|
2014년 12월 7일 주제.
Topic of 7. Dec. 2014.
안녕하세요.
천안 일요일 영어 회화 스터디 모임에 ian(이주영) 입니다.
벌써 12월 입니다.
이제는 한해를 돌아보고, 또 정리하고, 다가오는 새해를 맞이하는 준비를 해야 할 때 입니다.
스터디에 참여하셔서 함께 해요!
스터디 장소는 신부동 신세계 백화점 뒤 옥외 주차장쪽에 위치한 CAFE A 입니다.
스터디 시간은 일요일 15:30분! 입니다.
참여를 원하시는 분은 언제든지, 주저하지 마시고! ian(이주영-010-2279-4613) 으로 연락 주세요^^!
1. Part 1 (30 minutes) : Small talking
You can talk anything about your current life - work, difficult, hobby, anything.
2. Part 2 (40, 40 minutes) : Free discussion. Please read the article.
Rob and Finn talk about the security of pictures, documents and videos people store online. Several celebrities have recently found that nude pictures they kept for themselves on icloud have become available in sites around the internet, and the FBI is now investigating the case. Do you store personal items online? Are you sure that these can only be seen by the people you want to see them?
Listen to the conversation and learn internet-related vocabulary.
Vocabulary
cloud
huge computers where companies like Apple, Facebook and Google store their users' pictures, videos and documents
leaked
passed on to the public in spite of being secret
privacy
free from public attention
password
a word or sequence of numbers that only the owner knows and which is required for them to gain access to what is stored in their name
hackers
people who understand a lot about computers and use flaws in software to gain access to a computer file or network illegally
savvy
well-informed and shrewd
authentication
confirmation that something or someone is what or who they say they are
Transcript
Note: This is not a word-for-word transcript
Rob
Hello I'm Rob. Welcome to 6 Minute English. I'm joined today by Finn.
Finn
Hello.
Rob
Now, Finn, could you give us a smile, please?
Finn
Oh, OK, hang on...
Rob
Say cheese!
Finn
Oh, are you going to take a picture of me with that smartphone? Hang on; just let me comb my hair a bit.
Rob
Finn, Finn, Finn, you look fine. Don't worry about it.
Finn
This isn't quite right. I just want to... have you got a mirror?
Rob
No I haven't. Just hold it there, OK? Hold it there (he takes a picture). Nice.
Finn
OK, let's have a look.
Rob
Right. I'm gonna save that now... OK, that's it: it's gone to the cloud!
Finn
Really?
Rob
Yes. we'll be able to look at that later on my laptop.
Finn
Ah, the cloud! You don't mean the one in the sky, of course.
Rob
No.
Finn
You mean the huge computers where companies like Apple, Facebook and Google store their users' pictures, videos and documents. You know, I'm a little suspicious about the cloud.
Rob
Are you?
Finn
Well, I just don't want lots of people looking at that picture. Mainly because my hair doesn't look quite right.
Rob
You're so vain. Gosh! It's too late now. But you look fine so you can share it with the world.
Finn
OK.
Rob
Think about those poor celebrities who've had their nude pictures leaked online.
Finn
Leaked - now this refers to pictures that were being kept hidden being made available to the public. They were leaked to the public. Actress Jennifer Lawrence, who starred in the Hunger Games movies, was one as was the singer Rhianna.
Rob
This incident has made people discuss the issue of privacy on the internet. Privacy means being free from public attention. And in this programme you'll hear useful words for giving your opinion on this subject.
Finn
Yes. The celebrities were very angry.
Rob
They thought they could keep their pictures private because they were in the cloud protected by a password - a word or sequence of numbers that only they knew and which is required for them to gain access to what is stored in their name.
Finn
The US federal police - that's the FBI - have been investigating this to find the hackers involved. Hackers are people who understand a lot about computers and use flaws - or little problems - in the software to gain access to a computer file, or network, illegally.
Rob
Today we have passwords for everything. And we have so many devices - like smartphones and laptops and computers - so I'm going to ask you a question about smartphones.
Finn
OK. Very good.
Rob
According to research, how many people had mobile phones in 2013? Was it:
a) 1.4 million people
b) 14 million people
c) 1.4 billion people
Finn
Across the whole world?
Rob
Yup.
Finn
I think this is got to be: c) 1.4 billion people.
Rob
Well, you'll get the correct answer at the end of the programme. Right. Let's talk more about privacy online. People are more and more concerned about it. Listen to the advice internet expert Oliver Crofton gives us. Which word does he use to describe how you have to be when putting things into the cloud?
INSERT
Oliver Crofton, expert on the internet
I think ultimately it's about being slightly savvy on what you put into the cloud. If you have a private or sensitive photograph, or a contract or some sort of document that has public interest and that people will want to try and get, just think twice about putting it into an environment such as a Cloud, of which you don't really have any control over.
Finn
He says people have to be 'savvy' - now, that means well-informed and quite shrewd, you know, thinking carefully about things. He advises us to be very careful before putting documents and pictures onto these websites owned by big corporations.
Rob
Yes, because he says we don't have any control over their computers - you don't know how secure your documents are.
Finn
Yeah, you know Rob, I can see why people are suspicious of these things.
Rob
Well, let's see what the BBC technology correspondent Rory Cellan-Jones has to say. Rory explains howsome cloud companies are offering to make the cloud more secure. Which word does he use to describe this kind of security process and it also means 'identification of the user'?
INSERT
Rory Cellan-Jones, BBC technology correspondent
Many cloud companies now offer an added layer of security called 'two-factor authentication', where users have to enter a code sent to their mobile phone as well as a password to get into their accounts.
Finn
OK, the word was 'authentication' - now, that's confirmation that someone is who they say they are. And the company actually uses two steps to do this.
Rob
Yes. After you try to access your account, they send a code - probably a series of numbers - to your mobile phone, so it's an extra bit of information that only you know.
Finn
We really all should be very careful about how we protect our computers, and our tablets and our smartphones, things like that.
Rob
Talking about smartphones, let's go back to my question.
Finn
OK.
Rob
I asked you how many people had mobile phones in 2013. Was it: 1.4 million people, 14 million people, or 1.4 billion people?
Finn
And I said 1.4 billion - the big one.
Rob
And you are correct!
Finn
OK!
Rob
Yes, by the end of 2013, about 1.4 billion people owned and used smartphones and by the end of 2014 this number will increase by 25% - this is according to the research company eMarketer.
Finn
Wow! What a lot of phones, Rob!
Rob
Indeed. Well, our time is up so let's remember some of the words we've explained today.
Finn
They were:
cloud
leak
privacy
password
hackers
savvy
authentication
Rob
That's it for today. Do log on to bbclearningenglish.com - there's no password - to find more 6 Minute English.
Rob
Bye for now!
Finn
Bye.
--------------------------------------------------------
As our appetite for meat increases, we're being told to cut down on eating the stuff. A study claims a rise in the production of meat is causing more greenhouse gases which harm the planet.
Rob and Finn discuss why this is happening and the damage it is doing.
This week's question
According to a study in America how many tonnes of beef is produced globally every year?
a) 59 million tonnes
b) 69 million tonnes
c) 79 million tonnes
Vocabulary
tucking into
eat with enjoyment and enthusiasm
greenhouse gas
a gas that stops heat from escaping from the atmosphere and causes the greenhouse effect
consumption
(here) process of eating or drinking
deforestation
cutting down trees in a large area
fertiliser
a natural or chemical substance that is spread on the land to make plants grow well
appetite
a feeling of wanting or needing something (usually food)
carnivore
person who eats meat
boom
large and sudden increase in business
Transcript
Note: This is not a word for word transcript
Rob
Hello and welcome to 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I'm Rob …
Finn
… and hello, I'm Finn.
Rob
Now Finn, there is nothing I like more than tucking into a juicy steak, munching on a hamburger or chewing on a nice piece of roast beef.
Finn
It does sound good, doesn't it? But meat eaters, like us, might need to think again about the amount we eat.
Rob
That's right because in the programme today we're discussing how eating meat can add to the problem of greenhouse gas.
Finn
Greenhouse gas is a type of gas that stops heat escaping from the atmosphere and causes a greenhouse effect – it warms up our planet – and that leads to climate change.
Rob
Yes, that's it's not a good thing. We have heard in the past about greenhouse gas being caused by pollution from factories…
Finn
… and from using containers of things like paint or perfume, which is kept under high pressure so that it can be sprayed – we call these aerosols.
Rob
But according to a recent report, the production of meat is also adding to the problem. We'll talk more about this soon and looking at some related vocabulary, but not before we've set today's question. Are you ready, Finn?
Finn
Ready and waiting, Rob.
Rob
According to a study in America, how many tonnes of beef is produced globally every year?
a) 59 million tonnes
b) 69 million tonnes
c) 79 million tonnes
Finn
Let's go supersize and say 79 million tonnes.
Rob
I'll let you know the answer at the end of the programme. Let's continue our discussion about the link between meat and greenhouse gases.
Finn
Research from Cambridge and Aberdeen universities estimates greenhouse gases from food production will go up 80% if meat and dairy consumption continues to rise at its current rate. 'Consumption' here means the process of eating food.
Rob
So more and more of us are eating meat – there is a surge. Let's find out exactly why from BBC Environment Analyst, Roger Harrabin. See if you can hear why meat production is causing the problem …
INSERT
BBC Environment Analyst, Roger Harrabin
The surge in meat eating will drive more deforestation as farmers seek increasing amounts of land, the study says. Cutting forests releases greenhouse gases from the wood and the soil, and fertilisers create greenhouse gases too. The report says under current trends, agriculture alone will cause the world to bust its targets for reducing the risk of dangerous climate change.
Finn
So eating more meat means farmers need more land to keep their animals on. And to get more land, they need to cut down trees – which is called deforestation.
Rob
It's deforestation – cutting down forests – that causes greenhouse gases from wood and soil to be released. And there's another reason too – the use of fertilisers.
Finn
These are natural or chemical substances added to the soil to help plants grow. Like these plants, used to feed the animals.
Rob
And another problem is that more of the fields used for growing crops that we eat, like wheat, are being used to grow food to feed the animals that we later eat!
Finn
Research has also found beef cattle need 28 times more land than pork, poultry or dairy farming.
Rob
So it's a big problem, but many of us have an appetite – a need or interest – for meat. Especially for carnivores. Carnivores are really animals that just eat meat but we refer to humans as carnivores too sometimes because they just love meat. Something else is tempting us too.
Finn
Yes, something is encouraging us to eat more. See if you can hear what it is in the next part of Roger Harribin's report…
INSERT
BBC Environment Analyst, Roger Harrabin
The real challenge is the public's appetite. There's a burger restaurant boom in major cities. People are voting with their bellies and it's not normally mushroom burgers they're after!
Rob
Some interesting language there. He described the increase in burger restaurants as a 'boom' – so a major increase. And he said people are voting with their bellies …
Finn
A nice phrase – he means, people are showing they like burger restaurants by going to them and eating more.
Rob
And they're not buying burgers made of vegetables or things like mushroom burgers – they're buying and eating meat, like beef burgers.
Finn
Well, with meat consumption predicted to double in the next 40 years as people globally get wealthier, it's a problem that's not going to go away.
Rob
A bit like today's question – today's question was, according to a scientific study in America, how many tonnes of beef is produced globally every year?
Finn
I said c) 79 million tonnes.
Rob
That's a lot to eat but you are wrong. The answer is 59 million tonnes. This is according to the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. It also found cattle are the biggest source of greenhouse gases, accounting for more than three-quarters of all gases made by farming livestock around the world. Well before we chew over that fact, Finn could you please remind us of some of the words we have heard today?
Finn
Ok:
tucking into
greenhouse gas
consumption
deforestation
fertiliser
appetite
carnivore
boom
Rob
Well, that brings us to the end of today's 6 Minute English. We hope you've enjoyed today's programme. Please join us again soon. Bye.
Finn
Bye.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Racial Divide
The decision not to indictofficer Wilson reinforces a perception among many African Americans that justice is not always applied equally. And we have more on that now from Jeff Pegues. Today, black Americans walked a path many have traveled before. There were protests in towns and cities across the country.
Jan Gurjens was in Chicago. “It’s not overt racism. It’s... it's... it's a structure and it's a system that... that disproportionately affects young black men and women.” Over the last decade, the system has been on trial, too. In 2006, Sean Bell was shot and killed by New York City police in a barrage of 50 bullets. He was unarmed.
In 2012, teenager Trayvon Martin was shot and killed in Florida. The man who killed him, George Zimmerman, was acquitted. And in August, Michael Brown in Ferguson. Three highly publicized cases which served to reinforce what Georgetown law professor Paul Butler says communities of color believe.
“Often African American victims don't receive equal protection of law. With regard to police, a lot of black people feel that the police are not there to serve and protect them. They have very different experiences with cops than white people do.”
According to a CBS News poll conducted shortly after the shooting in Ferguson, 71% of blacks believe police are more likely to use deadly force against a black person than a white person, while a majority of whites do not believe race plays a role. A racial divide seen on twitter where comments ranged from, "I love our justice system, not perfect but tonight it is based on facts." to "We protest because we are being slaughtered."
In the days after the Brown shooting, just 35% of blacks thought that the investigation would be conducted fairly. Scott, last night's reaction was not one of surprise; it was disappointment and outrage. Jeff, thank you very much.
indict 기소하다
ex. The grand jury indicted him for violence. 대배심은 그를 폭행으로 기소했다
* indictment : 기소
* bring an indictment against ~를 기소하다
* indictment of : ~의 폐단을 보여주는 것(something that shows how bad or wrong something is)
ex. The poverty in our cities is an indictment of modern society. 도시내에 존재하는 빈곤은 현대 사회의 폐단을 보여주는 것이다.
reinforce 강화 [ 증강, 보강 ] 하다, 지원군을 보내다
ex. reinforce a wall with concrete 콘크리트로 벽을 보강하다
* reinforcement : 보강, 강화, 증원, [pl.]증원 병력[부대] [심리] 강화
perception 지각, 자각, 인식
ex. visual perception 시각적 지각
ex. our perceptions of death 죽음에 대한 인식
justice 정의, 사법, 재판
ex. a sense of justice 정의감
ex. the criminal justice system 형사사법제도
ex. bring a person to justice : ~ 을 재판에 회부하다
apply 적용하다
ex. The new technology was applied to farming. 그 신기술이 농사에 적용되었다.
path (지나다니거나 사람.사물이 나아가는) 길, (목표에 이르는) 길
ex. a concrete path 콘크리트 길
ex. the path to success 성공에 이르는 길
travel (특히 장거리를) 여행하다, 이동하다[가다]
ex. travel around the world 세계일주를 하다
ex. travel 40 miles to work every day 매일 출근을 위해 40마일을 다니다
ex. travel at 50 miles an hour 시속 50마일로 가다[달리다]
in towns and cities 크고 작은 도시에서
overt 명백한, 공공연한(opp. covert 은밀한, 비밀의)
racism 인종 차별(주의)
disproportionate 균형이 안 맞는, 불균형의 ( proportion 비율)
ex. A disproportionate amount of time was devoted to one topic.
* disproportionately 불균형적으로
* proportionate (~에) 비례하는
ex. The number of accidents is proportionate to the increased volume of traffic. 사고 건수는 늘어난 교통량에 비례한다.
on trial 재판에 회부된, 시험대에 오른
ex. He is on trial for fraud. 그는 사기 혐의로 재판 중이다.
ex. The robots have been on trial for the past year. 그 로봇들은 지난 1년동안 테스트 되었다.
* stand trial (for ~) 법정에 서다, 재판을 받다
* clinical trial : 임상실험(clinical test)
* trial and error : 시행 착오
barrage 일제 사격, 탄막, (질문 등의) 세례
ex. fire a barrage of machine guns 일제히 기관총 사격을 퍼붓다
ex. a barrage of questions/criticisms/complaints 질문/비난/항의 세례
acquit ~에게 무죄를 선고하다, (책임 등으로부터) 해제하다, 면제해 주다
ex. acquit the defendant 피고에게 무죄를 선고하다
ex. acquit a person of his responsibility ~에게 책임을 면해주다
highly publicized 널리 알려진
* publicize (일반 사람들에게) 알리다, 광고[홍보]하다
serve to ~효과[결과]를 낳다
ex. The attack was unsuccessful and served only to alert the enemy. 그 공격은 성공을 하지는 못하고 적의 경계심을 높이는 결과만 낳았다.
ex. I hope this meeting will serve to bring the members closer together. 이 모임이 회원들 간의 친목을 다지는 기회가 되기를 바랍니다.
* serve as~ : ~역활을 하다
ex. serve as a bridge between labor and management. 노사간에 가교 역할을 하다
protection of law 법의 보호
with regard to ~와 관련하여
be likely to ~할 것 같다, ~할 가능성이 높다
ex. The study shows some people are more likely to suffer back problems.
deadly 몹시, 지독하게, 매우, 생명을 앗아가는[앗아갈], 치명적인
ex. He was deadly tired 몹시 지쳐 있었다.
ex. the world's deadliest snakes 세상에서 가장 치명적인 뱀들
play a role 역할을 하다 (= play a part)
divide 나누다, 분열시키다, 분열
ex. The argument created a divide within the group. 그 논쟁으로 인해 그 그룹내 분열이 생겼다.
range from A to B A에서 B까지 이르다[다양하다]
ex. Accommodation ranges from tourist class to luxury hotels. 숙박 시설은 여행자급에서 럭셔리 호텔까지 다양하다.
ex. Estimates of the damage range between $1 million and $5 million. 그 손상에 대한 추산은 100만 달러에서 500만 달러 사이이다.
justice system 사법제도
ex. the criminal justice system 형사사법제도
based on ~에 기반을[근거를] 둔, 근거지[본사]를 둔
ex. The movie is based on a real-life incident. 그 영화는 실제 사건에 기반을 두고 있다.
ex. We're based in Chicago. 우리는 시카고에 근거지[본사]를 두고 있다.
* base something on/upon something : ...를 ~에 근거[기반]하다
ex. What are you basing this theory on? 이 이론은 어디에 근거를 둔 것입니까?
ex. This is based on the same principle. 이것은 같은 원리에 바탕을 두고 있다.
slaughter 도살, (대)학살, 살육, 도살하다, (대)학살하다
* slaughterhouse 도살장
outrage 격분, 분개, 격분시키다 / (가산명)무도한 행위, 그러한 경우 (an event or action that makes you feel extremely angry and upset)
ex. This decision is an absolute outrage! 이건 말도 안되는 결정이다!
* outrageous : 부당한, 지나친, 말도 안되는, 너무 충격적인, (미구어) 멋진, 훌륭한
ex. She blames me for causing her father's death. But that's outrageous!
ex. an outrageous price 엄청난 가격