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10. A Never Naught Song
There was never naught,
There was always thought.
But when noticed first
It was fairly burst
Into having weight.
It was in a state
Of atomic One.
Matter was begun—
And in fact complete,
One and yet discree
To conflict and pair.
Everything was there,
Every single thing
Waiting was to bring,
Clear from hydrogen
All the way to men.
It is all the tree
It will ever be,
Bole and Branch and root
Cunningly minute.
And this gist of all
Is so infra-small
As to blind our eyes
To its every guise
And so render nil
The whole Yggdrasill.
Out of coming-in
Into having been!
So the picture’s caught
Almost next to naught
But the force of thought.
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무(無)는 당찮다
무(無)는 결코 없었다.
항상 생각이 있었다.
첫 인지(認知)에
생각이 알맞게 폭발하여
무게를 가졌다.
그것은 한 개의
원자 상태였다.
물질이 시작됐고―
실로 완전하여,
하나지만 분리되어
분열하고 결합했다.
만물이 거기 있었다.
수소에서부터 인간에
이르기까지 모조리,
모든 개체가 대기했다.
그것은 언젠가 존재할
모든 나무,
깜찍하게 작은
줄기와 가지와 뿌리다.
그리고 만물의 이 골간은
초(超) 미세(微細)하여
그것의 모든 외관이
우리 눈에 보이지 않고
대기(待機)에서
존재(存在)까지의
전체 이그다라실도
무(無)로 보인다!
그래서 잡히는 그림은
무(無)에 가깝고
생각의 힘뿐이다.
-신재실 옮김-
단상(斷想): 이 시의 주요 주제 또한 진화론 비판이다. “무(無)는 결코 없었다./ 항상 생각이 있었다.”란 첫 구절은 “태초에 말씀이 계시니라 … 만물이 그로 말미암아 지은 바 되었으니 지은 것이 하나도 그가 없이는 된 것이 없느니라.”(『요한복음』 1: 1-3)란 성경 구절의 또 다른 표현으로 보인다. “말씀”이 “생각”으로 바뀌었지만, 창조론에 대한 믿음을 여실히 드러낸다. 창조론은 우주와 정신은 무(無)에서 우연히 발생한 것이 아니고, 신의 계획적 창조라고 믿는다.
그러나 이 시에서 프로스트는 종교와 과학위 접목(椄木)을 시도한다. 신의 “생각”이 폭발하여 수소(水素)로 전환되었으며, 이것이 물질의 시작이었다고 주장한다. 수소는 하나의 원자로 양성자(핵) 하나와 그 주위를 도는 전자 하나로 구성된다. 이것이 우주의 바탕 물질이라는 것이다. 이것은 “실로 완전하여,/ 하나지만 분리되어/ 분열하고 결합했다./ 만물이 거기 있었다.” “수소에서부터 인간에 이르기까지” 만물의 설계도가 태초에 있었으니, “그것은 언젠가 존재할/ 모든 나무,/ 깜찍하게 작은/ 줄기와 가지와 뿌리”라는 주장이다.
최초의 물질은 너무 작아서 그 속에 그려진 신의 청사진 또한 인간의 눈에는 보이지 않는다. 그러기에 우리는 그것을 신화적으로 상상할 뿐이다. 북유럽 신화의 이그드라실(Yggdrasill)은 우주수(宇宙樹)라고 불리는 거대한 물푸레나무다. 뿌리는 지옥, 줄기는 땅 인, 그리고 가지는 하늘에 닿고 있어 우주 전체를 함께 거머쥐고 있다고 한다. 그러나 그 줄기, 가지, 뿌리 또한 “깜찍하게 작기” 때문에 “대기(待機)에서/ 존재(存在)까지의/ 전체 이그다라실도/ 무(無)로 보인다!” 이처럼 신의 설계는 분명 존재하지만, 인간의 눈에는 보이지 않는다. 인간의 눈에 "잡히는 그림은/ 무(無)에 가깝고/ 생각의 힘뿐이다." 사실 "생각의 힘"이야말로 모든 창조의 원천 아닌가?
-신재실 씀-
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mythology and folklore - Deirdre Fagan
Frost, who had a strong
Latin and Greek education, at times used mythol
ogy and folklore as alternatives to creation, reli
gion, and history. This interest was also cultivated
in his childhood through his mother’s bedtime sto
ries, which were filled with fairies and spirits.
“Too Anxious for Rivers” is a questioning; a
contemplation of life and death grows grand as
Frost contemplates myths of creation: “The world
as we know is an elephant’s howdah; / The ele
phant stands on the back of a turtle; / The turtle in
turn on a rock in the ocean.” The evocation of
these myths demonstrates that the distinction
between people and nature is an illusion. If people
delude themselves into believing that they are not
a part of nature and are not natural beings, they
delude themselves into thinking that they are in
some way not susceptible to its forces.
“A Never Naught Song” is in keeping with the
theme that there has always been a “purpose,”
offering its own religious mythology when it pro
poses that there was never “naught,” never noth
ing; “[t]here was always thought.” The speaker
imagines the Big Bang as a “burst” of matter and
the bursting forth of the universe as an “atomic
One.” When the bang occurred, “everything was
there, every single thing . . . Clear from hydrogen /
All the way to men.” This bang was the creation of
all things; it was even the first evidence of thought.
The speaker’s explanation eliminates the need for
the “whole Yggdrasil.” The Yggdrasil is, in Norse
mythology, the world tree, a giant ash that con
nects and shelters all known worlds. This song,
then, replaces the tree myth with matter that was
“[c]unningly minute” and yet possessed of the
“force of thought.”
“The Gift Outright” creates its own myth sur
rounding the history of the United States and why
“the land was ours before we were the land’s.”
“Auspex” reflects Frost’s knowledge of Greek
and Roman mythology. In Greek mythology, Gany
mede was a Trojan boy of great beauty whom Zeus
carried away to be cupbearer to the gods. The eagle
is likened to Zeus, but also to Jove. Jove, in Roman
mythology, is the equivalent to Zeus, so the boy in
the poem asks why his parents do not “find a bar
keep unto Jove” in him. The story of Ganymede
can be found in Ovid’s Metamorphoses and in Vir
gil’s Aeneid.
In “Bond and Free” Frost makes use of the story of
Icarus, the son of Daedalus, who, despite his father’s
warning, flew too close to the sun, causing his wax
wings to melt and plunging him into the sea.
In “Come In” the thrush’s music entices the
speaker toward the dark almost like the mythologi-
cal sirens, who lured sailors to their deaths with
their beautiful singing.
“The Gold Hesperidee” and “Iris by Night” both
make direct references to characters of Greek
mythology. In “The Gold Hesperidee” Frost refers
to golden apples from the garden of the Hesperides,
the daughters of the evening. Iris is the personifica
tion of the rainbow that unites Heaven and Earth
and is man’s messenger to the gods. In “Iris by
Night” Frost refers to witnessing a rainbow at night
as a strange and miraculous perception of “confus
ing lights.” He makes the experience analogous to
the legend of the Greek army’s encircling and sub
sequent conquering of Memphis, an ancient Egyp
tian city, under Alexander the Great.
“Pan with Us” refers to the mythological Pan,
the god of shepherds and hunters, woods, fields,
and flocks.
Frost’s poetry makes a number of references to
folklore as well. For example, “Paul’s Wife” is
Frost’s version of the folktale of the legendary Paul
Bunyan, and “How Hard It Is to Keep from Being
King When It’s in You and in the Situation” has as
its source a story from the 10th-century collection
of folktales Arabian Nights’ Entertainments, or The
Thousand and One Nights, tale C, section 12, titled
“Tale of the King Who Kenned the Quintessence
of Things.”
Frost was steeped in knowledge of the classics,
and allusions appear with great frequency throughout
his work; these examples are but a few. He not only
appreciated and had a sound understanding of
mythology, but he was himself a maker of myths. The
greatest of the myths he contrived was that he was a
simple and blissful NEW ENGLAND nature poet, but it
is a myth that continues to warrant debunking.
FURTHER READING
Attebery, Louie W. “Fences, Folklore, and Robert
Frost,” Northwest Folklore 6, no. 2 (Spring 1988):
53–57.
Benoit, Raymond. “Folklore by Frost: ‘Paul’s Wife,’ ”
Notes on Modern American Literature 5, no. 4 (Fall
1981): 22.