of the exercise. During intense exercise which approaches one's VO2max, most of the energy required comes from glycogen.

The average human body usually stores enough glycogen to generate 1500 to 2000 calories of energy. Intense cycling or running can easily consume 600-800 or more calories per hour. Unless glycogen stores are replenished during exercise, after 2 hours of continuous cycling or 15-20 miles of running glycogen stores will be depleted. Symptoms of depletion include general weakness, fatigue, and manifestations of hypoglycemia such as dizziness and even hallucinations. Symptoms will not be relieved by short periods of rest. This condition is potentially dangerous and should be avoided.

There are several approaches to prevent this from happening:

1. Carbohydrate loading is used to ensure that the initial glycogen levels are maximized, thus prolonging the exercise. This technique amounts to increasing complex carbohydrate intake during the last few days before the event.
2. Consuming food or drinks containing carbohydrates during the exercise. This is an absolute must for very long distances: it's estimated that Tour de France competitors receive up to 50% of their daily caloric intake from on-the-bike supplements.
3. Lowering the intensity of the exercise to the so-called 'fat loss' level ( heart rate of 130 bpm for a 30-year-old athlete ) will lower both the energy requirements per unit of distance and the fraction of the energy that comes from glycogen.

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Bonk training

"Bonk training" is an exercise program designed for weight loss. It suggests that running or cycling every morning for 45-60 minutes before breakfast, when glycogen store levels are low, will force the body to "bonk" shortly into the exercise, and subsequently burn more fat to generate the energy. It is not clear how medically sound this idea is.

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Water consumption issues

Water and light sports drinks such as Gatorade offered along the race course should be consumed regularly in order to avoid potentially dangerous dehydration. However, in the extreme, overconsumption of water could dangerously dilute the blood, leading to hyponatremia that may result in a coma and even death. A patient suffering hyponatremia can be given a small volume of a concentrated salt solution intravenously, to raise sodium concentrations in blood. Sports drinks are not administered. Since taking and testing a blood sample takes time, runners should weigh themselves before running and put the numbers on their bibs. If anything goes wrong, the first aid workers can use the weight information to tell if the patient had taken too much water. The amount of water required to cause complications from drinking too much is about a gallon (4L) or more depending on the person. This typically only happens in situations where a runner is overly concerned about being dehydrated and overdoes the effort to drink enough.

An elite runner never has the time to drink too much water. However, a slower hobby runner can easily drink too much water during the four or more hours. If the 4+ hour runner drinks about 4-6 ounces of fluids every 15-20 minutes, good hydration levels are maintained, without the fear of hyponatremia. Alternating water and sports drinks helps maintain a good balance, and eating salty snacks can be helpful as well.

dehydrate    /%di:.haI"dreIt/ verb [I or T]
to (cause to) lose water:
Air travel dehydrates the body.
You'll dehydrate (= lose water from your body) very quickly in this heat, if you don't drink lots of water.

염분저하증(hyponatremia)

coma  noun [C]
a state of unconsciousness from which a person cannot be woken, which is caused by damage to the brain after an accident or illness:
He's been in a coma for the past six weeks.
She went into a deep coma after taking an overdose of sleeping pills.

1. Alert :정상적인 의식 상태로 spontaneous하게 움직이는 상태죠..지금 인터넷 하고 있는 상태
2. Drowsiness : 심하게 졸린 상태라고 할 수 있습니다. 감기약 먹고 헤롱헤롱 거리며 졸린 상태..의식 상태가 약간 저하되어 있고 집중력이 감소해 있으나 외부의 자극(이름을 부른다는지..툭 친다는지..)하면 바로 response를 할 수 있는 상태입니다.
3. Stupor : 좀 더 심각해진 상태로 정신을 잃은 것처럼 보이지만 pain을 유발하는 강력한 자극(꼬집는다는지 세게 흔든다는지..)하면 어느 정도의 반응을 보입니다. 아직 의식이 남아 있기는 한 상태입니다.
4. Semicoma : coma와 stupor 사이의 상태를 말하지만 정의가 정확하지는 않습니다.
5. Coma : 어떠한 자극에도 일체 반응을 보이지 않는 상태를 말합니다. spontaneous한 움직임도 없고 pain을 유발하는 강력한 자극에도 반응이 없습니다.

위와 같은 단계는 사실 주관적인 것들입니다. 보는 사람에 따라 판단이 틀릴 수 있기 때문입니다. 일반적으로 의식 상태를 기술하는 데 많이 사용되기는 하나 정확한 term도 아니고 객관적으로 판단할 수 있는 것도 아니어서 정확한 의식 상태를 표현하려면 Glasgow coma scale과 같은 수치화된 방법을 씁니다.

-http://kin.naver.com/db/detail.php?d1id=7&dir_id=7&eid=ZKU5Doy9hEcjieVaUwyLV4iCMOIjhi/x

intravenous    /%In.tr@"vi:.n@s/ adjective (ABBREVIATION IV)
into or connected to a vein:
intravenous feeding/fluids
an intravenous drip/injection.
Intravenous drug users are at particular risk of contracting the disease.

sodium    /"s@U.di.@m/  /"soU-/ noun [U]
a soft silver-white chemical element that is found in salt

http://www.cocktailnara.com/cock_story/cock_guide/measure.htm




단 위 용 량 비 고
ounce
(온스, oz.) 30 ㎖ Ounce/Pony = 1 oz.
칵테일을 만들 때 사용되는 밑술의 기본 용량을 우리나라에서는 온스로 표시한다.
pony(포니) 1 oz. = 30 ㎖
Tea spoon
(티스푼, tsp.) 1/8 oz.=3.7 ㎖ 설탕이나 약간의 레몬 쥬스 같은 것을 잴 때 쓰는 단위이며 t.s로 표시하고 양은 1/8 온스이다.
Table spoon
(테이블스푼, tbsp.) 3/8 oz.=11.1㎖ 티 스푼보다 많은 3/8 온스이며 칵테일을 여러 잔 만들때나 많은 양을 만들 때 사용한다. Tbs으로 표시한다.
dash(대시, d) 1/32 oz.=0.9 ㎖ Dash/splash = 5~6drops = 1/6ts = 1/32 oz.

식초같이 액체로 된 향신료들 사용할 때에는 대개 용기 자체를 흔들어서 소량을 뿌려 사용하는데 대쉬는 그 액체로 된 향신료를 사용할 때 쓰는 양의 표시이다.
대여섯 방울을 1 대쉬라고 한다.

후추, 조미료처럼 분말로 된 향신료를 한 번 뿌려 주는 것은 1 핀치(Pinch)라고 한다.
drop(드롭, dr) 1/5 ㎖ Bitters 종류에 사용하는 단위. 1 방울 정도.
Jigger(지거, jgr) 1.5 oz.=45 ㎖ 밑술의 기준 용량을 표시할 때 스며 1.5 온스(45 밀리리터)이다.
Cup(컵, C) 8 oz.=247 ㎖=1/2Pint 칵테일을 많이 만들 때 계량하기 편리하다.
Split(스필트, splt) 6 oz.=177 ㎖

[edit]

After the marathon

It is normal to experience muscle soreness after the marathon. This is usually attributed to microscopic tears in the muscles. Most runners will take about three weeks to recover to pre-race condition. The immune system is reportedly suppressed for a short time. Studies have indicated that an increase in vitamin C in a runner's post-race diet decreases the chance of sinus infections, a relatively common condition, especially in ultramarathons. Changes to the blood chemistry may lead physicians to mistakenly diagnose heart malfunction.

sinus    /"saI.n@s/ noun [C]
any of the spaces inside the head that are connected to the back of the nose
sinus...부비동

[edit]

Marathon races

See also: List of marathon races

More than 800 annual marathons are organized in most countries of the world. Some of the largest and most prestigious races, in Boston, New York City, Chicago, London, and Berlin, form the biannual World Marathon Majors series, a world cup for elite runners. Other notable large marathons include Honolulu, Los Angeles and Paris.

Mass start

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This article or section does not cite its references or sources.
You can help Wikipedia by including appropriate citations.

Mass start is a format of starting in some events in athletics, such as a marathon race or a long-distance cross country skiing competition.

There are usually a large number of competitors in such an event, and in order for all the competitors to have the same environmental conditions, which, among other things, include temperature, wind speed, rain or shine, etc., they need to start at the same time and same place and proceed along the same course. But the large number of competitors makes it impossible to fit all of them at the same starting line. So the athletes stand in a pack before they begin: some are behind others, sometimes by dozens of meters or more, depending on the number of competitors.

The tradition is that all the athletes start at the same time, the gun time, and use the same starting line and same finishing line as those in the front of the pack. This means that those in the back of the pack have to run an extra distance. One's position in the pack at starting is determined either based on his previous records, or chosen by him based on his own expectation and etiquette. Usually, the best athletes take the front positions.

Modern electronic technology has made it possible to get the time lapsed for each individual athlete from his crossing the starting line to his crossing the finishing line, the chip time. Other ways to avoid disadvantage towards those in the back of the back are individual starts (where athletes start one at a time) and interval starts (where atheletes are released in small batches).

[edit]

Notable marathon runners

This is a list of elite athletes notable for their performance in marathoning. For a list of people notable in other fields who have also ran marathons, see List of marathoners.

List of marathoners

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This is a list of notable people who have completed a marathon.

Note that this list is intended to showcase people who are known for accomplishments outside long-distance running. For elite atheletes known for running, see Category:Long-distance runners.

Contents

[hide]

• 1 Actors
• 2 Television Personalities
• 3 Musicians
• 4 Athletes
• 5 Politicans
• 6 Other
• 7 External links

//

[edit]

Actors

• Meredith Baxter, Family Ties, New York City Marathon 1982 (4:08:30)
• William Baldwin, New York City Marathon 1992 (3:24:29)
• Anthony Edwards, Chicago Marathon 2003 (3:55:40)
• David James Elliott, JAG, Boston Marathon 2000 (4:57:23)
• Will Ferrell, Boston Marathon 2003 (3:56:12)
• Mario López, Saved by the Bell, Boston Marathon 2002 (5:41:41)
• Joan Van Ark, Santa Ana/Orange Marathon 1979 (3:35:00)
• Peter Weller, New York City Marathon 1988 (3:51:26)

[edit]

Television Personalities

• Danni Boatwright, Winner: Survivor: Guatemala, Country Music Marathon 2003 (4:23:24)
• Bill Gaghan, The Amazing Race: Family Edition, Boston Marathon 2005 (3:53:11)
• Tammy Gaghan, The Amazing Race: Family Edition, Baltimore Marathon 2005 (4:45:36)
• Lisa Ling, formerly of The View, Boston Marathon 2002 (4:34:18)
• Bill Rancic, Winner: The Apprentice (Season 1), Chicago Marathon 2001 (4:31:31)
• Oprah Winfrey, Marine Corps Marathon 1994 (4:29:20)

[edit]

Musicians

• Sean Combs, New York City Marathon 2002 (4:14:54)
• Kirka, popular Finnish singer, Stockholm Marathon 2004 (4:43:42)
• Mike Malinin, Goo Goo Dolls, Rock N Roll Marathon 2004 (5:07:53)
• David Lee Roth, former lead singer of Van Halen, New York City Marathon 1987 (6:04:43)

[edit]

Athletes

• Roger Craig, Former San Francisco 49ers Running Back, Chicago 2004 (3:54:00)
• Justin Leonard, Golfer, White Rock/Dallas 2001 (3:54:40)
• Kerri Strug, Gymnast, Houston Marathon 1999 (4:12:06)
• Lynn Swann, former Pittsburgh Steelers wide receiver, New York City 1993 (4:26:21)
• Pat Tillman, Former Arizona Cardinals safety, war hero, Avenue of the Giants Marathon 2000 (3:48)

[edit]

Politicans

• George W. Bush, 43rd President of the United States, Houston Marathon 1993 (3:44:52)
• Michael Dukakis, Former Governor of Massachusetts, Boston Marathon 1951 (3:31:00)
• John Edwards, Former United States Senator, Marine Corps Marathon 1983 (3:30:18)
• Joschka Fischer, Former German Foreign Minister, Berlin Marathon 2000 (3:41:36)
• Bill Frist, United States Senate Majority Leader, Marine Corps Marathon 1997 (4:54:36)
• Al Gore, Former Vice President of the United States, Marine Corps Marathon 1997 (4:58:25)
• John Kerry, United States Senator (claims to have run the Boston Marathon in the 1970's, but no record exists)
• Jörg Haider, Austrian politician and leader of far-right Freedom Party, New York Marathon 1999 (3:52:??)
• Mikuláš Dzurinda, Prime Minister of Slovakia, Malokarpatsky Marathon 1986 (2:55:??)

[edit]

Other

Alan Turing

• Kim Alexis, model, New York City Marathon 1992 (3:52:00)
• Ali Landry, model, Boston Marathon 2002 (5:41:41)
• Jarno Trulli, Formula One Driver, New York City Marathon 2000 (4:02:21)
• Alan Turing, mathematician and cryptologist, Leicestershire Amateur Athletic Champtionships Marathon 1947 (2:46:03) [1]
• Michael Waltrip, NASCAR driver, Kiawah Island Marathon 1999 (4:16:30)
• Alastair Campbell, Communications Director to Tony Blair, London Marathon 2003 (3:53:45)

[edit]

External links

• Marathon Guide -- has full searchable results for marathons from 2000-2005

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_marathoners"

[edit]

Men

• Abebe Bikila
• Waldemar Cierpinski
• Derek Clayton
• Steve Jones
• Juma Ikangaa
• Khalid Khannouchi
• Tom Longboat
• Carlos Lopes
• Spiridon Louis
• Jim Peters
• Bill Rodgers
• Evans Rutto
• Alberto Salazar
• Toshihiko Seko
• Frank Shorter
• Paul Tergat
• Ed Whitlock
• Emil Zátopek

Abebe Bikila

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Gold medal	1960 Rome	Athletics Men's marathon
Gold medal	1964 Tokyo	Athletics Men's marathon

Abebe Bikila (August 7, 1932 - October 25, 1973) was an Ethiopian runner and two time Olympic marathon champion from Ethiopia.

A member of Emperor Haile Selassie's Imperial Guard, Abebe Bikila, born in Mout, Ethiopia, became a national hero after winning the Olympic gold medal in the marathon at the 1960 Summer Olympics. At the Games held in Rome, Bikila ran the entire length of the marathon barefoot, setting a world record of 2 h 15 min 16.2 s. During the marathon, Bikila passed the Obelisk of Axum, which had been looted from Ethiopia after the Second Italo-Abyssinian War.

At the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo Bikila was in a weakened condition. He had his appendix removed six weeks before the race, which forced him to curtail his training for the marathon. Nevertheless, Bikila, this time wearing running shoes, repeated as Olympic marathon champion, again setting a world record (2 h 12 min 11.2 s).

At the 1968 Summer Olympic Games in Mexico City, Bikila was affected by the high altitude, injury, and age, and withdrew from the marathon race after 17 kilometers.

In 1969, Bikila was involved in a car accident near Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, leaving him paralyzed from the waist down. He never regained his full health and died in Addis Ababa at the age of 41 from a disease he had suffered from for many months.

The national stadium in Addis Ababa is named in his honor.

Barefoot

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This article is in need of attention from an expert on the subject.
Please help recruit one, or improve this page yourself if you can.

Walking in bare feet

Going barefoot is the practice of walking without shoes or socks. It is more common in developing countries but less common in public in industrialized countries due to greater availability of footwear. Some people enjoy the sensation of their feet in direct contact with the ground and make an effort to go barefoot whenever possible (often calling themselves "barefooters").

appendix (BODY PART)    /@"pen.dIks/ noun [C] plural appendixes
a small tube-shaped part which is joined to the intestines on the right side of the body and has no use in humans:
She had her appendix out (= medically removed) last summer.

curtail    /k@"teIl/  /k@`-/ verb [T]
to stop something before it is finished, or to reduce or limit something:
to curtail your holiday/spending
The last government severely curtailed trade union rights.

Waldemar Cierpinski

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Waldemar Cierpinski (born August 3, 1950) is a former East German athlete and two time Olympic Champion in the marathon.

Born in Neugattersleben, East Germany, Waldemar Cierpinski was originally a successful steeplechase runner but decided to switch to the marathon in 1974.

He was virtually unknown when he entered the 1976 Olympic marathon. He ran with the lead pack until Frank Shorter of the United States broke free after the 25 km mark. Cierpinski chased Shorter down then took the lead, winning the race by 51 seconds.

Cierpinski finished in fourth place at the 1978 European Championships but went to the 1980 Summer Olympics to defend his Olympic title stronger than ever. Cierpinski ran wisely and didn't match the suicidal pace the leaders had set. He caught up to the leaders at the 36 km mark and soon led by a healthy margin. Although Gerard Nijboer from the Netherlands narrowed the gap in the last kilometre, Cierpinski sprinted the last 200 m to win his second Olympic gold and duplicate the feat of legendary Ethiopian Abebe Bikila of winning two Olympic marathons.

He was denied a chance of an unprecedented third win by the Eastern Bloc boycott of the 1984 Summer Olympics. His third place finish in the 1983 World Championships in Athletics showed that he would not have been without a chance.

Waldemar Cierpinski is now a member of the German Olympic Committee.

steeplechase    /"sti:.pl=.tSeIs/ noun [C]
a long race in which horses or people have to jump over fences, bushes, etc., either across the countryside or, more usually, on a track

stee·ple·chase

〔 〕〔옛날에 이 경기를 교회의 첨탑(steeple)을 목표로 삼고 행한 데서〕 n.
1 장애물 경마
2【경기】 장애물 경주, 크로스 컨트리 경주
━ vi. 장애물 경주에서 달리다[말을 타다]

switch (CHANGE)    /swItS/ verb [T; I usually + adverb or preposition]
to change suddenly or completely, especially from one thing to another, or to exchange by replacing one person or thing with another:
She started studying English at college, but switched to Business Studies in her second year.
In 1971, Britain switched over (= changed completely) to a decimal currency.
After the bank robbery, the gang switched cars (= left one car and got into another).

lead    /li:d/ noun [S]
a winning position during a race or other situation where people are competing:
For the first time in the race Harrison is in the lead.
With a final burst of speed she went/moved into the lead.
After last night's win Johnson has taken (over) the lead in the championship table.
By the end of the day's play Davies had a lead of three points.

chase (FOLLOW)    /tSeIs/ verb
 1 [I or T] to hurry after someone or something in order to catch them:
The police car was going so fast, it must have been chasing someone.
She was chasing (after) a man who had snatched her bag.

Derek Clayton

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Derek Clayton was an Australian athlete, born in Lancashire, England and raised in Northern Ireland. He set the world best for the marathon at Fukuoka, Japan on the 3rd of December 1967 in 2:09:36.4, in what is considered a classic race.

He went on to break this time in Antwerp on the 30th of May, 1969 by more than a minute, this time stood as the world best for nearly another 12 years.

 His personal best time of 2:08:33.6 is still a world class marathon time.

 

 

Steve Jones (athlete)

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Steve Jones is a Welsh athlete, former world marathon champion. He began his career as an aircraft technician in the Royal Air Force and began training for the marathon in 1983. In 1984, he ran his first competitive marathon in Chicago, coming in at two hours eight minutes and thus breaking the world record. He won the London Marathon in 1985.

 This biographical article relating to track and field athletics is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Juma Ikangaa

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Juma Ikangaa (born July 19, 1957) is a world-class marathon runner from Tanzania, a sentimental favorite in Boston after finishing second three years in a row at the Boston Marathon from 1988-1990.

Khalid Khannouchi

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Khalid Khannouchi (born December 22, 1971 in Meknes, Morocco) is a marathon athlete who now represents the United States of America.

Khalid fell out with the Moroccan athletics federation over training expenses and moved to Brooklyn, New York City in 1992 with three of his friends.

He married American Sandra Inoa in 1996 who now coaches him and acts as his agent. They have set up home in Ossining, New York.

He became a naturalized citizen of the United States on May 2, 2000.

[edit]

Achievements

• 1997
  • Chicago Marathon winner
• 1998
  • Chicago Marathon second place
  • Peachtree Road Race 10k winner 27:47
• 1999
  • Chicago Marathon winner in world record time of 2 hours 5 minutes and 42 seconds
  • Peachtree Road Race 10k winner 27:45
• 2000
  • London Marathon third place
• 2002
  • London Marathon winner in world record of 2:05.38
  • Chicago Marathon winner
• First Marathoner to break 2:06 twice

 This biographical article relating to sports is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Tom Longboat

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Cogwagee (Thomas Longboat) (1887–1949) was an Onondaga distance runner from the Six Nations of the Grand River Indian reserve near Brantford, Ontario.

His first important victory was in the Around the Bay road race in Hamilton, Ontario in 1906. In 1907 he won the Boston Marathon in a record time of 2:24:24, four minutes and 59 seconds faster than any of the previous ten winners of the event. In 1909 he won a marathon in New York City against the best marathoners in the world for the title of Professional Champion of the World. He collapsed, however, in the 1908 Olympic marathon. After disputes with his trainers about his training methods he bought out his contract, after which his times improved.

Longboat's chief rival was Alfred Shrubb, whom he raced ten times, winning all the races at 20 miles or more and losing all those at shorter distances.

He served as a dispatch runner in France in World War I while maintaining a professional career. He retired following the war.

In 1951 the Tom Longboat Awards were instituted by Jan Eisenhardt. This program, administered since 1999 by the Aboriginal Sport Circle, annually honours outstanding First Nations athletes and sportsmen in each province; national male and female winners are selected from the provincial winners.

Carlos Lopes

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Men’s Athletics
Silver	1976	Men's 10.000m
Gold	1984	Men's Marathon

Carlos Alberto de Sousa Lopes, pron. IPA /'kaɾ.luʃ 'lɔ.pɨʃ/, (born February 18, 1947) is a famous former Portuguese long-distance athlete, winner of the marathon race at the 1984 Summer Olympics, in Los Angeles. He brought Portugal's first ever Olympic gold medal along with a new Olympic record - 2:09.21 - which remains unbeatable.

Born in Vildemoinhos, near Viseu, Portugal, Carlos Lopes worked as a stonecutter's helper. His wish was playing football at the local club, but his father opposed, so he turned to athletics. In 1967 he was personally invited to join the remarkable athletics team of Sporting Clube de Portugal, and there remained until the end of his career in 1985. He was a quite average long distance runner, until he made an astonishing breakthrough in 1976, aged 29.

unbeatable    /Vn"bi:.t@.bl=/  /-?-/ adjective APPROVING
unable to be defeated or improved because of excellent quality:
The 23-year-old US tennis star looks unbeatable this season.
For good pizzas at a reasonable price they're unbeatable.

[edit]

Career

He started 1976 season with an easy win at the World Cross-Country Championships at Chepstow, Wales. At the 1976 Summer Olympics, in Montreal, Lopes set the pace from 4 km mark and the only one to follow him was defending Olympic champion Lasse Virén. Virén passed Lopes with a lap to go to win the gold medal, with Lopes easily winning the silver medal.

1976 Cross-Country WC

1976 Summer Olympics

He failed to retain his Cross-Country title, in Düsseldorf (1977), finishing second.

After the superb 1976 season, Lopes slipped back into the same relative obscurity in which he had been before 1976, failing the Moscow Olympics due to several lesions.

He returned to his best, in 1982, when he broke, in Oslo, the 10.000m european record - 27.24,39 - which belonged to his team mate Fernando Mamede. The next year, he became cross-country world vice-champion, in Gateshead.

Lopes attempted his first marathon at the end of 1982 (New York), but he did not finish it, due to a crash with a spectator. But in his next marathon (Rotterdam), in the next year, he finished a close (2 seconds!!!) second to Rob de Castella from Australia with a european record time of 2:08:39. Lopes decided to run a 10.000 m at the first World Championships, in Helsinki, which he finished disappointing sixth. After that he decided to concentrate to marathon.

retain    /rI"teIn/ verb [T]
 1 SLIGHTLY FORMAL to keep or continue to have something:
She has lost her battle to retain control of the company.
He managed to retain his dignity throughout the performance.
She succeeded in retaining her lead in the second half of the race.
I have a good memory and am able to retain (= remember) facts easily.

 2 SLIGHTLY FORMAL If a substance retains something, such as heat or water, it continues to hold or contain it:
The sea retains the sun's warmth longer than the land.

 3 LEGAL to obtain the services of a lawyer by paying them in advance

.

retainer    /rI"teI.n@r/  /-n@`/ noun [C]
 1 SPECIALIZED an amount of money which you pay to someone in advance so that they will work for you when you need them to

 2 OLD USE a servant who has usually been with the same family for a long time:
a faithful old retainer

superb    /su:"p3:b/  /-"p3`:b/ adjective
of excellent quality; very great:
He is a superb dancer.
Taylor scored a superb goal at the end of the first half.

obscurity    /@b"skjU@.rI.ti/  /-"skjUr.@.튷/ noun [U]
He was briefly famous in his twenties but then sank into obscurity.
He rose from relative obscurity to worldwide recognition.

obscure (UNCLEAR)    /@b"skjU@r/  /-"skjUr/ adjective
unclear and difficult to understand or see:
Official policy has changed, for reasons that remain obscure.
His answers were obscure and confusing.

slip (DO QUICKLY)    /slIp/ verb [I or T; usually + adverb or preposition] -pp- 
to go somewhere or do something quickly, often so that you are not noticed:
Just slip out of the room while nobody's looking.
She slipped between the cool cotton sheets and was soon asleep.
He slipped a piece of paper into my hand with his address on it.
[+ two objects] If you slip the waiter some money/slip some money to the waiter

 he'll give you the best table.

Carlos Lopes's marathon victory at the 1984 Olympics, in Los Angeles.

1984 was Lopes's biggest year. He regained his cross-country world title, in New Jersey, in front of thousands of ecstatic portuguese emigrants. In Stockholm, he helped Mamede win and beat the 10.000m world record - 27.13,81 - finishing second.

Fate almost took Lopes from the 1984 Olympics when, with a week to go, he was ran over by a car, in Lisbon; gladly he was not hurt. The Olympic marathon at Los Angeles was run in very hot and humid conditions, and as the favourites gradually fell away, it was the 37 year old Lopes who led the field into the stadium to win the gold medal, with a 200m advantage. Portugal blew up in celebrations with its 1st olympic title ever.

ecstatic    /Ik"st{t.Ik/  /-"st{?/ adjective
extremely happy:
The new president was greeted by an ecstatic crowd.

---

Public recognition
Carlos Lopes's olympic marathon victory earned him the world's recognition. President Ronald Reagan invited him to visit the White house.	The famous american painter, Tony Monk, fascinated by Lopes's saga in LA, painted his portrait in oil; Lopes loved it.	Lopes's arrival in Lisbon, after the Games was staggering. He was a national hero.	In 1984, Lopes was cross-country world champion, olympic marathon champion and towed Mamede to a 10.000m world record. Because of this, the spanish press elected him as "World Sportsman of the Year"; the prize was delivered in Madrid, by king Juan Carlos.

Later, Portuguese prime minister, Mário Soares, decorated Lopes with the Grand-Cross of the Order of the Infant (Grã-Cruz da Ordem do Infante).

---

A year later, he won the cross-country world championship, held in Lisbon, for the 3rd time.

In the last major competitive race of his career, the 1985 Rotterdam marathon, Lopes took 54 seconds off the world's best marathon time, setting a new standard of 2:07.12, and becoming the first man to run 42.195m in less than 2h 08 min.

• L'Equipe: "Fantastic! Extraordinary! There aren't enough strong words to label Lopes Rotterdam achievement. In less than 3 years, he became the first man to approach the unreal. Who would think, 20 years ago, that a man would run the marathon at 20 km/h?"

• Rotterdam press: "With his magic talent, Carlos Lopes took 54 seconds off the previous world best. With his fabulous pace he reached the world record with apparent ease. It's said he received US$150.000 just to come to Rotterdam, plus US$67.000 in prizes. A lot of money for a single man. But, in marathons' fantasy world, only a man - aged 38 - is able to run it in 2:07.12: Carlos Lopes".

After this, he went to Japan ran Tokyo's marathon, in honour of his late master Koboyashi, but (out-of-shape) he quit early. It was his last marathon, before he injured and said goodbye to Athletics, in late 1985.

Spiridon Louis

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Olympic Medal Record
Men's Athletics
Gold	1896	Marathon

Spiridon Louis

Spiridon "Spiros" Louis (January 12, 1873 – March 26, 1940) was a Greek water-carrier who won the first modern-day Marathon at the 1896 Summer Olympics, thereby becoming a national hero.

Louis was born in the town of Marousi, which is now a suburb to the north of Athens, into a poor farmer's family. His name is transcribed from the Greek in various ways; his given name is also seen as Spyridon (Spyros) and his family name as Loues. Louis's father sold mineral water in Athens, at the time devoid of a central water supply, and his son helped him by transporting it.

Contents

[hide]

• 1 Preparation
• 2 The marathon race
• 3 After the Olympics
• 4 Bibliography
• 5 External links

//

[edit]

Preparation

Louis in traditional dress

After the decision to revive the Olympic Games in 1894, preparations were made to organise the first modern Olympics in Athens. One of the races would be the Marathon, an event which had never been held before. It had been suggested by Frenchman Michel Bréal, who was inspired by the legend of the messenger Phidippides, who had run from the town of Marathon to Athens to announce the Athenian victory in the Battle of Marathon.

The Greeks were very enthusiastic about this new event, and decided to stage qualifying races for the Greek participants. These were organised by an army colonel, Papadiamantopoulos, who had been Louis' commanding officer during his military service (1893-1895). The first qualifying race – the first ever marathon race – was held on March 22, and was won by Charilaos Vasilakos in 3 hours, 18 minutes. Louis participated in the second qualifying race, two weeks later. Papadiamantopoulos, who knew Louis's running talents, had convinced him to participate, and Louis crossed the line at fifth place, behind winner Dimitrios Deligiannis.

On April 10 (or March 29 by the Julian Calendar, then in use in Greece), the Olympic Marathon was scheduled. The Greek public had been very enthusiastic about the Games, but was disappointed in the fact that no track and field event had yet been won by a Greek competitor. The victory in the discus throw, a classical Greek event, by the American Robert Garrett had been particularly painful. Because of its close connection with Greek history, the public desperately hoped the Marathon would be won by one of their countrymen.

[edit]

The marathon race

Louis

In Marathon, Colonel Papadiamantopoulos gave the starting signal for the small field of runners, consisting of thirteen Greeks and four foreigners. The early leader of the race, which led over dusty dirtroads along which throngs of Greeks had gathered to watch, was the Frenchman Albin Lermusiaux, who had earlier placed third in the final of the 1500 metres. In the town of Pikermi, Louis made a stop at a local inn to drink a glass of wine. After asking for the advantage of the other runners, he confidently declared he would overtake them all before the end.

After 32 km, Lermusiaux was exhausted, and had to abandon the race after a collapse. The lead was taken over by Teddy Flack, an Australian runner who had already been victorious in the Olympic 800 and 1500 m. Louis slowly closed in on Flack. The Australian, not used to running long distances, collapsed a few kilometers onwards, giving Louis the lead.

Meanwhile, in the stadium, the atmosphere was tense, especially after a cyclist brought the news that the Australian runner was in the lead. But another messenger was sent out by the police as soon as Louis moved into the lead, and as the word spread that it was a Greek that led the race, the cry "Hellene, Hellene!" was taken up by thousands of rapturous spectators. When Louis finally arrived in a stadium erupting with joy, two Greek princes – Crown Prince Constantine and Prince George – rushed to meet him and accompanied him on his final lap for a finishing time of 2:58:50, fuelled along the way by wine, milk, beer, an Easter egg, and some orange juice. Louis's victory set off wild celebrations, as described in the official report of the Games:

"Here the Olympic Victor was received with full honour; the King rose from his seat and congratulated him most warmly on his success. Some of the King’s aides-de-camp, and several members of the Committee went so far as to kiss and embrace the victor, who finally was carried in triumph to the retiring room under the vaulted entrance. The scene witnessed then inside the Stadion cannot be easily described, and even foreigners were carried away by the general enthusiasm."

Reportedly the King offered Louis any gift he would care to ask of him, and all Louis could think of was a donkey-drawn carriage to help him in his water-carrying business.

Adding to the celebrations, two more Greek runners entered the stadium to finish in second and third place. Third place finisher Spiridon Belokas was later found to have covered part of the course by carriage, and was disqualified, and his place was taken by the Hungarian Gyula Kellner.

After his victory, Louis received gifts from many countrymen, ranging from jewelry to a life-long free shave at the barber shop. It is unknown if Louis took all these gifts, although he did take back home the carriage he had asked of the King. He retreated to his hometown, never again competing in running. He lived a quiet life, working as a farmer, and later as a local police officer.

[edit]

After the Olympics

In 1926, Louis was arrested on charges of falsifying military documents and was imprisoned. After spending more than a year in jail, he was found not guilty, and was acquitted. The affair predictably caused a press uproar.

His last public appearance came in 1936, when he was invited as a guest of honour by the organizers of the 1936 Summer Olympics, held in Berlin. After bearing the standard of the Greek team during the opening ceremonies, he was received by Adolf Hitler and offered him an olive branch from Olympia, the birthplace of the Olympic Games, as an, obviously inopportune given the circumstances, symbol of peace.

A few weeks before the German invasion of Greece, Louis passed away in his native town of Marousi. Many sports clubs in Greece and abroad still carry his name, as does the main stadium at the Athens Olympic Sports Complex, where the 2004 Summer Olympics were held, as well as the road passing outside (Spiros Louis Avenue).

[edit]

Bibliography

• James P. Verinis, "Spiridon Loues, the Modern Foustanéla, and the Symbolic Power of Pallikariá at the 1896 Olympic Games", Journal of Modern Greek Studies 23:1 (May 2005), pp. 139-175. MUSE (by subscription)

Jim Peters

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Parl.	Electorate	List Pos.	Party
47th	List	9	NZ First

Jim Peters is a New Zealand politician who was born in Kawakawa.He is of Ngati Wai and Clan McInnes descent. He went to school at Whananaki Primary and Wesley College, Auckland. Further education followed at Auckland University and Auckland Teachers Training College. He graduated in History and Political Studies.He is a member of the New Zealand First party, which is led by his younger brother Winston Peters. Peters entered Parliament as a list MP in the 2002 elections, having previously served as the Chairperson on the Northland Regional Council.Before entering politics he was a High School teacher. Formerly he was HOD History, Geography and Social Studies at Mount Albert Grammer School. From 1987 to mid 2002 he was Principal of Northland College, Kaikohe. He lost his list seat in the 2005 elections after New Zealand First's share of the party vote declined from its 2002 result. Three members of his family, the others being his brothers Ian Peters and Winston Peters, have been Members of Parliament in New Zealand.

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Bill Rodgers (athlete)

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William Henry "Bill" Rodgers (born December 23, 1947 in Hartford, Connecticut) is an American runner who is best known for his victories in the Boston Marathon and the New York City Marathon in the late 1970s. Rodgers won both races four times each between 1975 and 1980.

Track & Field News ranked Mr. Rodgers #1 in the world in the marathon in 1975, 1977 and 1979.

Mr. Rodgers was inducted on December 3rd, 1999, in Los Angeles, CA to the National Track and Field Hall of Fame located in Indianapolis, IN.

In 1998 Mr. Rodgers was inducted in the first round to the National Distance Running Hall Of Fame in Utica, NY.

28 of the 58 marathons Mr. Rodgers ran were under 2:15.

Contents

[hide]

• 1 Marathons
• 2 Awards and Distinctions
• 3 Personal Track Records
• 4 Personal Road Records
• 5 Major Road Race Wins
• 6 Education

//

[edit]

Marathons

1. 1973 Boston (DNF)
2. 1973 Bay State (2:28:12) 1st CR
3. 1974 Boston (2:19:34) 14th
4. 1974 NYC (2:36:00) 5th
5. 1974 Philadelphia (2:21:57) 1st CR
6. 1975 Boston (2:09:55) 1st CR
7. 1975 Enschada, Holland (DNF)
8. 1975 Fukuoka (2:11:26) 3rd
9. 1976 Olympic Trials (2:11:58) 2nd
10. 1976 Montreal Olympics (2:25:14) 40th
11. 1976 NYC (2:10:10) 1st CR
12. 1976 Sedo Island, Japan 1st CR
13. 1976 Baltimore (2:14:28) 1st CR (200 meters short)
14. 1977 Kyoto, Japan (2:14:25) 1st
15. 1977 Boston (DNF)
16. 1977 Amsterdam, Holland (2:12:46) 1st CR
17. 1977 NYC (2:11:28) 1st
18. 1977 Fukuoka (2:10:55) 1st
19. 1978 Boston (2:10:13) 1st
20. 1978 NYC (2:11:28) 1st
21. 1978 Fukuoka (2:12:53) 6th
22. 1979 Boston (2:09:27) 1st AR
23. 1979 Montreal (2:22:12) 15th
24. 1979 NYC (2:12:12) 1st
25. 1980 Boston (2:12:11) 1st
26. 1980 Toronto (2:14:47) 1st
27. 1980 NYC (2:13:20) 5th
28. 1981 Houston-Tennaco (2:12:10) 1st CR
29. 1981 Boston (2:10:34) 3rd
30. 1981 Atlantica - Boavista, Brazil (2:14:13) 1st CR
31. 1981 Stockholm, Sweden (2:13:28) 1st
32. 1981 Bank 1, Columbus, OH (2:17:34) 7th
33. 1982 Houston (2:14:51) 5th
34. 1982 Tokyo (2:24) 301st
35. 1982 Boston (2:12:38) 4th
36. 1982 Atlantica - Boavista (DNF)
37. 1982 Big M, Melbourne, Austrialia (2:11:08) 1st
38. 1983 Orange Bowl, FL (2:15:08) 1st
39. 1983 Boston (2:11:58) 10th
40. 1983 Beijing, China (DNF)
41. 1983 Chicago (2:21:40)
42. 1984 U.S. Olympic Trials (2:13:31) 8th
43. 1985 New Jersey Waterfront (2:14:46) 2nd
44. 1985 NYC (2:15:31) 7th
45. 1986 Boston (2:13:35) 4th
46. 1986 Chicago (2:15:31) 11th
47. 1987 Phoenix (DNF)
48. 1987 Boston (2:18:18) 15th
49. 1987 NYC (2:25:01) 54th
50. 1988 Phoenix (DNF)
51. 1988 Los Angeles ( 2:20:27) 2nd masters
52. 1988 Boston (2:18:17) 2nd masters
53. 1988 NYC (DNF)
54. 1989 Los Angeles (2:22:24)
55. 1990 Boston (2:20:46) 5th masters
56. 1992 Vietnam International 19th
57. 1996 Boston (2:53)
58. 1999 Boston (DNF)

[edit]

Awards and Distinctions

• 1973 AAU All-American Long Distance Team (20K)
• 1975 National AAU- DI Benadato Award - Best Athletic Performance
• 1975 Nominated Sullivan Award (placed second)
• 1975 Ranked #1 in the World in the Marathon by Track & Field News
• 1976 Ranked #6 in the World in the Marathon by Track & Field News
• 1976 Member U.S. Olympic Team - Montreal, Canada
• 1976 AAU All-American Track & Field Team (10K)
• 1977 Ranked #1 in the World in the Marathon by Track & Field News
• 1978 Ranked #2 in the World in the Marathon by Track & Field News
• 1979 Ranked #1 in the World in the Marathon by Track & Field News
• 1981 Ranked #7 in the World in the Marathon by Track & Field News
• 1989 New York Road Runners Club Abebe Bikila Award
• 1989 Tiffany's Man of Achievement Award
• 1990 RRCA Masters of the Year Award
• 1992 RRCA Masters of the Year Award
• 1994 CT Sports Writers Alliance Gold Key Award
• 1999 Inducted into Long Distance Running Hall of Fame
• 2000 Inducted into USA Track and Field Hall of Fame

[edit]

Personal Track Records

• 1/2 mile - 2:00
• 1 mile - 4:16:08
• 2 miles - 8:48 (indoor practice)
• 3 miles - 13:27
• 5 kilometers - 13:42:00
• 10 kilometers - 28:04:04
• 15 kilometers - 43:39:08
• 10 miles - 46:35
• 20 kilometers - 58:15
• 1 hour - 12 miles, 1361 yds.

[edit]

Personal Road Records

• 10 kilometers: 28:15
• 15 kilometers: 43:25
• 20 kilometers: 58:42
• 25 kilometers: 1:17:23
• 30 kilometers: 1:29:04
• Marathon (42.195 kilometers): 2:09:27

[edit]

Major Road Race Wins

• Boston Marathon: 4 wins
• New York City Marathon: 4 wins
• Fukuoka Marathon: 1 win
• Falmouth Road Race: 3 wins
• Lynchburg 10 miler: 5 wins
• Cherry Blossom 10-Mile Run: 4 wins
• Beverly Hills 10K: 4 wins
• Azalea Trail 10K: 4 wins
• Bloomsday 12K: 1 win
• Gasparila 15K: 1 win (first yr.)
• Jacksonville 15K: 1 win
• BIX 7: 2 wins (incl. first yr.)
• Big Boy 20K: 3 wins

[edit]

Education

Mr. Rodgers received a BA in sociology from Wesleyan University and an MS in special education from Boston College.

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Rodgers_%28athlete%29"

Categories: American track and field athletes | Long-distance runners | 1947 births | Living people

Evans Rutto

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Contents

[hide]

• 1 Evans Rutto
  • 1.1 Personal Bests
  • 1.2 Family
  • 1.3 External Links

//

[edit]

Evans Rutto

Evans Rutto is a Kenyan athlete who won the 2003 Chicago Marathon with debutant

world record time of 2:05:50, the 2004 London Marathon, and the 2004 Chicago Marathon. He took 10th in the 2005 London Marathon.

Prior to the 2003 Chicago Marathon Rutto was an elite runner at the 10k to half-marathon distance.

[edit]

Personal Bests

---

Track

10,000m: 27:31.32

5,000m: 13:02.71

Road

Marathon: 2:05:50

Half-Marathon: 1:01:30

10k: 28:19

5k: 13:34

[edit]

Family

Rutto has three children, Winnie, Dennis, and Dieter (after Coach Dieter Hogen).

[edit]

External Links

• Chicago Marathon
• London Marathon

 This biographical article relating to track and field athletics is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evans_Rutto"

Categories: Long-distance runners | Track and field athletics biography stubs

 

 

 

Alberto Salazar

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Alberto Salazar (born August 7, 1958) is an American marathon runner of the 1980s. Although he was born in Cuba, Salazar emigrated to the United States with his family. They ultimately moved to Wayland, Massachusetts, where Salazar competed in track and field while in high school. He is best known for his performances in the New York City Marathons in the early 1980s.

From 1980 through 1982, Salazar won three consecutive New York Marathons. His first-ever marathon, New York City 1980, resulted in a 2:09.41 win, which was at the time the second-fastest US marathon ever, behind Bill Rodgers' 2:09.27, indicating to some a changing of the guard. In 1981, he set a world record at NYC of 2:08.13, finally surpassing the world mark of 2:08.33, set by Australian Derek Clayton in 1969 in Antwerp, Belgium.

In 1982 he won his first and only Boston Marathon after the famous "Duel in the Sun" with Dick Beardsley. Salazar won the race in an exciting sprint finish and collapsed at the end before being taken to an emergency room and given 6 liters of water intraveneously because he had not drank during the race. This and other marathon performances such as the 1978 Falmouth, MA road race, where he collapsed at the finish with a temperature of 107 degrees and was read his last rites prematurely, earned him the nickname Alberto "All that is Man" Salazar. After several years of inactivity, in 1994 Salazar won the prestiguous 90 km (56.75 mile) Comrades Marathon. Salazar stated that prozac played a role in motivating him to succeed in professional running again; the actual effect of the drug on his performance remains controversial.

Salazar's competitive decline is attributed to a reported blow-out after the 1982 Boston Marathon, and the famous "Duel in the Sun" with Dick Beardsley, after which his athletic performance gradually declined to the point he could barely jog.

Currently employed by NIKE, Salazar has stayed connected with the sport in his role as coach of the NIKE Oregon Project. Aimed at producing Olympic Caliber athletes, project members who have trained under Salazar's tutelage include Galen Rupp, Joaquin Chapa, brothers Alec and Scott Wall, Collin Stark-Benz, Stuart Eagon, brothers John and James Connelly, Richard Smith, Dave Davis, Adam Goucher and Dan Browne.

 This biographical article relating to track and field athletics is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Salazar"

 

 

Toshihiko Seko

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Toshihiko Seko (born July 15, 1956) is a Japanese long-distance runner, a world-class marathon competitor in the 1980s.

Seko's notable marathon wins include Fukuoka Marathon (1978-1980,1983), Boston marathon (1981, 1987), London Marathon (1986) and Chicago Marathon (1986).

On March 22, 1981 Seko set world records at 25,000 m (1:13:55.8) and 30,000 m (1:29:18.8). Both of these records stand as of 2005.

Quote:

"The marathon is my only girlfriend. I give her everything I have." [1]

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Frank Shorter

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Frank Shorter (born October 31, 1947) is a former American athlete and winner of the marathon race at the 1972 Summer Olympics.

Born in Munich, Germany, where his father served in the army, Frank Shorter attended Mount Hermon School. He first achieved fame by winning the 1969 NCAA 10 000 m title as a Yale student. He won his first national title in 1970 in the 5000 m. In 1971, 1974, 1975 and 1977 he won the national 10 000 m title and from 1970 to 1973 he won the national cross-country championships. He also won both the 10 000 m and the marathon at the 1971 Pan American Games.

But his greatest fame came when Shorter won the gold medal in the marathon at the 1972 Olympics held in his home town. He also finished fifth in the Olympic 10 000 m final. He was the 1972 recipient of the James E. Sullivan Award as the top amateur athlete in the United States. Shorter earned his Juris Doctor degree in 1975, but failed to defend his Olympic Champion title, finishing second behind surprise winner Waldemar Cierpinski of East Germany at the 1976 Summer Olympics.

Shorter decided to retire from athletics after the next season and started his own athletic supply company. He also worked in television as a sports commentator.

Shorter is former Chairman of the United States Anti-Doping Agency.

Paul Tergat

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Paul Kibii Tergat (born in Kenya on June 17, 1969) is regarded by many as the most astounding long distance runner in recent years. He has impressed on the circuit and he is now concentrating on the marathon. His most recent achievement is a victory at the 2005 New York City Marathon where he beat the defending champion, Hendrick Ramaala, and a field full of world class runners.

He currently holds the marathon world record of 2:04:55, which was set September 28, 2003 in Berlin, Germany. In his world record marathon race, Tergat took a wrong turn towards the end of the race. He also abraded his foot so badly that it felt like the sole of his shoe fell off.

Furthermore, Tergat's achievements include 5 victories in the traditional Saint Silvester Marathon, the most important event in Latin American street racing. He is the principal winner of all times in that race, as well as holder of the record time for the present 15 km distance, which he established in 1995. His performances in the Saint Silvester Marathon have earned him the condition of celebrity in Brazil, where he is the second most recognized African personality, second only to Nelson Mandela.

He has often had to face second place, behind the great Haile Gebrselassie. In the Olympic Games 10,000 m finals of both 1996 (Atlanta) and 2000 (Sydney), the Ethiopian 'Emperor' beat Tergat by a nose after Tergat led both races into the final lap. However, when the two met in the London Marathon in 2002, it was Tergat, four years Gebrselassie's senior, who got home first, behind then world-record holder Khalid Khannouchi.

Prior to the 2004 Olympics, he had announced that the Olympic Marathon would be his last race representing Kenya, although he would continue to compete as an individual. In Athens marathon, he missed his water point and drank water supplied by organizers. He is accustomed to drinking water at room temperatures, while the organizers supplied water that was very cold. This resulted in cramps. Tergat finished 10^th in the Marathon at the 2004 Athens Olympics. He still cherishes a hope of competing in 2008 Olympics. However, he will not compete in World Championships any more.

In addition to his successes in the Marathon, Tergat also won a record five consecutive IAAF World Cross Country titles from 1995 to 1999.

In January 2004 Tergat was named a UN World Food Programme (WFP) "Ambassador against hunger". As a child he had to run many kilometres to school every day without enough to eat, until his school became one of many to benefit from the WFP's free daily school-lunch programme.

On November 6, 2005, Tergat won his New York City Marathon debut in a thrilling sprint finish through Central Park, prevailing over defending champion Hendrick Ramaala 2:09:29.90 to 2:09:30.22.

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Tergat"

Categories: 1969 births | Living people | Kenyan athletes | Long-distance runners | World record holders

Ed Whitlock

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Ed Whitlock (born on March 6, 1931 in Milton, Ontario, Canada) is a long-distance runner, and the first person over 70 years old to run a marathon in less than three hours with a time of 2:59:10 in 2003.

Whitlock, who ran as a teenager and took the sport back up again in his 40s, first became the oldest person to run under 3 hours in 2000 at age 69 with a time of 2:52:47. Since then, he has continued to extend this record, most recently to age 74 with a time of 2:58:40. His best time since turning 70 was 2:54:48 at age 73.

[edit]

References

• Ed Whitlock: Age Group Ace, Running Times, April 2004
• Athletics: Scotiabank Toronto Waterfront Marathon, RunnersWeb, September 27, 2004

Emil Zátopek

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Emil Zátopek listen (help·info) (September 19, 1922 - November 22, 2000) was a Czech athlete and Olympic gold medalist in long distance running. Zátopek was the first athlete to break the 29 minute barrier in the 10,000m run (in 1954). Three years earlier, in 1951, he had broken the hour for running 20 km.

[edit]

Biography

Wax figure of Emil Zátopek at Prague wax museum

Born in Kopřivnice, Czech Republic, Zátopek is probably best known for his amazing feat at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki of winning three gold medals in athletics. He won gold for the 5000m and the 10,000m run, but his final medal came when he decided at the last minute to compete in the marathon event for the first time in his life and won. In each event, he also broke Olympic records. His victory in the 5000 m came after a ferocious last lap during which he went from fourth place to first while Christopher Chataway, now second after being overtaken by Zátopek, tripped on the curb and fell.

Zátopek came into international athletics field at the 1948 Summer Olympics, by winning the 10 000 m (his second race on that distance) and coming second after Gaston Reiff from Belgium in 5000 m.

At the next year, Zátopek broke the 10,000m world record twice and broke his own record in three occasions over the next four seasons. He also broke the 5000m record (1954), 20 km record (twice in 1951), One hour running record (twice in 1951), 25 km record (1952 and 1955) and 30 km record (1952).

He won the 5000m and 10,000m at the 1950 European Championships and 10 000 m at the next European Championships. Two weeks before the 1956 Summer Olympics, Zátopek had an hernia operation, but nevertheless finished sixth at the Olympic marathon. Zátopek retired from athletics after the next season.

Zátopek's running style was distinctive and very much at odds with what was considered to be an efficient style at the time. His head would often roll, face contorted with effort, while his torso swung from side to side. He often wheezed and panted audibly while running, which earned him the nickname of "the Czech Locomotive". When asked about his alarming facial expressions, Zátopek is said to have replied that "It isn't gymnastics or ice-skating, you know".

A hero in his native country, Zátopek was an influential figure in the Communist Party. However, he supported the party's democratic wing, and after the Prague Spring, he was removed from all important positions and forced to work in a uranium mine as punishment. Emil Zátopek died in Prague, after a long-lasting illness at the age of 78. He was awarded the Pierre de Coubertin medal posthumously.

His wife Dana Zátopková (born the same day as her husband) was an outstanding athlete in her own right in throwing the javelin. She won the gold medal for javelin in the 1952 Summer Olympics, and the silver medal in the 1960 Summer Olympics.

See also: list of Slavs.

[edit]

Women

• Deena Kastor
• Ingrid Kristiansen
• Rosa Mota
• Catherine Ndereba
• Mizuki Noguchi
• Paula Radcliffe
• Fatuma Roba
• Joan Benoit Samuelson
• Naoko Takahashi
• Grete Waitz

[edit]

See also

• Half marathon
• Man versus Horse Marathon
• Mountain Marathon
• Ultramarathon
• Multiday races
• Ski Marathon

[edit]

References

• Daniels, J. PhD (2005). Daniels' Running Formula, 2nd Ed., Human Kinetics Publishing. ISBN 0736054928.
• Burfoot, A. Ed (1999). Runner's World Complete Book of Running : Everything You Need to Know to Run for Fun, Fitness and Competition, Rodale Books. ISBN 1579541860.

[edit]

External links

• IAAF International Association of Athletic Federations
• Hyponatremia among Runners in the Boston Marathon by Christopher S.D. Almond, M.D., M.P.H., Andrew Y. Shin, M.D., Elizabeth B. Fortescue, M.D., Rebekah C. Mannix, M.D., David Wypij, Ph.D., Bryce A. Binstadt, M.D., Ph.D., Christine N. Duncan, M.D., David P. Olson, M.D., Ph.D., Ann E. Salerno, M.D., Jane W. Newburger, M.D., M.P.H., and David S. Greenes, M.D.
• American Family Physician: Sudden death in young athletes: screening for the needle in a haystack among other statistics, this reference link mentions the estimate that there is approximately 1 fatality per every 50000 people finishing a marathon.

Athletic events

Sprints: 60m | 100m | 200m | 300m | 400m; ".." Hurdles: 100m Hurdles | 110m Hurdles | 400m Hurdles

Middle distance: 800m | 1500m | 3000m | steeplechase

Long distance: 5,000m | 10,000m | half marathon | marathon | ultramarathon

Relays: 4 x 100m, 4 x 400m; ".." Race walking

Throws: Discus | Hammer | Javelin | Shot put

Jumps: High jump | Long jump | Pole vault | Triple jump

Combination: Women's pentathlon | Heptathlon | Decathlon

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathon"

Categories: Endurance sports | Events in athletics | Running

[anarchist]

The original story (Herodotus) is that he ran from Athens to Sparta to seek aid, which arrived too late to participate in the battle.

[anarchist]

There is no evidence that any such event took place; according to the Greek historian Herodotus, Pheidippides ran from Athens to Sparta

[anarchist]

The International Olympic Committee estimates the distance from the Marathon battlefield to Athens as 34.5 km (21.4 miles).