[AIDSASIAAFRICAalternatives] HIV Fails Koch's Postulates

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제목 [AIDSASIAAFRICAalternatives] HIV Fails Koch's Postulates
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Durban Declaration Rebuttal

A rebuttal to the "Durban Declaration" published in Nature on July 6.

Compiled by Robert Johnston1, Matthew Irwin2 and David Crowe3

1: Co-founder of HEAL Toronto, 2: Co-founder of HEAL Washington DC,
3: President of the Alberta Reappraising AIDS Society.

Appendix A: HIV Fails Koch's Postulates

David Rasnick has specialized in protease inhibitor research for over
twenty years, and was past president of the Group for the Scientific
Reappraisal of AIDS. He responded to statements posted by the NIH
that HIV fulfilled Koch's postulates (NIAID/NIH, 1995) with the
following comments:



Dr. Rasnick:


The PCR test cannot be used to confirm‎ the presence of HIV because it
has not been demonstrated that it can do the job. PCR does not detect
viable, infectious HIV, the only virus that would matter. It is
widely known that 99.9% of the proviral DNA of HIV present in cells
is defective and cannot lead to infectious, viable virus (Piatak, M.,
et al., Science 259: 1749-1754, 1993; Sheppard, H. W., et al., Nature
364: 291-292, 1993). However, the PCR test cannot distinguish between
the trace amount of non-infectious viral debris that overwhelms the
even smaller level of proviral DNA that could lead to the production
of viral particles under the special laboratory conditions of
coculture. Even coculturing techniques failed to find infectious HIV
in 53% of samples that have PCR viral load numbers in the hundreds of
thousands (Piatak, M., et al., Science 259: 1749-1754, 1993). The PCR
viral load test is equivalent to counting bumpers in a junk yard.

The problem with the PCR test is that it looks for traces of 3% of
the genome of HIV, then makes millions to trillions of "photocopies"
of what is found so that it can then be detected by other sensitive
methods. PCR is the world's most powerful microscope. If you have to
use PCR to find something, that automatically means that what you
find has no pathological relevance. If there were lethal substances
that could only be detected by PCR, then life on earth would be
impossible. It's not a single molecule of cyanide that is toxic, but
a lethal does that kills. As Paracelsus said in 1567, it's the dose
that makes the poison.

References to unreliability of the PCR viral load test

1. From the Viral Load instructions for Roche's Amplicor HIV-PCR
test, #US:83088-- "The AMPLICOR HIV-1 MONITOR test is not intended to
be used as a screening test for HIV or as a diagnostic test to
confirm‎ the presence of HIV infection."

2. Defer, C., et al. Multicenter quality control of polymerase chain
reaction for detection of HIV DNA, AIDS. 6: 659-663, 1992.

3. de Mendoza, C., Holquin, A., and Soriano, V. False positives for
HIV using commercial viral load quantification assays, AIDS. 12: 2076-
2077, 1998.

4. Rich, J. D., et al. Misdiagnosis of HIV infection by HIV-1 plasma
viral load testing: a case study, Annals of Internal Medicine. 130:
37-39, 1999.

5. Schwartz, D. H. and et al. Extensive eval‎uation of seronegative
participant in an HIV-1 vaccine trial as a result of false-positive
PCR, The Lancet. 350: 256-259, 1997.

6. Sheppard, H. W., Ascher, M. S., and Krowka, J. F. Viral burden and
HIV disease, Nature. 364: 291-292, 1993.

7. Kleinman, S., Busch, M. P., Hall, L., Thomson, R., Glynn, S.,
Gallahan, D., Ownby, H. E., and Williams, A. E. False-positive HIV-1
test results in a low-risk screening setting of voluntary blood
donation, Journal of the American Medical Association. 280: 1080-
1085, 1998.

NIH:


2) Improvements in co-culture techniques have allowed the isolation
of HIV in virtually all AIDS patients, as well as in almost all
seropositive individuals with both early- and late-stage disease
(Coombs et al., 1989; Schnittman et al., 1989; Ho et al., 1989;
Jackson et al., 1990).

Dr. Rasnick:


Co-culture techniques are required to generate HIV since there is no
free, infectious HIV to be found in people. See Duesberg's numerous
publications for details. The co-culture required fresh T cells from
a healthy donor because researchers cannot propogate HIV in the T
cells from HIV positive individuals because they are immune to HIV.
That also means that HIV cannot propogate itself in the same HIV
positive people. Hence, HIV cannot harm HIV positive people because
they are vaccinated against HIV.

The only way to get HIV is to co-culture it since no one has every
obtained it directly from humans or even animals. The presence of HIV
in culture is purely a laboratory artifact, which has no clinical
significance.

NIH:


1-4) All four postulates have been fulfilled in three laboratory
workers with no other risk factors who have developed AIDS or severe
immunosuppression after accidental exposure to concentrated HIVIIIB
in the laboratory (Blattner et al., 1993; Reitz et al., 1994; Cohen,
1994c). Two patients were infected in 1985 and one in 1991. All three
have shown marked CD4+ T cell depletion, and two have CD4+ T cell
counts that have dropped below 200/mm3 of blood. One of these latter
individuals developed PCP, an AIDS indicator disease, 68 months after
showing evidence of infection and did not receive antiretroviral
drugs until 83 months after the infection. In all three cases,
HIVIIIB was isolated from the infected individual, sequenced, and
shown to be the original infecting strain of virus.

In addition, as of Dec. 31, 1994, CDC had received reports of 42
health care workers in the United States with documented,
occupationally acquired HIV infection, of whom 17 have developed AIDS
in the absence of other risk factors (CDC, 1995a). These individuals
all had evidence of HIV seroconversion following a discrete
percutaneous or mucocutaneous exposure to blood, body fluids or other
clinical laboratory specimens containing HIV.

The development of AIDS following known HIV seroconversion also has
been repeatedly observed in pediatric and adult blood transfusion
cases (Ward et al., 1989; Ashton et al., 1994), in mother-to-child
transmission (European Collaborative Study, 1991, 1992; Turner et
al., 1993; Blanche et al., 1994), and in studies of hemophilia,
injection drug use, and sexual transmission in which the time of
seroconversion can be documented using serial blood samples (Goedert
et al., 1989; Rezza et al., 1989; Biggar, 1990; Alcabes et al.,
1993a,b; Giesecke et al., 1990; Buchbinder et al., 1994; Sabin et
al., 1993).

In many such cases, infection is followed by an acute retroviral
syndrome, which further strengthens the chronological association
between HIV and AIDS (Pedersen et al., 1989, 1993; Schechter et al.,
1990; Tindall and Cooper, 1991; Keet et al., 1993; Sinicco et al.,
1993; Bachmeyer et al., 1993; Lindback et al., 1994).

Dr. Rasnick:


AIDS is not contagious. For example, not even one healthcare worker
has been documented in the scientific literature to have contracted
AIDS from over 800,000 AIDS patients in the USA and Europe. The CDC
reports in a footnote in the latest HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report year
end edition (1998) that there has been a total of 25 healthcare
workers in the USA who have contracted AIDS on the job over the 18
years of AIDS. However, this claim is not referenced as to where the
CDC got this information or what other risk factors those 25
individuals may have had.

Even if the CDC's 25 occupationally acquired AIDS cases over the past
18 years is true, how does that constitute a raging health hazard to
healthcare workers? The 1 million needle-stick injuries among
healthcare workers in the USA each year results in about 1000 cases
of hepatitis among healthcare workers annually (Holding, R. and
Carlsen, W. Epidemic ravages caregivers. San Francisco Chronicle, pp.
1,A6-A8. San Francisco, 1998). That means that in the 18 years of
AIDS, healthcare workers contracted 18,000 cases of hepatitis and 25
cases of AIDS.

Of the approximately 5000 married, HIV positive hemophiliacs, not one
of their spouses has been documented to have contracted AIDS sexually
(Duesberg, Inventing the AIDS Virus, 1996).

Where is the raging epidemic of AIDS among female prostitutes? Do you
recall articles in the New York Times or reports on CNN of the AIDS
epidemic among female prostitutes? There are also no reports in the
scientific literature of an AIDS epidemic among female prostitutes.

In fact, 18 years into AIDS, nearly 9 out of 10 AIDS cases are men,
60% of whom are gay, yet the Army and the Jobs Corps for over 10
years have repeatedly shown that antibodies to HIV are equally
distributed between the sexes (Burke, D. S., et al., J. Am. Med.
Assoc. 263 (1990): 2074-2077; St. Louis, M. E., et al., J. Am. Med.
Assoc. 266 (1991): 2387-2391).

Three studies, the most recent in 1997 (Padian, N. S., et al., Am. J.
Epidemiol. 146 (1997): 350-357), consistently report that it takes
thousands of sexual contacts for heterosexuals to develop antibodies
to HIV. Specifically, on average, a woman must have 1000 unprotected
sexual contacts with an HIV positive man to develop antibodies to
HIV. For a man, the number is 8000-9000 sexual contacts with an HIV
positive woman to develop antibodies to HIV. By comparison, to
contract gonorrhea or syphilis requires 2-3 sexual contacts.

The CDC has estimated that from 1985-1995 a constant 1 million
Americans were HIV positive. In 1996 the CDC lowered that estimate
retrospectively back to 1992. The current estimate that has now been
constant since 1992 is that between 650,000-900,000 Americans are HIV-
positive. In other words, during a period when AIDS cases increased,
reached a peak in 1992-93, and have since declined steadily, the
number of Americans estimated to be HIV positive has never gone up;
in fact the number has stayed flat, or gone down and stayed flat at a
new level. That is very bizarre for a supposedly contagious disease
that is raging out of control, while the supposed infectious agent
has never spread through the population, not even among the purported
risk groups.

Using the CDC's estimate of 1 million HIV positive Americans in a
population of 270 million and the 1000 sexual contacts needed to
become antibody positive to HIV means that a woman would have to have
270,000 random sexual contacts to become antibody positive to HIV. A
man would need 8 to 9 times that many.

Dr. David Rasnick, 1999.

Reference:
NIAID/NIH (1995). The Relationship Between the Human Immunodeficiency
Virus and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: Koch's Postulates
Fulfilled. [recently revised]
http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/hivaids/hivaids.htm
http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/hivaids/12.htm

from: http://aids-forum.hypermart.net/USA%20NIH.htm




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