Ⅱ. 국내외 시민 사회 단체 활동

Ⅱ. 국내외 시민 사회 단체 활동 1. 비정부기구(NGOs, NGBs) 가. 시민단체(civic group, civic organization, civil organization, citizen organization)⑴ 국어사전 사회의 여러 가지 문제를 해결하기 위하여 민간이 중심이 되어 만든 비정부 조직 ⑵ 교재공공선과 공공의 이익을 위해 국가나 자본으로부터 독립적으로 활동하는 비정부기구⑶ 시민사회① 시민단체시민사회는 시민의 이익과 의사를 명시하는 비정부 기구와 조직의 집합체이다. 시민사회는 가정과 정부와 기업과 구별되는 사회의 “제3부문”이라 불리는 민간부문을 포함한다(Civil society is the "aggregate of non-governmental organizations and institutions that manifest interests and will of citizens." Civil society includes the family and the private sphere, referred to as the "third sector" of society, distinct from government and business.).② 봉건사회에 대하여 개인의 자유, 평등, 독립이 보장된 사회때로는 시민사회라는 용어는 민주주의 사회를 구성하는 언론의 자유, 독립된 사법부 등과 같은 원리라는 보다 일반적인 의미로 사용되고 있다(Sometimes the term civil society is used in the more general sense of "the elements such as freedom of speech, an independent judiciary, etc, that make up a democratic society" (Collins English Dictionary).elements 원소, 요소, 성분, 구성요소, 원리③ 근대사회, 초기자본주의사회 나. 비정부기구(nongovernmental organizations, nongovernmental bodies) ⑴ 국어사전정부와 관계가 없는 민간에서 만든 기구 ⑵ 교재공동선과 공공의 이익을 위해 국가나 자본으로부터 독립적으로 활동하는 시민단체⑶ 비정부기구(nongovernmental organizations(NGOs), nongovernmental bodies(NGBs))비정부기구는 정부의 일부도 전통적인 영리기업도 아닌 기구이다.(A non-governmental organization (NGO) is an organization that is neither a part of a government nor a conventional for-profit business.)① 최협의정부간의 조약없이 여러나라 국적의 사적․공적 인물들로 구성되어 국제관계에서 활동하는 기구. 국제적으로 조직된 자발적인 비영리 기구.② 광의국내외에서 활동하고 있은 비정부기구 ③ 최광의국내외에서 활동하고 있는 비정부기구 및 비영리기구 다. 비정부기구의 유래비정부기구라는 말은 국제연합(UN)이 창설되었을 때인 1945년에 처음 조어(造語)되었다. 자체 국제정부간기구인 UN은 몇몇 공인된 전문국제비국가기구 즉 비벙부기구에 총회와 일부 총회회의에 업저버(관찰자) 지위를 부여하도록 했다. 나중에 이 용어는 보다 광범위하게 사용되었다. 오늘날 UN에 의하면 정부통제로부터 독립된 어느 종류의 기구도 그것이 비영리, 불개입이며 단지 야당이 아니라면 "NGO"라고 불릴 수 있다(The term "non-governmental organization" was first coined in 1945, when the United Nations (UN) was created. The UN, itself an inter-governmental organization, made it possible for certain approved specialized international non-state agencies — i.e., non-governmental organizations — to be awarded observer status at its assemblies and some of its meetings. Later the term became used more widely. Today, according to the UN, any kind of private organization that is independent from government control can be termed an "NGO", provided it is not-for-profit, nonprevention, and not simply an opposition political party.) 라. NGO 현황2015년 현재 전세계적으로 약 60만개의 NGO가 있으며 UN에 등록된 것만도 1880년에 성립한 ICRC, 1873년에 창설된 국제법학회(Institute of International Law)와 국제법협회(International Law Association), 그리고 CARE(Cooperation for American Relief to Everywhere, 미국원조물자발송협회), Catholic Relief Services, International Press Institute, Sierra Club, Salvation Army, Amnesty International, Habitat for Humanity International, Laubach Literary International, Medicins Sans Frontiers(MSF, Doctors without Borders), Greenpeace, WWF(Worldwide Fund for Nature)등 무수하다. (자세한 내용은 1995. 6. 17 The Korea Times에 게재된 Los Angeles Times Word Report를 참조) 마. 비정부기구의 등장 배경⑴ 탈냉전과 전지구적 쟁점의 등장. 냉전이 양분된 가치와 의제를 전제로 한 반면, 탈냉전은 새로운 가치와 의제가 전세계사적 문제로 등장하였음을 의미하며, 국제사회의 상호협력을 필요로 한다.⑵ 환경문제의 국제문제화로마클럽은 전지구적 이슈 가운데서도 특히 환경문제를 인류의 중대한 문제로 제기하고 있다. ⑶ 국제연합의 새로운 파트너의 필요성국제연합의 전세계적 문제를 해결할 주체로서의 민간단체의 필요성이 절실하였다.⑷ 구사회운동과 구별되는 신사회운동의 등장전통적 사회운동은 사회주의운동, 노동운동, 농민운동, 민주화운동 등이라면 신사회운동은 20세기 중반 이후 본격화된 사회운동으로서 환경운동, 반핵 평화운동, 인권운동 등 특정한 문제를 해결하는 가운데 공익을 추구하는 후기 산업사회의 주요 주제였다. 그 구체적인 사례로서 1968년 프랑스와 독일의 ‘68학생운동’ 이후 신사회운동이 본격화되었다. 2. 대표적인 비정부기구가. 유니세프(United Nations International Emergency Fund, UNICEF)⑴ 설립1946년 12월 11일 제1차 유엔총회에서 전쟁으로 피폐된 국가의 어린이들을 기아, 질병, 무지로부터 구호하기 위해 설립된 국제아동긴급구제기금(International Children's Emergency Fund: UNICEF)의 후신. United Nations Children's Fund ⑵ 본부 : New York City⑶ 내용 The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) is a United Nations Program headquartered in New York City that provides long-term humanitarian and developmental assistance to children and mothers in developing countries. It is one of the members of the United Nations Development Group and its Executive Committee. UNICEF was created by the United Nations General Assembly on December 11, 1946, to provide emergency food and healthcare to children in countries that had been devastated by World War II. Ludwik Rajchman, a Polish bacteriologist, is regarded as the founder of UNICEF and was its first chairman from 1946 to 1950. In 1953, UNICEF became a permanent part of the United Nations System and its name was shortened from the original United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund but it has continued to be known by the popular acronym based on this previous title. UNICEF relies on contributions from governments and private donors and UNICEF's total income for 2008 was $3,372,540,239. Governments contribute two thirds of the organization's resources; private groups and some 6 million individuals contribute the rest through the National Committees. It is estimated that 91.8% of their revenue is distributed to Program Services. UNICEF's programs emphasize developing community-level services to promote the health and well-being of children. UNICEF was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1965 and the Prince of Asturias Award of Concord in 2006. 나. 세계자연보호기금(World Wildlife Fund, WWF)⑴ 설립 : 1961. 4.29⑵ 본부⑶ 내용 The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is an international non-governmental organization founded on April 29, 1961, and is working on issues regarding the conservation, research and restoration of the environment. It was formerly named the World Wildlife Fund, which remains its official name in Canada and the United States. It is the world's largest conservation organization with over 5 million supporters worldwide, working in more than 100 countries, supporting around 1,300 conservation and environmental projects. WWF is a foundation, in 2010 deriving 57% of funding from individuals and bequests, 17% from government sources (such as the World Bank, DFID, USAID) and 11% from corporations. The group's mission is "to stop the degradation of the planet’s natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature." Currently, much of its work focuses on the conservation of three biomes that contain most of the world's biodiversity: oceans and coasts, forests, and freshwater ecosystems. Among other issues, it is also concerned with endangered species, pollution and climate change. biom(생물군계)A biome is a major community of plants and animals, classified according to its predominant vegetation and characterized by the adaptations of its organisms to that particular environment 다. 국제사면위원회(Amnesty International)⑴ 설립 : 1961.7⑵ 본부 : London⑶ 내용 Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty and AI) is a non-governmental organization focused on human rights with over 7 million members and supporters around the world. The stated objective of the organization is "to conduct research and generate action to prevent and end grave abuses of human rights, and to demand justice for those whose rights have been violated." Amnesty International was founded in London in 1961, following the publication of the article "The Forgotten Prisoners" in The Observer 28 May 1961, by the lawyer Peter Benenson. Amnesty draws attention to human rights abuses and campaigns for compliance with international laws and standards. It works to mobilise public opinion to put pressure on governments that let abuse take place. The organisation was awarded the 1977 Nobel Peace Prize for its "campaign against torture," and the United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights in 1978. In the field of international human rights organizations Amnesty has the longest history and broadest name recognition, and is believed by many to set standards for the movement as a whole. 라. Greenpeace⑴ 설립 : 1971⑵ 본부 : Amsterdam⑶ 내용 Greenpeace is a non-governmental environmental organization with offices in over forty countries and with an international coordinating body in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Greenpeace states its goal is to "ensure the ability of the Earth to nurture life in all its diversity" and focuses its campaigning on worldwide issues such as climate change, deforestation, overfishing, commercial whaling, genetic engineering, and anti-nuclear issues. It uses direct action, lobbying, and research to achieve its goals. The global organization does not accept funding from governments, corporations, or political parties, relying on 2.9 million individual supporters and foundation grants. Greenpeace has a general consultative status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council and is a founding member of the INGO Accountability Charter; an international non-governmental organization that intends to foster accountability and transparency of non-governmental organizations. 마. Save the Children⑴ 설립 : 1919⑵ 본부 :London⑶ 내용 The Save the Children Fund, commonly known as Save the Children, is an international non-governmental organization that promotes children's rights, provides relief and helps support children in developing countries. It was established in the United Kingdom in 1919 in order to improve the lives of children through better education, health care, and economic opportunities, as well as providing emergency aid in natural disasters, war, and other conflicts. In addition to the UK organization, there are 30 other national Save the Children organizations who are members of Save the Children International, a global network of nonprofit organizations supporting local partners in over 120 countries around the world. Save the Children promotes policy changes in order to gain more rights for young people especially by enforcing the UN Declaration of the Rights of the Child. Alliance members coordinate emergency-relief efforts, helping to protect children from the effects of war and violence. Save the Children has general consultative status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council. 마. 국경없는 의사회(Médecins Sans Frontières, MSF, Doctors without Borders)⑴ 설립 : 1971⑵ 본부 : Geneva⑶ 내용 Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) (pronounced [medsɛ̃ sɑ̃ fʁɔ̃tjɛʁ]), or Doctors Without Borders, is an international humanitarian-aid non-governmental organization and Nobel Peace Prize laureate, best known for its projects in war-torn regions and developing countries facing endemic diseases. It was founded in France. MSF; in Canada and the United States the name Doctors Without Borders is commonly used. In 2015 over 30,000, mostly local, doctors, nurses and other medical professionals, logistical experts, water and sanitation engineers and administrators provided medical aid in over 70 countries. These doctors and nurses decided to volunteer their time to solve issues of world health. Private donors provide about 80% of the organization's funding, while governmental and corporate donations provide the rest, giving MSF an annual budget of approximately US$610 million. Médecins Sans Frontières was created in 1971, in the aftermath of the Biafra secession, by a small group of French doctors and journalists who believed that all people have the right to medical care regardless of race, religion, creed or political affiliation, and that the needs of these people outweigh respect for national borders 3. 국내외 시민단체활동가. YMCA(Young Men's Christian Association, 기독교 청년회)⑴ 설립 : 1844 (한국 1903년)⑵ 본부 : Geneva⑶ 내용 The Young Men's Christian Association (commonly known as YMCA or simply the Y) is a worldwide organization based in Geneva, Switzerland with more than 57 million beneficiaries from 125 national associations. It was founded on 6 June 1844 by George Williams in London and aims to put Christian principles into practice by developing a healthy "body, mind, and spirit." These three angles are reflected by the different sides of the (red) triangle—part of all YMCA logos. The different local YMCAs are voluntarily affiliated through their national organizations. The national organizations in turn are part of both an Area Alliance and the World Alliance of YMCAs. The World Alliance's main motto is "empowering young people", and it is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. 나. 흥사단(興士團)⑴ 설립 : 1913⑵ 활동3대 수련(인격훈련, 단결훈련, 민주시민훈련)과 4대 정신(무실, 역행, 충의, 용감)인재양성, 통일, 투명사회, 교육, 청소년 운동을 비롯한 지역사회 풀뿌리시민운동(grass-roots civic movement) 전개⑶ 조직 : 전국 26개 지부 및 산하 8개 지부다. 대한적십자사(The Korean Red Cross)⑴ 설립 : 국제적십자위원회(International Committee of the Red Cross, ICRC) 1863(한국 1903.1.8 제네바 협약 가입, 1905.10.27 설립)⑵ 본부 : Geneva⑶ 내용 The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is an international humanitarian movement with approximately 97 million volunteers, members and staff worldwide which was founded to protect human life and health, to ensure respect for all human beings, and to prevent and alleviate human suffering.The movement consists of several distinct organizations that are legally independent from each other, but are united within the movement through common basic principles, objectives, symbols, statutes and governing organisations. The movement's parts are:The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is a private humanitarian institution founded in 1863 in Geneva, Switzerland, by Henry Dunant and Gustave Moynier. Its 25-member committee has a unique authority under international humanitarian law to protect the life and dignity of the victims of international and internal armed conflicts. The ICRC was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize on three occasions (in 1917, 1944 and 1963).The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) was founded in 1919 and today it coordinates activities between the 188 National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies within the Movement. On an international level, the Federation leads and organizes, in close cooperation with the National Societies, relief assistance missions responding to large-scale emergencies. The International Federation Secretariat is based in Geneva, Switzerland. In 1963, the Federation (then known as the League of Red Cross Societies) was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize jointly with the ICRC.National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies exist in nearly every country in the world. Currently 189 National Societies are recognized by the ICRC and admitted as full members of the Federation. Each entity works in its home country according to the principles of international humanitarian law and the statutes of the international Movement. Depending on their specific circumstances and capacities, National Societies can take on additional humanitarian tasks that are not directly defined by international humanitarian law or the mandates of the international Movement. In many countries, they are tightly linked to the respective national health care system by providing emergency medical services.라. Good Neighbors⑴ 설립 : 1991⑵ 본부 : 서울 영등포구 버드나루로 13 굿네이버스⑶ 내용1991년 한국인에 의해 설립되어 1996년 대한민국 최초로 유엔경제사회이사회(UN ECOSOC)로부터 포괄적 협의지위(General Consultative Status)를 부여받은 국제구호개발NGO이다.과제1. 논술(반쪽)가. 안창호의 4대 정신(무실, 역행, 충의, 용감)나. 대통령의 사면권 제한2. 입론서(택일)가. 시민단체 출신자들의 정치참여 바람직하다. 나. 성범죄자의 위치추적 장치 부착이 타당하다.