24.3.21 what is a quantum computer?

Well, quantum physics describes the behavior of atoms and fundamental particles, like electrons and photons. So a quantum computer operates by controlling the behavior of these particles, but in a way that is completely different from our regular computers. So a quantum computer is not just a more powerful version of our current computers, just like a light bulb is not a more powerful candle.양자물리학은 전자, 광자와 같은 원자와 기본입자의 움직임을 설명하는 학문이다. 따라서 양자컴퓨터는 이러한 입자의 움직임을 제어하지만 우리의 일반적인 컴퓨터와는 완전히 다른 방식으로 작동하는것이다. 그래서 양자컴퓨터는 전구가 더 강력한 양초가 아니듯이 우리의 현재 컴퓨터와의 더 강력한 버젼이 아닌것이다 You cannot build a light bulb by building better and better candles. A light bulb is a different technology, based on deeper scientific understanding.  Similarly, a quantum computer is a new kind of device, based on the science of quantum physics, and just like a light bulb transformed society, quantum computers have the potential to impact so many aspects of our lives, including our security needs, our health care and even the internet.마찬가지로 양자컴퓨터는 양자물리학이라는 과학에 기반을 둔 새로운 종류의 장치여서 바로 전구가 사회를 변화시킨 것처럼 양자컴퓨터는 우리의 보안, 의료 심지어 인터넷까지 우리 삶의 많은 측면에 영향을 미칠수 있는 잠재력을 가지고 있다 So companies all around the world are working to build these devices, and to see what the excitement is all about, let's play our game on a quantum computer. So I can log into IBM's quantum computer from right here, which means I can play the game remotely, and so can you. To make this happen, you may remember getting an email ahead of time, from TED, asking you whether you would choose to flip the coin or not, if you played the game. Well, actually, we asked you to choose between a circle or a square. You didn't know it, but your choice of circle meant "flip the coin," and your choice of square was "don't flip." We received 372 responses. Thank you. That means we can play 372 games against the quantum computer using your choices. And it's a pretty fast game to play, so I can show you the results right here. Unfortunately, you didn't do very well.  The quantum computer won almost every game. It lost a few only because of operational errors in the computer. So how did it achieve this amazing winning streak? It seems like magic or cheating, but actually, it's just quantum physics in action. Here's how it works.  A regular computer simulates heads or tails of a coin as a bit, a zero or a one, or a current flipping on and off inside your computer chip. 일반 컴퓨터는 동전의 앞면이나 뒷면을 하나의 bit , 0 이나 1로 여기거나 컴퓨터 칩 내부에서 전류가 켜지고 꺼지는것으로 여긴다 A quantum computer is completely different. A quantum bit has a more fluid, nonbinary identity. It can exist in a superposition, or a combination of zero and one, with some probability of being zero and some probability of being one. In other words, its identity is on a spectrum. For example, it could have a 70 percent chance of being zero and a 30 percent chance of being one or 80-20 or 60-40. The possibilities are endless. 양자컴퓨터는 완전히 다르다. 양자 bit는 보다 유동적이고 2진법이 아닌 정체성을 갖는다. 그것(양자bit)은 0과 1의 중첩 또는 조합으로 존재할수 있으며 0일수 있는 확률과 1일수 있는 확률이 존재한다. 다시 말하면 그 정체성은 하나의 범위 내에 있다. 예를 들면 0일 확률이 70%이고 1일 확률이 30%이거나 80-20 또는 60-40일수도 있다.  그 가능성은 끝이 없다. The key idea here is that we have to give up on precise values of zero and one and allow for some uncertainty. So during the game, the quantum computer creates this fluid combination of heads and tails, zero and one, so that no matter what the player does, flip or no flip, the superposition remains intact. It's kind of like stirring a mixture of two fluids. Whether or not you stir, the fluids remain in a mixture, but in its final move, the quantum computer can unmix the zero and one, perfectly recovering heads so that you lose every time. If you think this is all a bit weird, you are absolutely right. Regular coins do not exist in combinations of heads and tails. We do not experience this fluid quantum reality in our everyday lives. So if you are confused by quantum, don't worry, you're getting it.  But even though we don't experience quantum strangeness, we can see its very real effects in action. You've seen the data for yourself.  The quantum computer won because it harnessed superposition and uncertainty, and these quantum properties are powerful, not just to win coin games, but also to build future quantum technologies. So let me give you three examples of potential applications that could change our lives.양자컴퓨터는 중첩과 불확실성을 이용했기때문에 게임에 이긴것이고 이러한 양자의 특성은 강력해서 동전게임에 이기는것 뿐만아니라 미래의 양자기술을 구축하기도 하는것이다. 그래서 우리의 삶을 변화시킬수있는 잠재적인 응용 3가지를 소개한다 First of all, quantum uncertainty could be used to create private keys for encrypting messages sent from one location to another so that hackers could not secretly copy the key perfectly, because of quantum uncertainty. 우선 첫째로 양자불확실성은 한 위치에서 다른위치로 전송되는 메시지를 부호화하기 위해 개인 키를 생성하는데 사용될수 있어서 해커들이 양자불확실성 때문에 몰래 키를 완벽하게 복사할수 없다 They would have to break the laws of quantum physics to hack the key. So this kind of unbreakable encryption is already being tested by banks and other institutions worldwide. Today, we use more than 17 billion connected devices globally. Just imagine the impact quantum encryption could have in the future. Secondly, quantum technologies could also transform health care and medicine. For example, the design and analysis of molecules for drug development is a challenging problem today, and that's because exactly describing and calculating all of the quantum properties of all the atoms in the molecule is a computationally difficult task, even for our supercomputers. 두번째로 양자기술은 또한 보건관리와 의학분야 또한 변화시킬수 있다. 예를들면 오늘날 신약개발을 위한 분자의 설계와 분석은 어려운 문제인데 그 이유는 분자를 구성하는 모든 원자의 양자특성을 정확하게 설명하고 계산하는것은 슈퍼컴퓨터로도 어려운 과제이기 때문이다 But a quantum computer could do better, because it operates using the same quantum properties as the molecule it's trying to simulate. So future large-scale quantum simulations for drug development could perhaps lead to treatments for diseases like Alzheimer's, which affects thousands of lives. And thirdly, my favorite quantum application is teleportation of information from one location to another without physically transmitting the information. Sounds like sci-fi, but it is possible, because these fluid identities of the quantum particles can get entangled across space and time in such a way that when you change something about one particle, it can impact the other, and that creates a channel for teleportation. 그리고 세번째로, 내가 좋아하는 양자응용은 물리적으로 정보를 전송하지 않고 정보를 한 위치에서 다른위치로 원격이동하는 것이다 It's already been demonstrated in research labs and could be part of a future quantum internet. We don't have such a network as yet, but my team is working on these possibilities, by simulating a quantum network on a quantum computer. So we have designed and implemented some interesting new protocols such as teleportation among different users in the network and efficient data transmission and even secure voting. So it's a lot of fun for me, being a quantum physicist. I highly recommend it. We get to be explorers in a quantum wonderland. Who knows what applications we will discover next. We must tread carefully and responsibly as we build our quantum future. And for me, personally, I don't see quantum physics as a tool just to build quantum computers. I see quantum computers as a way for us to probe the mysteries of nature and reveal more about this hidden world outside of our experiences.  How amazing that we humans, with our relatively limited access to the universe, can still see far beyond our horizons just using our imagination and our ingenuity. And the universe rewards us by showing us how incredibly interesting and surprising it is.우주에 대한 접근이상대적으로 제한되어있는 우리 인간이 우리의 상상력과 창의력을 사용하여 우리의 시야 넘어를 볼수있다는것은 얼마나 놀라운 일인가. 그리고 우주는 우리에게 믿을수없게 흥미롭고 놀라운것을 보여주는것으로 우리에 보답하는것이다  The future is fundamentally uncertain, and to me, that is certainly exciting. envelope artworkThe newest talks, straight to your inbox  ***************By Baek Byung-yeul Korean scientists and researchers from around the world gathered in Seoul, Wednesday, to interact with scholars and researchers at the inaugural World Congress of Korean Scientists & Engineers. To advance, Korea's science and technology, they also emphasized the importance of forging more connections with global researchers. "It is important for Korean researchers to collaborate with international research organizations and pursue diverse kinds of human resource exchange," Young-Kee Kim, a physics professor at the University of Chicago, said during the event, introducing research about particle accelerators conducted in collaboration with countries around the world. "We are very grateful to the president for fulfilling his promise to invite Korean researchers from around the world for exchanges. We have already laid the foundation for cooperation as 'world Koreans' and will continue to provide systematic cooperation and support for 'global Korea' as leaders in science and technology," Kim said. The event was organized in response to a promise made by President Yoon Suk Yeol during his visit to New York last year to invite Korean-American scientists and engineers from around the world to Korea to exchange research achievements. The inaugural event was attended by more than 500 Korean and foreign scientists and students. The president, who attended the event, said the government will spare no effort to support young researchers to work with the world's prominent scholars and research institutions because nurturing the country's science and technology capability is key to improving competitiveness. "The government will actively support young researchers to work with and challenge the world's best researchers and outstanding research institutions," Yoon said. "Supporting the development of world-leading technologies and global collaboration is an important national responsibility." The event runs until Friday at the headquarters of the Korean Federation of Science and Technology Societies in Seoul and will feature presentations by scholars and researchers from some of the world's leading universities and research organizations on a wide range of topics, including artificial intelligence, space, mobility, nuclear energy, quantum computing and robotics. The researchers include Key Cho, a neuroscience professor at King's College London, Jungsang Kim, a computer science professor at Duke University whose expertise is in quantum computing, and Jin Hyung Lee, an associate professor of neurosurgery at Stanford University.