25. How Hard it Is to Keep from Being King When it's in You and In the Situation
The King said to his son: “Enough of this!
The Kingdom’s yours to finish as you please.
I’m getting out tonight. Here, take the crown.”
But the Prince drew away his hand in time
To avoid what he wasn’t sure he wanted.
So the crown fell and the crown jewels scattered.
And the Prince answered, picking up the pieces,
“Sire, I’ve been looking on, and I don’t like
The looks of empire here. I’m leaving with you.”
So the two making good their abdication
Fled from the palace in the guise of men.
But they had not walked far into the night
Before they sat down weary on a bank
Of dusty weeds to take a drink of stars.
And eyeing one he only wished were his,
Rigel, Bellatrix, or else Betelgeuse,
The ex-King said, “Yon star’s indifference
Fills me with fear I’ll be left to my fate:
I needn’t think I have escaped my duty,
For hard it is to keep from being King
When it’s in you and in the situation.
Witness how hard it was for Julius Caesar.
He couldn’t keep himself from being King.
He had to be stopped by the sword of Brutus.
Only less hard was it for Washington.
My crown shall overtake me, you will see;
It will come rolling after us like a hoop.”
“Let’s not get superstitious, Sire,” the Prince said.
“We should have brought the crown along to pawn.”
“You’re right,” the ex-King said, “we’ll need some money.
How would it be for you to take your father
To the slave auction in some marketplace
And sell him into slavery? My price
Should be enough to set you up in business—
Or making verse if that is what you’re bent on.
Don’t let your father tell you what to be.”
The ex-King stood up in the marketplace
And tried to look ten thousand dollars’ worth.
To the first buyer coming by who asked
What good he was he boldly said, “I’ll tell you:
I know the Quintessence of many things.
I know the Quintessence of food, I know
The Quintessence of jewels, and I know
The Quintessence of horses, men, and women.”
The eunuch laughed: “Well, that’s a lot to know.
And here’s a lot of money. Who’s the taker?
This larrikin? All right. You come along.
You’re off to Xanadu to help the cook.
I’ll try you in the kitchen first on food
Since you put food first in your repertory.
It seems you call quintessence qwintessence.”
“I’m a Rhodes scholar—that’s the reason why.
I was at college in the Isle of Rhodes.”
The slave served his novitiate dishwashing.
He got his first chance to prepare a meal
One day when the chief cook was sick at heart.
(The cook was temperamental like the King.)
And the meal made the banqueters exclaim
And the Great King inquire whose work it was.
“A man’s out there who claims he knows the secret,
Not of food only but of everything,
Jewels and horses, women, wine, and song.”
The King said grandly, “Even as we are fed
See that our slave is also. He’s in favor.
Take notice, Haman, he’s in favor with us.”
There came to court a merchant selling pearls,
A smaller pearl he asked a thousand for,
A larger one he asked five hundred for.
The King sat favoring one pearl for its bigness,
And then the other for its costliness
(He seems to have felt limited to one),
Till the ambassadors from Punt or somewhere
Shuffled their feet as if to hint respectfully,
“The choice is not between two pearls, O King,
But between peace and war as we conceive it.
We are impatient for your royal answer.”
No estimating how far the entente
Might have deteriorated had not someone
Thought of the kitchen slave and had him in
To put an end to the King’s vacillation.
And the slave said, “The small one’s worth the price,
But the big one is worthless. Break it open.
My head for it—you’ll find the big one hollow.
Permit me.” And he crushed it under his heel
And showed them it contained a live teredo.
“But tell us how you knew,” Darius cried.
“Oh, from my knowledge of its quintessence.
I told you I knew the quintessence of jewels.
But anybody could have guessed in this case,
From the pearl’s having its own native warmth,
Like flesh, there must be something living in it.”
“Feed him another feast of recognition.”
And so it went with triumph after triumph
Till on a day the King, being sick at heart
(The King was temperamental like his cook,
But nobody had noticed the connection),
Sent for the ex-King in a private matter.
“You say you know the inwardness of men,
As well as of your hundred other things.
Dare to speak out and tell me about myself.
What ails me? Tell me. Why am I unhappy?”
“You’re not where you belong. You’re not a King
Of royal blood. Your father was a cook.”
“You die for that.”
“No, you go ask your mother.”
His mother didn’t like the way he put it,
“But yes,” she said, “someday I’ll tell you, dear.
You have a right to know your pedigree.
You’re well descended on your mother’s side,
Which is unusual. So many Kings
Have married beggar maids from off the streets.
Your mother’s folks——”
He stayed to hear no more,
But hastened back to reassure his slave
That if he had him slain it wouldn’t be
For having lied but having told the truth.
“At least you ought to die for wizardry.
But let me into it and I will spare you.
How did you know the secret of my birth?”
“If you had been a King of royal blood,
You’d have rewarded me for all I’ve done
By making me your minister-vizier,
Or giving me a nobleman’s estate.
But all you thought of giving me was food.
I picked you out a horse called Safety Third,
By Safety Second out of Safety First,
Guaranteed to come safely off with you
From all the fights you had a mind to lose.
You could lose battles, you could lose whole wars,
You could lose Asia, Africa, and Europe,
No one could get you: you would come through smiling.
You lost your army at Mosul. What happened?
You came companionless, but you came home.
Is it not true? And what was my reward?
This time an all-night banquet, to be sure,
But still food, food. Your one idea was food.
None but a cook’s son could be so food-minded.
I knew your father must have been a cook.
I’ll bet you anything that’s all as King
You think of for your people—feeding them.”
But the King said, “Haven’t I read somewhere
There is no act more kingly than to give?”
“Yes, but give character and not just food.
A King must give his people character.”
“They can’t have character unless they’re fed.”
“You’re hopeless,” said the slave.
“I guess I am;
I am abject before you,” said Darius.
“You know so much, go on, instruct me further.
Tell me some rule for ruling people wisely,
In case I should decide to reign some more.
How shall I give a people character?”
“Make them as happy as is good for them.
But that’s a hard one, for I have to add:
Not without consultation with their wishes;
Which is the crevice that lets Progress in.
If we could only stop the Progress somewhere,
At a good point for pliant permanence,
Where Madison attempted to arrest it.
But no, a woman has to be her age,
A nation has to take its natural course
Of Progress round and round in circles
From King to Mob to King to Mob to King
Until the eddy of it eddies out.”
“So much for Progress,” said Darius meekly.
“Another word that bothers me is Freedom.
You’re good at maxims. Say me one on Freedom.
What has it got to do with character?
My satrap Tissaphernes has no end
Of trouble with it in his Grecian cities
Along the Aegean coast. That’s all they talk of.”
“Behold my son in rags here with his lyre,”
The ex-King said. “We’re in this thing together.
He is the one who took the money for me
When I was sold—and small reproach to him.
He’s a good boy. ’Twas at my instigation.
I looked on it as a Carnegie grant
For him to make a poet of himself on
If such a thing is possible with money.
Unluckily it wasn’t money enough
To be a test. It didn’t last him out.
And he may have to turn to something else
To earn a living. I don’t interfere.
I want him to be anything he has to.
He has been begging through the Seven Cities
Where Homer begged. He’ll tell you about Freedom.
He writes free verse, I’m told, and he is thought
To be the author of the Seven Freedoms:
Free Will, Trade, Verse, Thought, Love, Speech, Coinage.
(You ought to see the coins done in Cos.)
His name is Omar. I as a Rhodes scholar
Pronounce it Homer with a Cockney rough.
Freedom is slavery some poets tell us.
Enslave yourself to the right leader’s truth,
Christ’s or Karl Marx’, and it will set you free.
Don’t listen to their play of paradoxes.
The only certain freedom’s in departure.
My son and I have tasted it and know.
We feel it in the moment we depart
As fly the atomic smithereens to nothing.
The problem for the King is just how strict
The lack of liberty, the squeeze of law
And discipline should be in school and state
To insure a jet departure of our going
Like a pip shot from ’twixt our pinching fingers.”
“All this facility disheartens me.
Pardon my interruption; I’m unhappy.
I guess I’ll have the headsman execute me
And press your father into being King.”
“Don’t let him fool you: he’s a King already.
But though almost all-wise, he makes mistakes.
I’m not a free-verse singer. He was wrong there.
I claim to be no better than I am.
I write real verse in numbers, as they say.
I’m talking not free verse but blank verse now.
Regular verse springs from the strain of rhythm
Upon a meter, strict or loose iambic.
From that strain comes the expression strains of music.
The tune is not that meter, not that rhythm,
But a resultant that arises from them.
Tell them Iamb, Jehovah said, and meant it.
Free verse leaves out the meter and makes up
For the deficiency by church intoning.
Free verse, so called, is really cherished prose,
Prose made of, given an air by church intoning.
It has its beauty, only I don’t write it.
And possibly my not writing it should stop me
From holding forth on Freedom like a Whitman—
A Sandburg. But permit me in conclusion:
Tell Tissaphernes not to mind the Greeks.
The freedom they seek is by politics,
Forever voting and haranguing for it.
The reason artists show so little interest
In public freedom is because the freedom
They’ve come to feel the need of is a kind
No one can give them—they can scarce attain—
The freedom of their own material:
So, never at a loss in simile,
They can command the exact affinity
Of anything they are confronted with.
This perfect moment of unbafflement,
When no man’s name and no noun’s adjective
But summons out of nowhere like a jinni.
We know not what we owe this moment to.
It may be wine, but much more likely love—
Possibly just well-being in the body,
Or respite from the thought of rivalry.
It’s what my father must mean by departure,
Freedom to flash off into wild connections.
Once to have known it, nothing else will do.
Our days all pass awaiting its return.
You must have read the famous valentine
Pericles sent Aspasia in absentia:
For God himself the height of feeling free
Must have been His success in simile
When at sight of you He thought of me.
Let’s see, where are we? Oh, we’re in transition,
Changing an old King for another old one.
What an exciting age it is we live in—
With all this talk about the hope of youth
And nothing made of youth. Consider me,
How totally ignored I seem to be.
No one is nominating me for King.
The headsman has Darius by the belt
To lead him off the Asiatic way
Into oblivion without a lawyer.
But that is as Darius seems to want it.
No fathoming the Asiatic mind.
And father’s in for what we ran away from.
And superstition wins. He blames the stars,
Aldebaran, Capella, Sirius
(As I remember they were summer stars
The night we ran away from Ctesiphon),
For looking on and not participating.
(Why are we so resentful of detachment?)
But don’t tell me it wasn’t his display
Of more than royal attributes betrayed him.
How hard it is to keep from being King
When it’s in you and in the situation.
And that is half the trouble with the world
(Or more than half I’m half inclined to say).”
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사주팔자(四柱八字)가 그러한 경우에는
왕이 되지 않기도 어렵다
왕(王)이 아들에게 말했다, “이제 신물이 났다!
왕국(王國)은 너의 것이니 네 마음대로 끝내라.
나는 오늘밤 나가겠다. 자, 왕관(王冠)을 받아라.”
그러나 왕자(王子)는 즉시 손을 뿌리쳐서
원하고 있는지 확신이 없는 왕관을 피했다.
왕관은 바닥에 떨어졌고 왕관 보석들이 흩어졌다.
왕자는, 흩어진 조각들을 주우며, 대답했다,
“전하, 제가 지켜봤는데, 저는 이 왕국의
모양새를 좋아하지 않습니다. 저도 함께 떠나겠습니다.”
그렇게 두 사람은 퇴위(退位)를 이행하고
평민(平民)으로 변장하고 왕궁에서 달아났다.
그러나 얼마 걷지 않아 밤이 되었고
그들은 지쳐 메마른 잡초 둑에
앉아서 하늘의 별들을 마셨다.
리겔, 벨리트릭스, 아니면 베텔게우스,
그저 그의 별이기를 바라는 별들을 보며,
전(前) 왕은 말했다, “저 별이 무심하니
내가 나의 운명에 맡겨질까봐 매우 두렵다.
나의 의무를 벗었다고 생각하면 안 되는 것이,
왕이 되는 것이 내 사주팔자(四柱八字)라면
왕이 되지 않기도 어렵기 때문이다.
그것이 얼마나 어려운지 줄리어스 시저를 보라.
그는 그 자신이 왕이 되지 않을 수는 없었다.
그의 왕위는 브루투스의 칼에 의해 중단되어야 했다.
워싱턴의 경우 그것이 조금 덜 어려웠을 뿐이었다.
그래, 내 왕관이 나를 따라잡을 것이다.
왕관이 굴렁쇠처럼 우리를 따라 굴러올 것이다.”
“전하, 미신(迷信)을 따르지 마소서,” 왕자가 말했다.
“왕관을 가지고 가서 전당(典當) 잡혀야 할 것 같습니다.”
“네 말이 맞다,” 전(前) 왕이 말했다, “돈이 좀 필요할 테니까.
네가 네 아버지를 어느 장터의
노예(奴隸) 경매(競賣)에 데리고 가서
노예로 팔면 어떻겠느냐? 내 몸값은 사업(事業)이나―
네가 열중하는 것이 시를 짓는 것이라면 시작(詩作)에
필요한 자금(資金)을 마련하기에 충분할 것이다.
나는 네가 무엇이 될 것인지 간섭하지 않겠다.”
전(前) 왕은 시장에 섰고
1만 달러의 가치가 있어 보이려고 노력했다.
첫 구매자가 다가와서 그의 쓸모가 무엇인지
묻자 그는 분명히 대답했다, “말씀드립니다.
저는 사물의 진수(眞髓)를 압니다.
저는 음식의 진수를 압니다.
저는 보석들의 진수를 알고,
말, 남자, 여자의 진수를 압니다.”
환관(宦官)이 껄껄 웃었다. “어, 많이 아는구나.
자, 거금(巨金)을 주겠다. 수령자가 누구인가?
이 불량배? 됐니. 너는 나를 따라오너라.
너는 재너두로 가서 요리사를 도울 것이다.
네 레퍼토리에 음식을 맨 먼저 넣었으니
우선 부엌에서 음식으로 너를 시험하겠다.
너는 quintessence를 quintessence로 발음하더구나.”
“저는 로도스 섬에서 공부했습니다―그래서 그럽니다.
저는 로도스 섬의 대학에 다녔습니다.”
노예는 견습(見習) 기간의 접시 닦기를 수행했다.
주방장이 마음이 상해 있던 어느 날
그는 식사를 준비할 첫 기회를 가졌다.
(요리사는 왕처럼 신경질적이었다.)
연회 참석자들은 그 요리에 감탄했고
대왕(大王)은 누구의 솜씨인지 물었다.
“저 밖에 있는 사람이온데 음식만이 아니라
보석, 말, 술, 그리고 노래 등
모든 것의 비밀을 안다고 주장합니다.”
왕은 호탕하게 말했다, “우리가 식사할 때
우리의 노예도 식사하게 하라. 그를 총애하노라.
하만, 내가 그를 총애하니 그를 보살피도록 하라.”
왕궁에 진주를 파는 상인이 왔다.
더 작은 진주는 1천 달러를 요구하고,
더 큰 것은 5백 달러를 요구했다.
왕은 하나는 커서 좋아했고,
또 다른 하나는 비싸서 좋아했다.
(그는 하나만 살 의향인 것 같았다),
마침내 푼트인가 어딘가에서 온 대사들이
“폐하, 선택은 두 진주 간의 선택이 아니라,
우리가 구상하는 평화와 전쟁 간의 선택입니다.
우리는 폐하의 대답을 고대합니다,”라며
뭔가를 공손히 암시하듯 발을 움직였다.
누군가가 주방의 노예를 생각하고
그를 불러서 왕의 우유부단을
종식시키지 않았더라면 양국의 평화협정이
얼마나 악화되었을지 측량할 수 없었을 게다.
노예가 말했다, “작은 것은 제 값이 있지만,
큰 것은 가치 없습니다. 그것을 깨뜨려보세요.
제 목숨을 걸건대―큰 것은 속이 비었습니다.
제가 깨보겠습니다.”그는 뒤꿈치로 그것을 으스러뜨려
그 속에서 살고 있는 좀조개를 보여주었다.
“네가 어떻게 알았는지 말하라,”다리우스가 외쳤다.
“오, 그것의 진수에 대한 지식으로 알았습니다.
보석들의 진수를 안다고 말씀드린 바 있습니다.
하오나 이 경우에는 누구나 알 수 있었을 것이니,
그 진주는 물고기처럼 자생적(自生的) 온기가 있으니,
그 안에 무엇인가가 살고 있음에 틀림없습니다.”
“그에게 또 다른 인정(認定)의 잔치를 베풀어라.”
그렇게 그는 큰 업적의 업적을 연달아 올렸고
마침내 어느 날 왕은, 마음이 아파서,
(왕은 그의 요리사처럼 신경질적이었으나,
아무도 그 연관성을 눈치 채지 못했다),
사적(私的)인 일에 전(前) 왕을 불러오도록 했다.
“너는 다른 백 가지 사물들과 마찬가지로
사람들의 내심(內心)도 안다고 말한다.
나 자신에 대해 내게 솔직히 말하여라.
내 마음이 왜 아프냐? 내가 왜 불행하냐?”
“폐하는 있을 곳에 있지 않습니다. 폐하는 왕족 혈통의
왕이 아니옵니다. 폐하의 부친은 요리사였습니다,”
“거짓이면 죽을 줄 알라.”
“거짓이 아닙니다. 페하의 어머니께 여쭤보세요.”
그의 어머니는 아들의 노골적인 추궁이 싫었다.
“하지만 맞다,” 그녀가 말했다, “언젠가 말해주마.
너는 너의 족보를 알 권리가 있다.
너는 어머니 쪽에서 명문(名門)의 후손으로,
보기 드문 사례(事例)다. 아주 많은 왕들이
거리의 거지 처녀들과 결혼했다.
너의 모계(母系) 쪽 사람들은―”
그는 더 이상 듣지 않고,
서둘러 돌아와서는, 만약 그가 그를 죽였더라면
그가 거짓말을 했기 때문이 아니라 진실(眞實)을
말했기 때문이었을 것이라고 노예를 안심시켰다.
“적어도 너는 마술을 부렸기 때문에 죽어야 한다.
그러나 내게 그 마술을 알려주면 살려주겠다.
너는 어떻게 내 출생의 비밀을 알았느냐?”
“폐하께서 왕가 혈통의 왕이라면,
저를 폐하의 장관급 고관으로 삼거나,
저에게 귀족의 신분을 줌으로써
제가 한 모든 것에 포상했을 것입니다.
그러나 폐하께서 포상할 생각을 하신 것은 음식뿐입니다.
저는 폐하께 안전(安全)3세라는 말을 골라드렸는데,
그 말은 안전1세를 거쳐서 안전2세의 출생으로서,
폐하께서 패퇴할 생각을 가진 모든 전투에서
폐하와 함께 안전하게 탈출하리라 보장합니다.
폐하는 전투들에서 질 수 있고, 모든 전쟁에서 패할 수 있고,
아시아, 아프리카, 그리고 유럽을 잃을 수도 있겠지만,
아무도 폐하를 잡을 수 없을 것이니, 웃으며 탈출하실 것입니다.
폐하는 모술에서 군대를 잃었습니다. 어떻게 됐습니까?
폐하는 동반자 없이 탈출했습니다만, 귀국하셨습니다.
사실이지요? 그런데 저에게 베푼 포상은 무엇이었나요?
물론, 이번엔 철야(徹夜) 연회였습니다만,
여전히 음식, 음식이었습니다. 폐하의 유일한 생각은 음식입니다.
요리사의 아들 말고는 아무도 음식만 생각하지는 않습니다.
폐하의 아버지가 틀림없이 요리사였다는 것을 알았습니다.
목숨을 걸고 장담하건대 폐하께서 왕으로서 백성을 위해
생각하시는 것은 그들을 먹여 살리는 것뿐이옵니다.”
그러나 왕은 말했다, “주는 것보다 더 왕다운 행위는
없다는 것을 내가 어딘가에서 읽지 않았느냐?”
“그렇습니다만, 음식만이 아니라 인격(人格)을 주십시오.
왕은 백성에게 인격을 주어야 합니다.”
“그들이 먹지 않으면 인격도 가질 수 없지 않으냐.”
“폐하께서는 절망하고 계십니다,” 노예가 말했다.
“그런 것 같구나.
나는 네 앞에서 무기력하다,”다리우스가 말했다.
“너는 지식이 아주 많구나, 어서, 나를 더욱 가르쳐라.
내가 조금 더 통치하고자 결정하는 경우에
백성을 현명하게 다스릴 규칙을 나에게 말하라
백성에게 어떻게 인격을 주어야 하느냐?”
“그들에게 합당한 만큼 그들을 행복하게 하십시오.
그러나 그것이 힘든 규칙인 것은 그들의 소망들과
협의 없이는 안 된다고 첨언할 수밖에 없기 때문입니다.
그것이 발전을 불러들이는 틈새인 것입니다.
매디슨이 유연성 있는 영속을 위해서 발전을
억제코자 했던 시점처럼 좋은 시기에 우리도
어딘가에서 발전을 중지할 수만 있다면 좋겠지요.
그러나 아닙니다, 여자는 나이를 따라야 하고,
국가는 왕에서 민초, 민초에서 왕, 왕에서 민초,
민초에서 왕으로 회전하며 제자리를 맴도는
정상적인 발전의 코스를 거쳐서
결국 그 소용돌이가 사라지고 맙니다.”
발전에 대해서는 그만 됐다,” 다리우스가 온순하게 말했다.
“나를 괴롭히는 또 다른 단어는 자유(自由)란 단어다.
너는 격언에 정통하다. 자유에 대한 격언을 하나 말하라.
자유가 인격과 무슨 관계가 있느냐?
나의 태수(太守) 티사페르네스는 그리스의
에게 해 연안 도시들에서 자유 때문에 끝없는 고난을
겪고 있다. 그들은 온통 자유만 떠든다.”
전(前) 왕이 말했다,“여기 누더기 옷에 수금을 든 제 아들을
보십시오. 저희 부자(父子)는 자유를 공유합니다.
제가 팔렸을 때 저 대신 돈을 수령(受領)한
아들입니다―그를 질책할 일이 아닙니다.
착한 아이입니다. 제 부추김에 따라 그랬습니다.
저는 그 돈을 그가 밑천 삼아 시인이 될 수 있는
카네기 보조금쯤으로 생각하였던 것입니다.
돈으로 그런 일이 가능하다면 말입니다.
불운하게도 그것은 하나의 시험이 되기에는
충분한 돈이 아니었습니다. 돈이 바닥났습니다.
그는 생활비를 벌기 위해서 다른 어떤 생업으로
전환해야 될 것 같습니다. 저는 간섭하지 않습니다.
저는 그가 될 수밖에 없는 것이 되기를 원합니다.
제 아들은 호머가 구걸했던 일곱 도시들을
다니며 구걸했습니다. 그가 자유에 대해 말할 것입니다.
제가 듣기로, 그 애는 자유시를 쓰고 있으며,
자유의지, 자유직업, 자유시, 자유사상, 자유사랑, 자유언어,
자유주조(鑄造)의 7대 자유의 저자가 될 것으로 생각됩니다.
(주화제작소에서 주화들이 주조되는 것을 꼭 봐야 합니다).
그 애 이름은 오마르입니다. 저는 로도스 섬에서 공부했기에
그 애 이름을 거친 카크니 말씨로‘호마르’라고 발음합니다.
어떤 시인들은 자유가 곧 노예라고 우리에게 말합니다.
그리스도건 칼 마르크스건, 올바른 지도자의
진실의 노예가 되어라, 그러면 해방될 것이다.
그들의 역설의 유희에 귀 기울이지 마십시오.
유일하게 확실한 자유는 떠남에 있습니다.
제 아들과 제가 그것을 맛보아서 압니다.
원자(原子) 조각을 타고 무(無)로 날아가듯
떠나는 순간에 우리는 자유를 느낍니다.
왕(王)이 해결할 문제는 꼭 집은 두 손가락
사이로부터 튕겨진 씨앗처럼 백성이 쏜살같이
내닫으며 떠날 수 있도록 학교와 주(州)에서
자유의 결핍(缺乏), 법과 규율의 압박(壓迫)을
얼마나 엄격하게 시행하느냐 하는 것입니다.”
“이렇게 용이하다니 내가 어찌할 바를 모르겠구나.
말을 가로채 미안하다만, 내가 지금 슬프구나.
참수 집행자로 하여금 나를 처형케 하고
네 아버지에게 강청하여 왕이 되도록 하라.”
“그건 폐하를 우롱하는 것입니다. 그는 이미 왕입니다.
그는 거의 무소부지(無所不知)지만, 오판(誤判)도 합니다.
저는 자유시 시인이 아닙니다. 그건 오판이었습니다.
저는 저의 됨됨이보다 더 쓸모 있는 인물이 아닙니다.
항간의 말대로, 저는 운율에 맞춰 진짜 운문(韻文)을 씁니다.
제가 지금 말하는 것은 자유시가 아니라 무운시(無韻詩)입니다.
규칙적인 운문은, 엄격하건 느슨하건, 약강(弱强)
2보격(步格) 리듬의 긴장(緊張)에서 발생합니다.
그 긴장에서 음악적 가락이란 표현이 옵니다.
가락은 그 보격 또는 그 리듬이 아니라,
그것들의 긴장에서 오는 결과입니다.
여호와가 진심으로 그들에게 "Iamb"로 말하라고 하셨습니다.
자유시는 그 보격을 배제하고 그 결핍을
교회(敎會) 어조를 사용하여 벌충합니다.
이른바, 자유시는 실로 숙원이었던 산문,
즉 교회 어조의 영창(詠唱), 활용된 산문입니다.
그것은 나름의 미(美)가 있습니다만, 제가 쓰지 않을 뿐입니다.
제가 자유시를 쓰지 않기에 제가 휘트먼이나―
샌드버그 같은 시인들의 자유에 대한 의견을
도저히 늘어놓을 수 없습니다. 그러나 결론을 짓겠습니다.
티사페르네스에게 그리스인들을 개의(介意)치 말라고 전하세요.
그들이 추구하는 자유는 정치적 자유로서,
끊임없는 투표와 투표를 위한 선동(煽動) 연설입니다.
예술가들이 대중의 자유에 별 관심을 보이지 않기는
대중들이 필요하다고 느끼게 된 자유는 누구도
그들에게 줄 수 없으며―그들도 거의 획득할 수 없는―
그런 류(類)의 자유, 그들 자신의 세속적 자유이기 때문입니다.
그러니, 결코 비유(比喩)에 갈팡질팡하지 않고,
예술가들은 그들이 직면하는 모든 것의
정확한 비유를 자유롭게 구사할 수 있습니다.
이렇게 완전한 영감(靈感)의 순간은,
어느 사람의 이름과 어느 명사의 형용사에서가 아니라
신령(神靈)처럼 난데없는 곳에서 부름에 응합니다.
우리는 이 순간을 무엇에 빚지고 있는지 모릅니다.
그것은 와인일수도 있지만, 사랑일 공산이 큽니다―
어쩌면 단지 신체상의 행복이거나,
경쟁의 상념(想念)으로부터의 일시 휴지(休止)일 것입니다.
거친 연상(聯想)으로 홀연히 진입하는 자유가,
제 아버지가 말하는 떠남의 뜻임에 틀림없습니다.
일단 그것을 알면, 그 외의 다른 것은 쓸모없습니다.
우리의 나날은 모두 그것의 재현을 기다리며 지나갑니다.
폐하는 페리클레스가 부재중(不在中)의 아스파샤에게
보낸 그 유명한 발렌타인데이 카드를 읽으셨을 겁니다.
하느님 자신이 자유를 느끼는 최고의 순간은
하느님이 당신을 보고 저를 생각하는
직유에 성공한 순간이었음에 틀림없습니다.
그러니까, 우리는 지금 어떤 상황이죠? 아, 과도기로,
늙은 왕을 또 다른 늙은 왕으로 교체하는 중이지요.
우리가 사는 시대는 그야말로 흥미진진합니다―
젊음의 희망에 대해 이렇게 수다를 떨면서
젊음은 외면당하고 있습니다. 저를 보십시오,
저는 완전히 무시당하는 것 같습니다.
아무도 저를 왕으로 지명하지 않습니다.
사형집행인은 다리우스의 벨트를 잡고
그를 아시아 쪽으로 멀리 끌고 가서
변호사 없이 망각의 세계로 보냈습니다.
그러나 그것은 다리우스가 원하는 바인 것 같습니다.
아시아적 정신은 헤아릴 방법이 없습니다.
그리고 아버지는 피해 도망친 왕위에 또 앉을 상황입니다.
그러니 결국 미신이 득세합니다. 그는 알데바란, 카펠라,
시리우스 등 별들을 탓하는데 (제가 기억하기로
우리가 크테시폰에서 도망치던 밤의 여름 별들입니다),
별들이 구경만 하고 참여하지 않았다는 것입니다.
(우리는 왜 그런 초연(超然)을 그리도 원망하는가?)
그러나 그를 저버린 것은 왕의 자질을 십이분(十二分)
내보인 그 자신이 아니라고 말하지 마십시오.
사주팔자가 그러한 경우에는
왕이 되지 않기가 어렵습니다.
세상 고민(苦悶)의 절반은 바로 그것입니다
(아니 절반 이상이 그렇다고 말하고 싶습니다).”
-신재실 옮김=
단상(斷想): 이 시의 “전(前) 왕”과 “다리우스 왕”의 이야기는 6세기경 페르시아에서 모은 설화집인『천일야화』 또는 『아라비안 나이트』의 “Tale of the King Who Kenned the Qunintessence of Things(사물의 진수를 알았던 왕의 이야기)”를 합목적적으로 인용(引用)한 것이다. 다리우스 왕은 귀한 진주 안에 살아있는 벌레가 있다는 것을 왕실 주방의 노예로 팔려온 전 왕으로부터 배우고, 음식으로 그에게 사례한다. 다리우스 왕은 전 왕의 도움을 받을 때마다 음식으로 사례했고, 이를 근거로 전 왕은 다리우스 왕에게 왕가 혈통이 아니고 요리사의 사생아(私生兒)란 사실을 밝혀준다. 결국 스스로 왕관을 벗고 나라를 떠났던 전 왕이 다리우스 왕의 왕관을 물려받을 상황에 이른다. “사주팔자가 그러한 경우에는 왕이 되지 않기도 어렵다.”
이야기의 초점은 다리우스 왕이 아니라 전(前) 왕과 그의 아들로 모아진다. 전(前) 왕에게 시인 지망의 아들을 첨가함으로써 시와 사회에 대한 통합 관심을 시의 핵심 주제로 끌어들인다. 전(前) 왕이 이 시의 주인공이다. 그는 왕위를 사임하고 시인 지망생인 아들의 과업을 지속할 수 있는 자금을 마련하기 위해 자발적으로 노예로 팔려서 다리우스 왕궁 주방 노예로 팔려간다. 그의 상대역은 다리우스 왕이다. 고대 페르시아의 정복 왕인 다리우스 대제일 수도 있고, 그와 그의 뒤를 이은 덜 성공적이었던 두 다리우스의 혼합 인물일 수도 있다.
다리우스 왕은 왕손이 아닌 것이 드러난다. 결국 전(前)왕의 통찰력은 그가 진짜 왕재(王才)인 것을 증명했고, 그가 다리우스의 왕위를 계승해야 한다는 결론에 이른다. 인격(人格)이 음식보다 더 중요하다는 전(前) 왕의 지론은 열망(熱望)보다 자선과 복지(福祉)을 강조하고, 자조(自助)의 정신과 자립(自立)의 노력을 키우기보다 입고 먹을 것을 제공함으로써 부지불식간에 국민을 타락시키는 소위 진보적 정치인들에 대한 경고이다. 또한 전(前) 왕은 백성들의 “소망들과 협의하여 … 합당한 만큼 그들을 행복하게 하는” 왕이 좋은 왕이라고 다리우스에게 말함으로써 독재자에 대한 경고도 잊지 않는다.
프로스트는 전(前)왕의 입을 통해 “유연성 있는 영속"이나 창조적 발전의 요점은 제임스 매디슨의 신념과 같은 개인주의적 믿음에서 비롯한다고 말한다. 매디슨은 미국 제4대 대통령이다. 대통령이 되기 전 식민지의회 의원으로서 헌법과 권리장전의 제정을 위해 분투했으며, 연방주의자 해밀턴과 결별하고 토머스 제퍼슨과 함께 공화당을 창립했다. 시인 프로스트는 개인주의 신봉자였기에 복지 우선의 뉴딜정책에 반대하기도 했다.
전(前)왕은 그의 아들이 자유시를 쓰는 것으로 잘못 알고 있다. 그의 아들은, 프로스트처럼, 자유시(自由詩)가 아니라 무운시(無韻詩)를 쓴다. 물론 일정한 틀 내에서 자유롭게 쓴다. 전(前)왕은 아들이 “7대 자유의 저자”가 될 것이라고 말하지만, 그는 경솔한 자유주의자가 아닌 것이 밝혀진다. 오히려, 그는 그의 아버지가 왕위를 사직함으로써 증명한 떠남의 자유를 지지한다. 떠남의 자유는 개인의 영혼에 부적합한 기존의 관습, 제도, 얽힘 따위에서 탈출하는 자유로서, 시인 프로스타가 공유하는 자유이기도 하다. 전(前)왕의 아들은 시인으로서 자유시가 아니라 자유로운 연상으로의 떠남을 원한다. “거친 연상(聯想)으로 홀연히 진입하는 자유가,/ 제 아버지가 말하는 떠남의 뜻임에 틀림없습니다."
시인의 최고로 자유로운 순간은 “완전한 영감(靈感)의 순간” 즉 좋은 직유의 정확한 유사성을 활용할 수 있는 능력을 인식하는 순간이다. 이 순간은 어떤 강력한 에너지원에서 오는 것이니, “그것은 와인일수도 있지만, 사랑일 공산이 큽니다―/ 어쩌면 단지 신체상의 행복”일지 모른다. 그것은 시인을 즉시 구름에 태워서 비상(飛上)시키는 신체적 변용, 바커스의 포도주 같은 사랑을 느끼는 순간, 즉 정신과 육체의 동시적 변용으로 “사랑”의 도형을 완성하는 순간이다.
프로스트의 전원시에서 담을 쌓거나 도끼 자루를 만드는 인물들은 형(型)의 수립자들이지만, 그들의 질서와 작품들은 각종 시민적 질서의 가능성을 창조적으로 분쇄하는 과정이 고, 개성화와 일시적 생존의 과정이기도 하다. 프로스트의 개인주의는 세계가 부단히 불안정한 발전에서 양 극단을 앞뒤로 왔다 갔다 하는 것처럼 질서와 혼란을 왔다 갔다 한다. 왕관를 포기한 전(前)왕은 이렇게 말한다. "국가는 왕에서 민초, 민초에서 왕, 왕에서 민초,/ 민초에서 왕으로 회전하며 제자리를 맴도는/ 정상적인 발전의 코스를 거쳐서/ 결국 그 소용돌이가 사라지고 맙니다.”
전(前)왕의 아들은 다리우스가 처형될 것이며. 그의 아버지가 다리우스를 계승할 것이라고 예견한다. 이것은 다리우스도 원하는 것인 동시에 그의 아버지의 사주팔자이기도 하다. 왕의 자질이 궁극적으로 승리하는 것이니, 왕재(王才)가 왕위에 오른 것이고, 시적 재능을 갖춘 자가 시인이 되는 것이다. “사주팔자가 그러한 경우에는/ 왕이 되지 않기가 어렵습니다./ 세상 고민(苦悶)의 절반은 바로 그것입니다/ (아니 절반 이상이 그렇다고 말하고 싶습니다).” 이렇게 세상의 어떤 문제도 쉽게 해결되는 것은 없다.
-신재실 씀-
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“How Hard It Is to Keep from Being King When It’s in You and in the Situation” (1962)
This poem has as its source a story from the 10th
century collection of folktales Arabian Nights’
Entertainments or The Thousand and One Nights,
tale C, section 12, titled “Tale of the King Who
Kenned the Quintessence of Things.”
The poem opens with the king no longer wanting
the responsibility of being king. He offers the crown
to his son the prince, but his son is not sure he wants
the crown either, so the two let the crown crash to
the ground, scattering its jewels. The prince has been
“looking on” at the kingdom, a figure from the side
lines, and he does not “like / The looks of empire”
either, so the two flee the kingdom together.
The king (or ex-king) and prince take on the
“guise of men” rather than royalty, highlighting the
distinction between the two, in order to escape.
They have not gone far when they rest, gazing up at
the stars. The ex-king fears he will be returned to
his “fate,” to ruling his empire, since he views his
kingly character as being in him and in the situa
tion. When “it’s in you,” it is not something that
can be gotten away from. He can run, but he can
not get away from what is inherent. The ex-king
uses Julius Caesar as an example of how difficult it
can be to escape fate: “[h]e couldn’t keep himself
from being King / He had to be stopped by the
sword of Brutus,” he says, and his lines suggest a
foreshadowing.
The king and the prince soon realize they are
penniless, and the ex-king suggests that his son sell
him at the slave auction to remedy their financial
situation. He imagines his sale will be enough for
the Prince to begin a “business” or to make “verse if
that is what you’re bent on. / Don’t let your father
tell you what to be.” This is ironic, and Frost is
quite intentional. Few parents encourage their chil
dren to become poets, especially as a way of making
a living. More likely is the advice to the speaker in
Lorine Niedecker’s poem “Poet’s Work”, “Grandfa
ther / advised me: Learn a trade.” In fact, Frost’s
grandfather, William Prescott Frost, Sr., offered to
help the young Frost try to become a successful
poet by supporting him financially over a period of
about a year. Frost is supposed to have replied:
“Give me twenty! Give me twenty!” And 20 years
was just about how long it took him to become suc
cessful. As Jay Parini says, his estimation “proved
uncannily accurate” (46): He was 39 when A Boy’s
Will came out.
The ex-king is sent to the market to be sold, but
the first buyer cannot imagine what use he would
be. Again, there is irony in Frost’s words. The man
who can run an empire seems at first glance to be of
little practical use. The ex-king assures his prospec
tive buyer that he knows “the Quintessence of many
things,” including food, jewels, horses, men, and
women, and this is his royal selling point. While
the meaning of “quintessence” is not entirely clear,
it is impressive enough for him to be sold and sent
“off to Xanadu to help the cook.” Frost is having
fun with the name, as Xanadu is the fictitious kingly
palace in Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s poem “Kubla
Khan.”
In Xanadu the ex-king begins work for another
king and quickly impresses the latter not only with
his cooking ability but with other abilities as well.
The king needs help deciding between a large pearl
and a smaller costly one, and someone thinks of the
“kitchen slave” and seeks his guidance in putting
an “end to the King’s vacillation.” The slave cook,
the ex-king, is summoned since he claims to know
the quintessence of things, and he once again proves
himself worthy. He reveals great knowledge, aiding
the king in making a clever decision on which pearl
to purchase.
And “so it went with triumph after triumph” until
one day the king summons the ex-king to ask him
questions of a more thoughtful nature: “What ails
me? Tell me. Why am I unhappy?” The ex-king
arrives at his answer quickly. The King is not happy
because he is “not where [he] belong[s].” The king is
“not a King / Of royal blood”; his “father was a cook,”
and this is the simple explanation for his unhappi
ness. He is not doing what he was “fated” to do—he
has somehow disrupted the natural order of things,
and to this he owes his unhappiness. The king threat
ens the ex-king with death for the lie, until he seeks
confirmation from his mother and learns that the
preposterous assertion is actually true.
Until now the poem has required little explica
tion, but at this point all of the subtleties in the
text and the ironies of meaning begin to reveal
themselves. Just as the king is exposed as the son of
a cook, the ex-king, at present a cook, will soon be
exposed as a king of true royal blood, and Frost’s
meaning and purpose for the poem will bubble to
the surface.
At this point the poem begins to resemble a
Socratic dialogue, in which the ex-king and king,
and soon the prince as well, engage. The prince’s
role seems to be akin to the chorus of classical
Greek literature: He provides commentary on the
scene.
When the king returns from learning of his
birth, he seeks an explanation for how the ex-king
knew he was not of “royal blood.” The ex-king
declares that the king had only rewarded him for
his food. The King’s “one idea was food,” and this
was his giveaway. The ex-king knew that the King’s
father must have been a cook, because all he thinks
about for his people is feeding them. That is, the
ex-king judges the king’s heritage by his habits.
The king sees in his charity an act of giving, but the
ex-king maintains that he has to give more than
food to his subjects; he also has to give character.
The king calls himself “abject before” the ex
king and seeks instruction from him. He becomes
the pupil in a Socratic fashion, admiring the ex
king and engaging in inquiry about grand ideas.
From the discussion of character, the two quickly
turn to the question of freedom; the king continues
as pupil and the ex-king as a kind of Socratic
teacher. The prince, suddenly appearing “in rags”
and with a “lyre,” quickly enters the discussion.
The ex-king shares that his son was to make
himself a poet on the money made from his own
sale into slavery, “If such a thing is possible with
money.” But it seems money was not enough, which
comes as no real surprise. His son has instead been
begging “through the Seven Cities / Where Homer
begged.” (Homer was the Greek epic poet who
wrote The Odyssey and The Iliad.) The ex-king
refers to his son’s situation several times in lan
guage suggestive of fate, claiming that “he may
have to turn to something / to earn a living” and
that he “want[s] him to be anything he has to.”
Frost, who publicly criticized free verse on
numerous occasions, has the ex-king explain that
his son “writes free verse,” or so he is told. One of
Frost’s best-known statements about free verse is
that it is like “playing tennis with the net down.”
He disapproved of the lack of structure and formal
rhyme. Here it may account for the prince’s failure
as a poet.
As the discussion of freedom continues, the ex
king states that some poets say that “Freedom is
slavery,” and it is clear that this is a reference to the
lack of freedom in being vulnerable to fate, which
has been an underlying theme throughout. The ex
king says that “The only certain freedom’s in depar
ture,” implying that one has the freedom, if any, to
make a choice about whether or not to refrain from
being whatever it is that is “in you and in the situa
tion.” The ex-king resolves that “The problem for
the King is just how strict / The lack of liberty, the
squeeze of law / And discipline should be in school
and state / To insure a jet departure of our going.”
The king is further disheartened. He feels the
“facility” at the ex-King’s hands makes him more
worthy of kingship than himself. The prince says
not to “let him fool” him, as the ex-king is “a King
already.” Being a king is not something one can
cease to do. But, as the son says, “he makes mis
takes.” One important mistake is that the prince is
“not a free-verse singer”: He “write[s] real verse in
numbers,” that is, blank verse in rhyme and meter.
The son is kinder to free verse than Frost was
known to have been, holding that it “has its beauty”
even though he does not write it. He even admits
that because he does not write it, that maybe he
should not pass judgment on it.
The question of artistic freedom is the subject to
which the prince has turned, and as he makes his
way through his discussion of verse, he moves to
“freedom” poets Walt Whitman and Carl Sandburg
and to the Greeks. Whitman and Sandburg are
criticized for their free-verse styles (Sandburg’s has
been described as Whitman-like), but Whitman is
also criticized for his bohemianism and sexual pro
clivities, which represent another kind of freedom
of which the prince could not approve.
The prince has a different take on things than
might be expected. He claims that the freedom
Whitman, Sandburg, and the Greeks seek is “by
politics”; it is not real freedom, the freedom that
artists need. In other words, free verse is really not
free at all. Artists need a freedom that is not public
but private, the “freedom of their own material,”
“never at a loss in simile” but always having the
“exact affinity / Of anything they are confronted
with.” That precision, that moment of enlighten
ment comes “out of nowhere like a jinni.” (In Mus
lim legend a jinni is a spirit often capable of assuming
human or animal form and exercising supernatural
influence over people.) This is his notion of depar
ture, a leave-taking in the senses, something akin to
the effect of “wine” or “love,” a sort of “well-being
in the body.” It is the “Freedom to flash off into wild
connections.” This, the prince imagines, must be
what his father meant by departure.
As the poem begins to draw to a close, the
prince, having lost himself, having made his own
wild connections, wonders where they are, and
concludes it is “in transition / Changing an old
King for another old one.”
Ultimately, if the only freedom is in departure,
then the ex-king is not free at all. The prince knows
that his “father’s in for what [they] ran away from.”
His father “blames the stars” or fate, referring to
them for an explanation, but does not realize that
his choices and habits have determined what has
happened to him. It is all “[f]or looking on and not
participating.”
The prince concludes that the ex-king owes it to
his own actions for the outcome, as it was “his dis
play / Of more than royal attributes” that “betrayed
him.” The poem closes with a return to the title,
which has been stated previously in the poem:
“How hard it is to keep from being king / When it’s
in you and in the situation.”
The lengthy poem, very much a Socratic dia
logue toward the end, shares something with the
Greek myth of Oedipus. Oedipus fled home,
attempting to avoid his fate as decreed by the ora
cle, and in doing so helped create his own fate. The
ex-king flees his home to escape being king, but his
kingly character leads him back to where he began.
Frost constructs a poem around the subject of
free will, debating whether there is such a thing or
whether when it’s “in us” our fates are predeter
mined. He concludes glumly that this “is half the
trouble with the world / (Or more than half I’m
inclined to say),” as if the trouble is in its being in
us, rather than in our betraying our attributes.
The piece seems to be largely about being a
poet. It lapses into a discussion of poetry and free
verse when the prince begins to speak about free
dom, but even without that diversion, one of the
poem’s main concerns is whether poets are born or
made and whether “it” is in the situations that
poets take up or in the poets themselves. Frost has
an opportunity to philosophize, speaking through
the prince to express his ideas about poetry. There
are also suggestions in the poem of the poet as
ruler, the poet as king. After all, Frost, classically
educated, knew that Plato banned poets from his
utopian state for fear of their strange power.
The poem was written in 1950 and first pub
lished in the Proceedings of the American Academy of
Arts and Letters and the National Institute of Arts and
Letters (second series, number one, 1951). It was
also published as “Hard Not to Be King” that year
in a limited edition of 300 copies by House of
Books, Ltd. It was later collected in In the Clearing.
See MYTHOLOGY AND FOLKLORE and STARS.
FURTHER READING
Cramer, Jeffrey S. Robert Frost among His Poems: A Lit
erary Companion to the Poet’s Own Biographical
Contexts and Associations. Jefferson, N.C.: MacFarland, 1996.
Finnegan, Sister Mary Jeremy. “Frost Remakes an
Ancient Story.” In Frost: Centennial Essays, edited
by Jac L. Tharpe, et al. 389–397. Jackson: Univer
sity Press of Mississippi, 1974.
Hoffman, Tyler. Robert Frost and the Politics of Poetry.
Hanover, N.H.: Middlebury College Press, 2001,
201–204.
Parini, Jay. Robert Frost: A Life. New York: Holt, 1999.
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mythology and folklore - Deirdre Fagan
Frost, who had a strong
Latin and Greek education, at times used mythol
ogy and folklore as alternatives to creation, reli
gion, and history. This interest was also cultivated
in his childhood through his mother’s bedtime sto
ries, which were filled with fairies and spirits.
“Too Anxious for Rivers” is a questioning; a
contemplation of life and death grows grand as
Frost contemplates myths of creation: “The world
as we know is an elephant’s howdah; / The ele
phant stands on the back of a turtle; / The turtle in
turn on a rock in the ocean.” The evocation of
these myths demonstrates that the distinction
between people and nature is an illusion. If people
delude themselves into believing that they are not
a part of nature and are not natural beings, they
delude themselves into thinking that they are in
some way not susceptible to its forces.
“A Never Naught Song” is in keeping with the
theme that there has always been a “purpose,”
offering its own religious mythology when it pro
poses that there was never “naught,” never noth
ing; “[t]here was always thought.” The speaker
imagines the Big Bang as a “burst” of matter and
the bursting forth of the universe as an “atomic
One.” When the bang occurred, “everything was
there, every single thing . . . Clear from hydrogen /
All the way to men.” This bang was the creation of
all things; it was even the first evidence of thought.
The speaker’s explanation eliminates the need for
the “whole Yggdrasil.” The Yggdrasil is, in Norse
mythology, the world tree, a giant ash that con
nects and shelters all known worlds. This song,
then, replaces the tree myth with matter that was
“[c]unningly minute” and yet possessed of the
“force of thought.”
“The Gift Outright” creates its own myth sur
rounding the history of the United States and why
“the land was ours before we were the land’s.”
“Auspex” reflects Frost’s knowledge of Greek
and Roman mythology. In Greek mythology, Gany
mede was a Trojan boy of great beauty whom Zeus
carried away to be cupbearer to the gods. The eagle
is likened to Zeus, but also to Jove. Jove, in Roman
mythology, is the equivalent to Zeus, so the boy in
the poem asks why his parents do not “find a bar
keep unto Jove” in him. The story of Ganymede
can be found in Ovid’s Metamorphoses and in Vir
gil’s Aeneid.
In “Bond and Free” Frost makes use of the story of
Icarus, the son of Daedalus, who, despite his father’s
warning, flew too close to the sun, causing his wax
wings to melt and plunging him into the sea.
In “Come In” the thrush’s music entices the
speaker toward the dark almost like the mythologi-
cal sirens, who lured sailors to their deaths with
their beautiful singing.
“The Gold Hesperidee” and “Iris by Night” both
make direct references to characters of Greek
mythology. In “The Gold Hesperidee” Frost refers
to golden apples from the garden of the Hesperides,
the daughters of the evening. Iris is the personifica
tion of the rainbow that unites Heaven and Earth
and is man’s messenger to the gods. In “Iris by
Night” Frost refers to witnessing a rainbow at night
as a strange and miraculous perception of “confus
ing lights.” He makes the experience analogous to
the legend of the Greek army’s encircling and sub
sequent conquering of Memphis, an ancient Egyp
tian city, under Alexander the Great.
“Pan with Us” refers to the mythological Pan,
the god of shepherds and hunters, woods, fields,
and flocks.
Frost’s poetry makes a number of references to
folklore as well. For example, “Paul’s Wife” is
Frost’s version of the folktale of the legendary Paul
Bunyan, and “How Hard It Is to Keep from Being
King When It’s in You and in the Situation” has as
its source a story from the 10th-century collection
of folktales Arabian Nights’ Entertainments, or The
Thousand and One Nights, tale C, section 12, titled
“Tale of the King Who Kenned the Quintessence
of Things.”
Frost was steeped in knowledge of the classics,
and allusions appear with great frequency throughout
his work; these examples are but a few. He not only
appreciated and had a sound understanding of
mythology, but he was himself a maker of myths. The
greatest of the myths he contrived was that he was a
simple and blissful NEW ENGLAND nature poet, but it
is a myth that continues to warrant debunking.
FURTHER READING
Attebery, Louie W. “Fences, Folklore, and Robert
Frost,” Northwest Folklore 6, no. 2 (Spring 1988):
53–57.
Benoit, Raymond. “Folklore by Frost: ‘Paul’s Wife,’ ”
Notes on Modern American Literature 5, no. 4 (Fall
1981): 22.
----------------------
Frost tells a fable in this 1950 Mead Chapel address.
You sound as if you knew me. Interesting to be right back where I vote, you know. I vote right up here in the next town. And I'm really practically at home here. I'm a little unfaithful to the region lately. I've been wandering around; been at one college or another about this size: Bowdoin, Amherst, and various places. One rather larger—out at Cornell, too. And here I am home; close to where I belong. I feel more and more a Vermonter. I used to say I didn't feel sure I was wanted in Vermont. I came over here from New Hampshire, you know. [Laughter] That's an enemy state. That isn't as bad though as coming from New York, is it? (Loud laughter.)
I'm going to do as usual… Going to talk to you a few minutes and then read to you.
I've been interested lately in a king and a prince that abdicated at the same time. I don't know whether you ever heard of 'em. I like to say before I begin to tell about them that it's hard to keep from being a king if it's in you and in the situation. Now historical evidence of that is Julius Caesar and George Washington. See Julius Caesar—it was in him to be a king, and it was in the situation. And nothing could stop him but stabbing. Brutus had to stab him. And it was in George Washington and in the situation. But George Washington stopped himself. If he hadn't stopped himself there was a poet around at that time who didn't like him very much. His name was Freneau, and I suspect he would have stabbed him—if he hadn't stopped himself.
And then you only have to look at the modern world that we're living in to see how hard it is for men who have it in them to be king, and when it is hard for them to keep from being king. There are people who have stopped we know—some that have stopped just this side of it in our country and in other countries, in England, and in France, and these men who haven't stopped this side of it, men who've gone ahead, having it in them to be king, and seeing it in the situation they've accepted the responsibility.
This little story I'd like to tell that illustrates how hard it is to keep from being king when it's in you and in the situation. You may know the story. The father of the King said to his son, the Prince: "I'm getting sick of this. I've had enough. I'm getting out. You can have the throne." And the Prince said: "I've been watching you. I don't like the looks of it. I'm going with you."
So the two set out on the road together. And the father said to the son: "You and I haven't had much practical experience in the world. Perhaps I'd better stay king. But I was weary of the human race. I wanted to get away, don't know what we'll do for a living though, unless you sell me into slavery and raise enough money to set yourself up in business."
So they stood the King up in the—the old King, the ex—King, the fugitive King, the runaway King—they set him up in the market. And a buyer came along and looked him over and thought he didn't look bad. Pretty good looking slave. But he thought he was a little old. And he said to him: "What are you good for?" And the runaway King said: "I'll tell you about me. I'm good at some things. I know the quintessence of food. And I know the quintessence of jewels. And I know the quintessence of horses. and I know the quintessence of men."
Well, that's all anybody needs to know for our purposes.
The buyer bought him and took him off to another king in another kingdom. And they put him in the kitchen, and he hadn't any chance to show what he knew for awhile. But one day the cook was sick. (You may know this story. I take a chance to tell it over in my way, to give it its twist, my twist.) And one day the cook was sick and the runaway king had his chance; he got the dinner; he got the banquet, he got the feast, whatever it was. He did it so well that the king on the throne exclaimed: Where did this come from? Nothing like this was ever cooked before.” And they said: "An old man out in the kitchen did it. He says he knows the quintessence of food and that's why he did so well." The king an the throne said: "Feast him, Give him part of this. See that he's not neglected. See that he's not left out."
And soon after that someone came to the court with two pearls to sell. One, a small one, he wanted a thousand dollars for and a large one he wanted (to) give (a) hundred for. And that puzzled the king that the larger one should be cheaper than the smaller one. And someone suggested the old man again out in the kitchen. He came in and said, "The little one is worth the thousand dollars. The large one is worth nothing; it's hollow. My head for it! Break it open. They broke it open and they found a toreador inside it. The king said: "How did you know that?" "Oh: I know the quintessence of jewels that's why. But anybody could have told that. It had a warmth of its own. I knew there was something alive in it he replied. "Feast him," the king said. "Treat him well. See that he's fed."
The king was unhappy—the king on the throne—and one day he sent for the old man. And he said: "You showed that you know the quintessence of-everything. You say you know the quintessence of man. Tell me about me. Tell me about myself."
And the fugitive said—looked at him—said: "You're not of royal blood. You're the son of a baker." And the king said: "You die for that." No, you ask your mother." [Laughter]
He asked his mother and said: "Yes, dear. True: But I'll tell you about that sometime. [Laughter] Not now."
And the king said: "How did you know that?
"Well," he said, "You notice that everytime I did anything for you and you remember the time I picked you out a horse called Safety—third, lineal descendant of Safety First [laughter]. And told you. I told you that that was a horse that would always save you. You could change its name to Security if you wanted to. No matter what happened you could lose all the battles you wanted to you could always get away safely. and isn't that true? Hasn't it worked? And he said, "Yes, I lost one battle and I got away safely."
"What did you do? You rewarded me with a feast. If you had been a king, you would have made me your prime minister for all these favors. 0r, if you'd been the son of a nobleman you would have given me an estate or something. But I knew from the fact that you were always thinking of food that you were the son of a baker. And I'll bet you five dollars, he said, in foreign money [laughter]—I bet you five dollars— that's all you think of for your people—comfort and food. That's why you're unhappy."
He said: "Yes, maybe there's something to that. I've noticed in my country the people all seem confused and from a headache they seem to have. Maybe I'm taking too much care of 'em. It gives them a confusion and a headache."
He said "But don't you think that the noblest thing anybody can do is to give?"
"Yes:" the fugitive said, "to give, yes, but if I were king—if I were in your place—my object would be to give people not food but character. To give, yes, but character."
That's quite a story. We won't go into that now.
And the one on the throne said: "What's your idea of ruling?"
"Oh! he said, "it's to make people happy as you think is good for them—not without consulting them somewhat."
"It sounds to me as though you'd been reading books."
He said: "Not I've just been a king myself. I've had to think of these things."
The other one said: "Well, you know in my kingdom we've had a lot of trouble lately with one word. Everybody's been talking about freedom. Freedom He said: "Do you know anything about that?"
"Oh, yes," he said. "I have a son who writes free verse. [Laughter] And we've thought a lot about freedom. I'll tell you more about that sometime." [Laughter]
"No, you won't. You've degraded me, you've debased me, I'm getting out—myself. You take this throne or you die—right now."
And the other one said: "Well, it seems to be hard to keep from being King when it's in you and in the situation."
He got on the throne. And the other man disappeared. I don't know where he went. He went off to look for the prince, I guess. He knew all about free verse.
I just thought I'd tell you that story [laughter] to see if you'd recognize it. There are two ways of recognizing it. One is by having actually seen it somewhere. The other is by its style, you know. If you'll notice it's not my style. I got it from a—. Never mind where. [laughter]
Now, I've always said or I've often said in teaching that the best kind of criticism I know is not in abstractions—in that kind of thing—it's in narrative. That's why I used that—that story is kind of political criticism. And I do it better in a story than I do it anywhere else. It's a very Vermontly story. You may not notice it. But that's because you haven't been long enough in Vermont, some of you.
One of the things I used to say when I was teaching: you can do your best criticism of literature, of art, of politics, religion, in narrative—my idea of it. And I used to say also that I liked people who could tell a story without seeming to be for or against what they were telling about. I like somebody for instance who can write a book about Jimmy Walker, the one-time mayor of New York without seeming to scold, you know, or find fault, but just tell it as it is—just so.
And now I'm going to read you to begin with a story I haven't read very much lately, but it's a good example of telling about somebody because he is so. And I tell it as if I were neither for nor against him, I hope.
I've got to have a little more light. Does this bother other people? [laughter]
This one is a true story. A veritable tale, and it's called "The Star-Splitter."
I'm tempted to linger over something in that other story but I won't. [Laughter]
For instance, last night where I was, at another college, someone said to me:"Why are all the modern poets so unhappy and so confused?" And I said: "Are they?" And he said: "Aren't they?" [Laughter] I knew what was coming. I wonder if you do.
He said: "The Christian world seems unhappy and confused." I knew, you know, what was coming next. "People have nothing to believe in," he said, meaning you and me. So I said: "Mr. Eliot has something to believe in—he's very Anglican. Seems perfectly unhappy about that, but he's Anglican." [Laughter] And I said: "As far as belief is concerned, tell me somebody that has no belief. "Oh," he said, "the whole Western world." See where we're getting. We were getting to Russia. That's all. I left him there. Russia."
But this confusion, this headache, I spoke of (in the other) is that kind of thing that is going around, the talk that we don't know where we are and that the only people who know where they are and what they want is the Russians. Well, here I might get prejudiced if I said much more, I might show prejudice.
This one is called "The Star-Splitter." It is in blank verse. This young prince, that I speak of, that wrote free verse, the son of the fugitive king, he knew the difference between blank verse and free verse I found by looking into his case. This is in blank verse, not in free verse.
I called it there "One Step Backward Taken." Once before when I read it, I called it something else. And I kept changing because of what people kept saying to me. When I said "One Step Backward Taken," I might change it, you know, to "I felt my stand point shaken'. And when I said: "I felt my standpoint shaken," Somebody says, "You've been reading Karl Marx, haven't you?" [Laughter] So I changed it to "One Step Backward Taken." Then somebody said: "You think we ought to recede about the bomb, don't you?" Then I told the boys about that over at Dartmouth. And they said: "Why not call it 'Bump heads together dully.'" [Loud laughter]
And you know the answer to all that is—the conclusion to all that is—that there are many things you can get out of a poem, and you mustn't blame teachers for getting things out of poems that you suspect a poet didn't put in because that's what I do with other peoples' poems. I'm very wayward with them. And very, very wanton with them. Wanton-wayward. That's what they're for.
Take one—I'm always doing that with Mother Goose. She can't do anything about it. [Laughter] I said to—I was saying, you know—just watch me and see what I did. You ought not do a thing like this. I guess I got to tell you. I said: