프톨레마이오스 왕조

[시너먼]

고대 이집트

Ptolemy I Soter.

  프톨레마이오스 왕조는

기원전 305년부터 기원전 30년까지

이집트를 다스린 헬레니즘 계열의 왕가를 말한다.

파라오를 칭했고, 기존 이집트의 전통과 연속성이 있기 때문에 이집트 제32왕조라고도 불린다.

알렉산드로스 대왕의 부하 장군이자

그의 계승자인 프톨레마이오스는

기원전 323년 알렉산드로스가 죽은후

이집트의 총독으로 임명되었는데

기원전 305년에 이르러

스스로 "프톨레마이오스 1세 소테르"로 칭하고 이집트의 왕이 되었다.

이집트인들은

즉시 그를 독립 이집트 왕국의 파라오로 인정하였고

그의 후손들이 기원전 30년 로마 공화정에 의해 멸망할 때까지

약 300년을 이집트의 통치자로 군림했다.

남자 통치자들은 모두 프톨레마이오스 로 칭했고

여자 통치자들은 클레오파트라, 아르시노에, 베레니체 로 불렸다.

통상 그들의 이름 뒤에 붙이는 숫자는

현대 역사연구가들이 편의상 붙이는 것으로

당대의 그리스계열 왕가는 이름 뒤에 붙이는 별칭으로 구분했다.

가령 프톨레아미오스 1세 뒤의 소테르는 "구원자"라는 뜻이다.

역대

프톨레마이오스 1세 소테르

프톨레마이오스 2세 필라델포스

프톨레마이오스 3세 에우에르게테스

프톨레마이오스 4세 필로파토르

프톨레마이오스 5세 에피파네스

프톨레마이오스 6세 필로마토르

프톨레마이오스 7세 네오스 필로파토르

프톨레마이오스 8세 에우에르게테스 2세

클레오파트라 2세 필로메토라 소테이라

클레오파트라 3세 필로마토르 소테이라 디카이오소시네 니케포로스

프톨레마이오스 9세 소테르 2세

프톨레마이오스 10세 알렉산드로스 1세 : 클레오파트라 3세와 공동통치

베레니케 3세 필로파토르

프톨레마이오스 11세 알렉산드로스 2세

프톨레마이오스 10세 네오스 디오니소스

클레오파트라 5세 트리파이나 : 베레니케 4세 에피파네이아와 공동통치

클레오파트라 7세 테아 네오테라 : 프톨레마이오스 13세, 프톨레마이오스 14세, 프톨레마이오스 15세와 공동 통치 파라오

  The Ptolemaic dynasty, (Ancient Greek: Πτολεμαῖοι,

sometimes also known as the Lagids or Lagides, Ancient Greek:

Λαγίδαι, from the name of Ptolemy I's father, Lagus)

was a Macedonian Greek royal family

which ruled the Ptolemaic Empire in Egypt during the Hellenistic period.

Their rule lasted for 275 years, from 305 BC to 30 BC.

They were the last dynasty of ancient Egypt.

Ptolemy, one of the six somatophylakes (bodyguards)

who served as Alexander the Great's generals and deputies,

was appointed satrap of Egypt after Alexander's death in 323 BC.

In 305 BC, he declared himself King Ptolemy I,

later known as "Soter" (saviour).

The Egyptians soon accepted the Ptolemies as the successors

to the pharaohs of independent Egypt.

Ptolemy's family ruled Egypt until the Roman conquest of 30 BC.

All the male rulers of the dynasty took the name Ptolemy.

Ptolemaic queens, some of whom were the sisters of their husbands,

were usually called Cleopatra, Arsinoe or Berenice.

The most famous member of the line was the last queen, Cleopatra VII,

known for her role in the Roman political battles between Julius Caesar and Pompey,

and later between Octavian and Mark Antony.

Her apparent suicide at the conquest

by Rome marked the end of Ptolemaic rule in Egypt.

Bust of Cleopatra VII, Altes Museum, Berlin

Ptolemaic Queen of Egypt

Cleopatra and Julius Caesar. Painting by Jean-Léon Gérôme

Antony and Cleopatra, by Lawrence Alma-Tadema

The Death of Cleopatra by Guido Cagnacci, 1658

The Death of Cleopatra by Reginald Arthur, 1892

Ang kamatayan ni Cleopatra (The Death of Cleopatra) by Juan Luna, 1881.

Cleopatra is depicted taking her own life with the bite of a poisonous serpent. Adam Lenckhardt (Ivory).^[62] The Walters Art Museum.

Statue of Cleopatra as Egyptian goddess; Basalt, second half of the 1st century BC. Hermitage, Saint Petersburg

Ptolemy V Epiphanes

Cleopatra I of Egypt

Ptolemy VIII Physcon

Ptolemy VI Philometor

Cleopatra II of Egypt

Cleopatra III of Egypt

Ptolemy X Alexander I

Cleopatra Selene I

Ptolemy IX Lathyros

Cleopatra IV of Egypt

Berenice III of Egypt

Ptolemy XII Auletes

Cleopatra V of Egypt

Cleopatra VII

  Cleopatra VII Philopator (Greek: Κλεοπάτρα Φιλοπάτωρ;

Late 69 BC – August 12, 30 BC),

known to history as Cleopatra,

 was the last pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. She was a member of the Ptolemaic dynasty,

a family of Greek origin that ruled Ptolemaic Egypt after Alexander the Great's death

during the Hellenistic period.

The Ptolemies, throughout their dynasty, spoke Greek and refused to speak Egyptian,

which is the reason that Greek as well as Egyptian languages were used on official court documents such as the Rosetta Stone.

 By contrast, Cleopatra did learn to speak Egyptian and represented herself

as the reincarnation of an Egyptian goddess, Isis.

Cleopatra originally ruled jointly with her father,

Ptolemy XII Auletes, and later with her brothers, Ptolemy XIII and Ptolemy XIV,

whom she married as per Egyptian custom,

but eventually she became sole ruler.

As pharaoh, she consummated a liaison with Julius Caesar

that solidified her grip on the throne.

She later elevated her son with Caesar, Caesarion, to co-ruler in name.

After Caesar's assassination in 44 BC,

she aligned with Mark Antony in opposition to Caesar's legal heir,

Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (later known as Augustus).

With Antony, she bore the twins Cleopatra Selene II

and Alexander Helios, and another son,

Ptolemy Philadelphus (her unions with her brothers had produced no children.)

After losing the Battle of Actium to Octavian's forces,

Antony committed suicide.

Cleopatra followed suit, according to tradition killing herself by means of an asp bite

on August 12, 30 BC.

 She was briefly outlived by Caesarion,

who was declared pharaoh by his supporters,

but soon killed on Octavian's orders.

Egypt became the Roman province of Aegyptus.

To this day,

Cleopatra remains a popular figure in Western culture.

Her legacy survives in numerous works of art and the many dramatizations

of her story in literature and other media,

including William Shakespeare's tragedy Antony and Cleopatra,

Jules Massenet's opera Cléopâtre and the 1963 film Cleopatra.

In most depictions,

Cleopatra is portrayed as a great beauty,

and her successive conquests of the world's most powerful men

are taken as proof of her aesthetic and sexual appeal.