수능문법모의고사

[meca]

 

수능 문법

이보다 더 좋을 순 없다 !

목 차

동사편 - 정동사

1. 수의 일치 Ⅰ - 주어, 목적어로 오는 품사

2. 수의 일치 Ⅱ - 도치 구문

3. 시제와 가정법

4. 수동태

5. 주의할 동사

6. 조동사

준동사편 - to 부정사, 동명사, 분사

7. 정동사와 준동사

8. 준동사 기타사항

9. 병렬구조

품사편

10. 접속사의 종류와 역할

11. 관계대명사와 다른 접속사와의 차이

12. 형용사와 부사

13. 대명사

▶ 주어와 목적어는 반드시 명사이다

- 명사, 대명사, 동명사, to부정사, That절, Whether, What(관계대명사), 의문사구(절)

주의사항)

① 전치사 뒤에 오는 명사는 주어나, 목적어가 될 수 없다. - 부사구, 전치사구, 형용사구

② 명사 뒤에 동반어구는 주어나 목적어가 아니다.

③ 부사절을 이끄는 접속사로 시작되는 문장은 주어나 목적어가 될 수 없다.

　　(when, since, because, as, if 등등)

④ -ing 로 시작하는 문장 - 분사구문 과 동명사 주어를 구분할 것.

  　(분사구문 : -ing....., 주어+동사....   동명사 : -ing....+동사.....)

⑤ to+R으로 시작하는 문장 - 부사적용법과 주어인지를 구분할 것.

1. 관계대명사절에서 나타나는 주어 찾기

- 선행사를 모를 경우, 관계대명사절내의 내용을 가리키는 것이 선행사이다.

- 관계대명사는 접속사 + 대명사 의 역할을 동시에 하므로, 반드시 동사가 두개 나온다.

① 선행사 + / 관.대목적격(생략가능) + 주어 + 동사 ～ ～ / + 동사 ～ ～. (목적격) 

  전체주어                                                 전체동사

선행사가 문두에 오고 관계대명사가 오는 경우 관계대명사는 접속사와 대명사의 역할을 하므로 동사는 반드시 2개가 잇달아 온다. 관계대명사절은 두 번째 동사 앞까지이고 선행사가 전체 주어가 되고, 두 번째 동사가 전체 동사가 된다.

실제 출제문제를 보면 두 번째 동사를 어법상 틀리도록 해서 출제된다. 이때 반드시 선행사와 두 번째 동사의 수를 일치시켜야 한다. 특히 목적격인 경우 관계대명사가 생략되는 경우가 종종 있는데, 이때는 명사 + 주어 + 동사의 구조로 되어있다. 당연히 명사 다음에 관계대명사 목적격이 생략되어 있다. 이를 유의해서 보아야한다.

② 선행사 + / 관계대명사 + 동사 + ～～ / + 동사 ～ ～. (주격)

  전체주어                                 전체동사

 ① 번과 마찬가지로, 선행사가 전체 주어가 되고 두 번째 동사가 전체동사이다. 다만 이때 관계대명사절 안의 동사도 선행사와 수를 일치시켜야 한다.

다음 문장을 예를 들면,

ex) People (who are still not familiar with the computerized catalog) has to          make several telephone calls or make several car trips to find out the books they need.

위 문장에서 줄친 has의 주어는 catalog가 아니다. 주어는 People이다. 따라서 has가 아니라, have로 고쳐야한다. 물론 관계대명사절 안의 are 는 People과 일치시킨 것이다.

2. 부분을 나타내는 말

 → 부분을 나타내는 말은 단수인지, 복수인지, 알 수 없으므로 of 뒤에 오는 명사에 수를 일치시킨다.

① 분수(기수+서수) of + 명사 + 동사

                        주어   동사

② half (비율) of + 명사 + 동사

                   주어   동사

③ the rest of + 명사 + 동사

                주어   동사

④ most of + 명사 + 동사

             주어    동사

기타 : a majority of + 명사, a minority of + 명사,

some of, all(사람: 복수, 사물 : 단수) of,   수량표시어구(a cup of, a set of, a piece of)

ex) Three-fifths of the passengers were killed in the accident.

                        주어      동사

ex) The half of the story is not true.

                  주어  동사

ex) The rest of her life was devoted to helping sick people.

                 주어  동사

ex) Most of the windows are broken.

                주어    동사

1. 기출문제 (02,03모의고사, 수능기출)

1.  Watching fireflies [ is / are ] one of the nicest things about summer evenings.

2.  Parts of the theory [ seem / seems ] impossible to believe. But experiments proved they are true.

3.  One out of every two Americans [ is / are ] overweight.

4.  Most of them were over 100 feet long. Clearly, the building of bridges [ was / were ] not a job that the Incas took lightly.

5. The typical retirement age for men [has / have] been set at around 65 in most developed countries since the Second World War.

6. Representing loyalty, three stems of bamboo [ is / are ] placed behind the trees.

7. The easiest things to recycle [ is / are ] probably glass and paper.

8. Climbing stairs [ is / are ] also good for the heart and can prevent heart attacks.

9. The good thing about youth films [ is / are ] that young directors bring fresh new ways to look at film and filmmaking.

10. The job of reporting car crashes or other emergencies [ are / is ] usually given to new journalists after they finish college.

11.  Bringing home food, clothing or other supplies [are / is] now a quick and simple process.

정답

1. is    2. seem   3. is   4. was   5. has   6. are   7. are   8. is   9. is   10. is   11. is

2. 기출문제 (02,03모의고사, 수능기출)

※ 다음 각 줄친 부분은 올바르게 고치고, 둘 중 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

1. No discovery, however, that has been made of recent years [ is / are ] likely    to prove so important as that of atomic energy.

2. The number of children attending school [ have / has ] more than doubled during the last half century.

3. We can use alternative sources of energy that [ is / are ] not as harmful to the environment as those which we are presently using.

4.  A student searching for a certain book in a library may learn quickly that the book he or she needs [ is / are ] owned by another nearby library.

5. Russians are big *soap opera fans : one of the most popular TV shows that ever aired in Russia [ was / were ] a Mexican soap opera called 'The Rich Also Cry.'

6. Three-fifths of the passengers [ was / were ] killed in the accident.

7. Many people who live in this part of the world [ is /are ] likely to be worried again with the beginning of the cold weather. (2004년 수능 기출문제응용)

8. Almost one-third of all hamburgers sold in the U.S. restaurants [is / are] sold in McDonald's.

9.  With Mom, everything she touched [ turned / turning ]to gold.

(2004년 수능 기출문제)

10.  One of the first Europeans who came here [ was / were ] a man named Christopher Columbus.

11. Of course it is clear that students who go to England to learn English [ has / have ] a great advantage over others, but a large number of students cannot afford to do so.

12. The Dust Bow is known for its light soil, low rainfall and high winds that [ whip / whips ] across the flat ground.

13. The water sources they can depend on in the summertime [ is / are ] frozen in the winter.

14. A numberof listening tests [ contains / contain ] short statements in the form of instructions or directions.

15. One study suggests that people who [ eat / eats ] fish high in mercury may increase their risk of having a heart attack.

16.  The fact that someone is interested enough to give help to poor villagers often work wonders.(96년 수능기출문제)

정답

1. is 2. has 3. are 4. is 5. was 6. were 7. were 8. are 9. turned 10. was 11. have 12. whip 13. are 14. contain 15. eat 16. often works

3. 기출문제 (04 모의고사)

※ 다음 줄친 부분은 알맞게 고치고, 네모 안에 든 표현 중 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

1. On the other hand, watching TV for hours [ make / makes ] people passive.

2. While interest in using knives and forks are growing throughout Asia, more and more Americans are learning to use chopsticks.

3. Not being able to fall asleep after going to bed at night or waking up too early in the morning [ is / are ] usually called insomnia.

4. Either previous skills or experience [is / are] not required, because training will be given.

5. The big choice for many of them [ are / is ] not what career they are going to follow but when they are going to leave home and be on their own.

6. [When using / To use] only one finger for an adult is disrespectful.

7. Unfortunately, improvements in both conservation and efficiency [is / are] only temporary solutions.

8. [Studied / Studying] here is very different from high school in my home town.

9. Hold your breath, for example, increases the amount of carbon dioxide in your blood.

10. This means that the people of a community [decide / decides] for themselves, through locally elected officials, what will be done within the community.

11. One of the best ways to learn about maps [is / are ] to make one of your own.

12. This indebtedness of our modern languages and literatures are so profound that very large parts of them are impossible to understand and appreciate without a knowledge of Latin.

13. But a lot of beer[have / has] gone down since then and now he is very fat.

14. Teaching good hand washing skills [is/are] one of the greatest gifts you can give your children to prevent lead from getting into their bodies.

15. Most people agree that one of the greatest sources of stress in our lives [is / are] our problems.

16. In truth, much of what these students really hope to accomplish [have / has] less to do with what they do with their eyes than with what they do with their minds.

17. The use of cameras and video cameras [is/are ]permitted in all permanent collection galleries except in special exhibition areas.

18. The effect on our children [ is / are ]  tremendous; some children have no time with one or both parents who are locked to the television on a daily basis.

19. Picking the right roommates [ is / are ] extremely important to your well-being.

20. How do birds know when [to fly / flying] south?

21.  The story of the Titanic and her first, and only, voyage have fascinated people ever since it happened.

22. [To see / You see ] as much as you can during your visit, you must plan your trip carefully.

정답

1. makes 2. is growing 3. is 4. is 5. is 6. To use 7. are 8. Studying 9. Holding, To hold 10. decide 11. is 12. are를 is로 13. has 14. is 15. is 16. has 17. is 18. is 19. is 20. to fly 21. has fascinated 22. To see

4. 기출문제 (04 모의고사)

1. In a study done by the World Health Organization in 2000, researchers found that about 50% of marriages in Korea [ is / are ] still arranged.

2. One of the first questions that English speakers often ask when they meet someone new [ is / are ] "What do you do?"

3. Pasteur was studying about germs that [cause / causes] *rabies when Joseph Meister became ill.

4. The Greeks put together their words for pebble and worm to make the word krokodilos, which “Pebble worm.”

5. In the past decades, the quality of indoor air has received an increasing amount of attention, including a large amount of discussion about sick building syndrome, which [have been recognized / has been recognized] since the 1970's.

6. Two thirds of all missions to Mars has failed.

7. One reason there have been so many failures are that there have been so many attempts.

8. The only bad thing I can [ say about him is / say he is ] that I don't see him often enough.

9. But a great book, rich in ideas and beauty, a book that raises and tries to answer great fundamental questions, [demand / demands] the most active reading of which you are capable.

10. The only big ideas I've ever had has come from daydreaming, but modern life keeps people from daydreaming.

11. The first thing a doctor will need to know include what kind and how much of the poisonous plant was eaten, when it was eaten, and what part of the plant was consumed.

12. One of the first things you must [do is to buy / do to buy] a proper car seat, and you must choose the right one for your baby's weight.

13. The number of students who lack proficiency in math [ are / is ] very surprising.

14. The silk that spiders spin for their webs [have / has] a stretching strength superior to elastic products made by humans.

정답

1. are 2. is 3. cause 4. means 5. has been recognized 6. have failed 7. is 8. say about him is 9. demands 10. have come from daydreaming 11. a doctor will need to know includes 12. do is to buy 13. is 14. has

▶ 도치 - 주어 + 동사의 순서가 동사 + 주어로 되는 경우

- 강조하는 부분이 문두로 나오는 경우, 주어와 동사가 도치되는 경우가 있음

이유 - 원래 함께 있던 구나 절이 가까이 있고 싶어하기 때문

자동사 = 동사 + 주어

타동사 = 조동사 + 주어 + 동.원 (직접의문문처럼 만듬)

※ 목적어가 문두로 나오는 경우 : 도치 안됨

① There(유도부사)로 시작되는 문장

② 부사 또는 부사구(주로 장소를 나타내는 경우) 가 문두로 시작하고, 주어가 명사인 경우. - 선택적 도치

③ 부정어구가 문두에 오는 경우

   - never, seldom, hardly(scarcely=rarely) 등

④ only+부사(구,절)이 문두에 오는 경우

⑤ 형용사인 보어가 문두에 오는 경우

⑥ So + 동사 + 주어 : 또한, 역시 - 긍정문

   Nor(=Neither) + 동사 + 주어 : 또한, 역시 - 부정문

   ※ 동사의 형태는 반드시 앞 문장에 맞춰서 쓸 것.

⑦ 가정법 문장에서 if가 생략될 경우

1. 기출문제 (02,03모의고사, 수능기출)

1. I am not an optimist, because I am not sure that everything ends well. (So / Nor) am I a pessimist, because I am not sure that everything ends badly.

2. Potato bread is delicious, and so is potato soup.  Potato pancakes taste good, and so are potato candies.

3. As civilizations developed, so [were / did ] fashions.

4. Only after they have worked in a place for many years they get several weeks of vacation.

5. During Cleopatra's days there [ was / were ] a coin made in her honor.

6. In the United States, there [ is / are ] four main ways to travel: by bus, by car, by train and by plane.

7. On top of an octopus's head [is / are] two large shiny eyes.

정답

1. Nor 2. do potato candies 3. did 4. do they get 5. was 6. are 7. are

2. 기출문제 (04 모의고사)

※ 다음 줄친 부분은 알맞게 고치고, 네모 안에 든 표현 중 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

1. Sodas that have caffeine in them actually take water from the body. [ So other drinks do / So do other drinks ]  with caffeine, such as coffee and tea.

2. The farm tractor is run by an engine. So (is / are) the corn picker and the rice-harvesting machine.

3. Behind this current trend are the notion that an aging face is unacceptable.

4. So sharp (is/are) its eyes that it spots small dead animals from two miles high!

5. More important are the huge increase in parental concern about their children being on a winning team.

6. [It were not / Were it not] for police officers, our society would become dangerous.

7. No sooner [my hat had blown off / had my hat blown off] than people laughed at my bald head.

8. [Had it not been / It had not been] for good friends, I would have given up my life.

정답

1. So do other drinks 2. are 3. Behind this current trend is 4. are 5. More important is

6. Were it not  7. had my hat blown off 8. Had it not been

[시제의 분류]

1. 직설법 시제 - 12 시제

                                [형태 예시 : take]

과거                            took

현재                            take(s)

미래                            will take

과거완료                        had taken

현재완료                        have(has) taken

미래완료                        will have taken

과거진행형                      was(were) taking

현재진행형                      am(are,is) taking

미래진행형                      will be taking

과거완료진행형                  had been taking

현재완료진행형                  have(has) been taking

미래완료진행형                  will have been taking

2. 가정법 시제

                                [형태]

현재            If + 주어 + 현재동사(동.원) ～, 주어 + will(may,shall,must) + 동.원

                (현대영어에서 if절에 현재형을 쓰므로, 조건의 부사절로 알아두기 바람)

미래            If +주어+ should(were to)+동.원 ～, 주어 + 조동사과거(현재) + 동.원

과거            If + 주어 + 과거동사(were) ～ 주어 + 조동사의 과거 + 동.원 ～

과거완료        If + 주어 + had + p.p ～ 주어 + 조동사의 과거 + have + p.p. ～

3. 준동사 시제

                [형태]

단순부정사      to + R : 주절의 시제가 종속절의 시제가 같거나 종속절의 시제가 한 시제 느린 경우

완료부정사      to + have + p.p. : 종속절의 시제가 주절의 시제보다 한 시제 빠른 경우

단순동명사      동.원+ing : 주절의 시제가 종속절의 시제가 같거나 종속절의 시제가 한 시제 느린 경우

완료동명사      having + p.p. : 종속절의 시제가 주절의 시제보다 한 시제 빠른 경우

단순분사구문    동.원+ing : 주절의 시제가 종속절의 시제가 같거나 종속절의 시제가 한 시제 느린 경우

완료분사구문    having + p.p. : 종속절의 시제가 주절의 시제보다 한 시제 빠른 경우

시제 : 수능과 모의고사에 출제된 시제 전반적인 골격은 과거와 현재완료, 과거와         과거완료의 구분이다. 이를 정확히 구별하는 것이 가장 중요하다.

1. 현재 시제 - 미래 시제가 나오면, 반드시 시간이나 조건의 부사절인지를 확인할 것.

▶ 시간과 조건의 부사절 내에서 - 미래 대신 현재시제를 쓸 것.

cf) when : 의문사, 관계부사일 때, if(=whether) : -인지 아닌지 의 경우는 시제를 원래대로 쓸 것.

2. 과거와 현재완료 구별        ▶ 반드시 시간부사(구,절)를 확인할 것

(1) 과거

: 과거의 한 시점에서 일어난 모든 상황은 과거로 나타낸다.

 예를 들면, 시간부사(구) : ago, last + 시간명사, yesterday, 지난 년도, once (upon a time), one day, then(=at that time), the other day(=a few days ago) 등 과거 시점에서 일어난 모든 시제는 과거로 나타낸다.

※ ago : 과거시제 - 현재를 기준으로 그 이전(숫자와 함께)

  before : 완료시제 - have p.p., had p.p. (명사, 특정사건과 함께 과거시제와도 씀)

         - 과거를 기준이로 그 이전을 나타낼 때.

(2) 현재완료 (have+p.p.)

: 과거의 일정 시점을 기준으로 현재까지 이르는 시제를 말한다. 따라서 과거 → 현재까지의 시간의 과정을 나타내는 시제이므로 명확한 과거를 나타내는 시간부사와는 쓸 수 없다.

예를 들면,  ex) In the summer of 2001, he has visited Asan, Korea,

위 문장의 has visited는 현재완료이다. 현재완료는 시간의 과정을 말해주므로 In the summer of 2001 이라는 과거의 한 시점과는 쓸 수 없다. 따라서 visited, 과거로 고쳐야한다.

또한, 과거부터 현재에 이르는 시간의 과정을 나타내는 말이 함께 올 때는 현재완료를 써야한다.

시간의 과정을 나타내는 부사(구) :

how long, for + 숫자 로 나타나는 시간단위, for a long time, so far(=until now = up to now), yet, already, just, often, never 등

시간상의 과정을 나타내는 말은 완료시제로 나타낸다.

특히 현재완료와 가장 많은 관련이 있는 since(～이후로, ～이래로)는 필히 숙지해 두어야 한다.

주어 + 현재완료(have+p.p.) ～, since + 주어 + 과거동사[since +과거시점].

Since + 주어 + 과거동사[since + 과거시점] ～, 주어 + 현재완료(have+p.p.) ～ .

3. 과거와 과거완료 구별

- 주절과 종속절의 시제를 비교할 것

▶ 과거완료(had+p.p.)는 과거시제에서만 나타난다.

        - 현재나 미래와는 함께 쓰이지 않는다.

▶ 구조 : 주어 + 과거동사 -----   + 접속사 + 주어 + had + P.P..........

                  주절                      종속절

(1) 과거완료 (had+p.p.) 또는 대과거 - 과거시제와 항상 관련있음

: 과거시제의 글에서 그 과거 상황보다 어떤 상황이 먼저 일어난 경우는 반드시 과거완료(대과거)로 나타낸다.

예를 들면,

ex) Yesterday I lost the book (that my father had bought me).

위 문장에서 lost는 과거에 일어난 일이다. 그런데 ‘잃어버린’ 시점보다 ‘책을 사준 상황이 더 빠르다’ 이때 한 상황이 먼저 일어난 경우는 과거완료(had+p.p.)로 반드시 나타내야 한다.

4. 가정법

(1) 가정법 과거

 If + 주어 + 과거동사(were) ～ 주어 + 조동사의 과거 + 동.원 ～

위 문장에서는 반드시 주절에 조동사의 과거를 확인해야한다.

또한 If절에서 If가 생략되면 주어, 동사는 도치된다.

예를 들면,　ex) If I had a bill larger than $20, I won't eat here

위 문장에서 won't는 would not로 고쳐야한다. 주절에 조동사의 과거를 반드시 확인해야한다.

(2) 가정법 과거완료

 If + 주어 + had + p.p ～ 주어 + 조동사의 과거 + have + p.p. ～

마찬가지로 If가 생략되면, had + 주어 + p.p.로 도치된다. 또한 주절의 조동사의 과거 다음 have + p.p.를 반드시 확인해야한다.

예를 들면,

ex) Had this not happened, Johnny die then there.

            ①                    ②

①번 문장은 if가 생략되어 도치되었고, 과거완료시제이므로 ②번의 die는 would have died로 고쳐야 한다.

(3) 혼합 가정법

If + S + had + p.p + 과거시간부사, S + 조동사의 과거 + 동.원 + 현재시간부사

If + S + 과거동사 + 현재시간부사, S + 조동사의 과거 + have + p.p + 과거시간부사

(4) 가정법의 변형된 형태

① 주어 + suggest + (that) + 주어 + (should) + 동.원 ～ .

위 문장은 가정법의 한 변형된 형태로서 모의고사에 자주 출제되고 있다. suggest가 주절에 오고 다음 that 절에서 시제는 should + 동.원이 온다. 이때, should는 생략할 수 있다. 그외, suggest류의 동사는 insist, propose, order, advise, demand, recommend, ask, wish 등도 있다.   예를 들면,

ex) He suggested that I sought the help of the goldsmith who had made it.

줄친 sought는 (should) seek로 고쳐야한다.

예외) 시점이 달라질 경우 또는 뜻이 다른 경우는 그렇지 않다.

- that절 속의 내용이 앞으로 할일(의무, 당연)에 해당될 때만, should + 동.원이 온다.

- 본래의 의미와는 다른 뜻일 때나, 시제의 차이가 있을 때는 원래 시제에 맞춘다.

ex) Many witnesses insisted that the accident should take place on the              crosswalk.

위 문장에서 목격자들의 주장과 사고가 일어난 시점은 분명 다르다. insisted는 과거이고 사고가 일어난 상황이 먼저이므로 이때는 should take를 had taken으로 한 시제 빠른 시제로 고쳐야 한다.

② It is (high) time (that) 주어 + 과거동사(= should + 동.원) ～ .

  (～할 때다)

ex) It is high time that you went to bed.

③ I wish + 주어 + 과거동사 또는 had + p.p.

④ as if (= as though) + 주어 + 과거동사 또는 had + p.p.

5. 준동사의 시제 - 본동사의 시제와 준동사의 시제를 비교할 것

1. To 부정사의 시제

주어 + 동사 + to + 동.원 ................... 단순부정사

        동사와 to + 동.원은 같은 시제

주어 + 동사 + to have + p.p............... 완료부정사

        동사의 시제보다 to 이하의 시제가 한 시제 앞서는 경우.

ex) He seems to he rich. (현재 시점에서 부자로 생각함)

ex) He seemed to be rich. (과거 시점에서 부자로 생각함)

ex) He seems to have been rich. (과거에 부자였다는 것을 현재시점에서 생각함)

ex) He seemed to have been rich. (과거이전 즉, 대과거 시점에 부자였다는 것을 과거시점에서 생각함)

2. 동명사의 시제

주어 + 동사 + 전치사 + 동.원+ing ................... 단순동명사

        동사와 동.원+ing는 같은 시제

주어 + 동사 + 전치사 + having + p.p............... 완료동명사

        동사의 시제보다 ing이하의 시제가 한 시제 앞서는 경우.

ex) I am proud of his being rich. (현재 시점에서 부자로 생각함)

ex) I was proud of his being rich. (과거 시점에서 부자로 생각함)

ex) I am proud of his having been rich. (과거에 부자였다는 것을 현재시점에서 생각함)

ex) I was proud of his having been rich.

(과거이전 즉, 대과거 시점에 부자였다는 것을 과거시점에서 생각함)

3. 분사구문의 시제

동.원+ing ...........,       주어 + 동사 ....................... 단순분사구문

(동사와 동.원+ing는 같은 시제)

Having+p.p..........,      주어 + 동사........................ 완료분사구문

(동사의 시제보다 ing이하의 시제가 한 시제 앞서는 경우)

ex) Being covered with dust, the piano looks awful. (주절과 종속절이 같은 시점)

ex) The film being shown, everybody gave it a hand. (주절과 종속절이 같은 시점)

ex) Having been born in winter, I like winter very much.

 (주절의 시제보다 종속절의 시제가 한 시제 빠름 : Having been - 과거시제)

ex) Not having finished homework before, I did it last night.

 (주절의 시제보다 종속절의 시제가 한 시제 빠름 : having finished - 과거완료시제)

[02, 03 모의고사, 수능 기출문제]

※ 다음 각 줄친 부분은 올바르게 고치고, 둘 중 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

1.  In the 1830s, a New York farmer named William Miller told people that the world was soon going to end. Miller's followers were confident the world [ had ended / would end ] on October 22, 1844.

2. The reason for that pain is because human skulls are shaped differently today than they have been many thousands of years ago.

3. Most twins who grew up together are very close. John and Buell Fuller are 79-year-old identical twins. They have always lived together, and still [ do / did ]. They wear identical clothes and work together, too. They think it is funny that people can't tell them apart. In fact, they like to confuse people.

4.  "If I had a bill larger than $20, I won't eat here."

5.  In 1934 a severe drought has hit the area, and without the dense root system of the natural grasses to hold the dry soil in place, it was picked up by the strong winds and blown away.

6.  Since the 1960s, millions of Americans are taking it up.

7.  The teeth [ have been bothering / had been bothering ] David for some time. He knew he should have gone to the dentist's earlier. But he had put it off.

8.  These family trips usually continue until their children will become teenagers.

9.  If they had lived in the days of capital punishment, they were already died.

10.  As she told her doctor, she always felt tired. Her doctor found her blood cholesterol was high. Therefore, her doctor suggested that she reduced meat, especially red meat.

11.  Micky and I would be lonely those long nights when the cold wind whistled around the home if it had not been for our fiends who were in the stories.

12.  A man [ lived / has lived ] on the earth for almost one million years.

13.  Jim looked at the doctor who was standing by the bed. "He was hit by a car while he [ is walking / was walking ] across the street. He wasn't badly hurt, but he has lost his memory," said the doctor, "Don't you remember anything at all? asked the doctor.

14.  The doctor met the woman's son in the lobby of the hospital and told him that his mother [ died / had died ].

15.  The frankfurter dates back to 1852, when some German butchers in Frankfurt have created and named it.

16.  Had this not happened, Johnny die then there.

17.  In 1893, U.S. President Grover Cleveland was informed that he had cancer. Surgery was done on Cleveland on his own yacht. Most of his upper left jaw was removed. The president insisted that the operation had been kept secret

18. It is high time smokers stop smoking.

19. So, if the weather will be good, he will arrive in Yeouido on August.

20.  Thus, if you had turned a light toward Mars that day, it [ had reached / would have reached ]Mars in 186 seconds. (2004년 수능 기출문제)

21.  John came back home late, feeling discouraged. His mother asked what had happened. John said that he studied for the history test but he did not get a good score.

22.   In 1642, a war [ broke / has broken ] out between the Parliament and the king.

23.  [ Since / Until ] then, women’s events have become very important and popular.

24.  Since the mid 20th century, scientists from many countries [ have been working / are working ] together in a huge "laboratory."

25.  He wanted to know what kinds of girls her sisters were, what her father was like, and how long did her mother die. (96년 수능기출)

26.  In the summer of 2001, he has visited Asan, Korea, to participate in a house-building project. (2002년 수능기출)

27.  It was difficult to determine exactly where the accident had taken place. Many witnesses insisted that the accident [ should take / had taken ] place on the crosswalk. (97년 수능기출)

28.  Former U.S. President Jimmy Carter, who promotes Habitat for Humanity, [ has toured / was toured ] various countries since 1994. (2002년 수능기출)

29.  It seemed to be there for years.

30.  [Having learned / To have learned] more about these two types of books, Cathy felt very confident that she'd write a good report.

정답

1. would end    2. were    3. do   4. wouldn't   5. hit   6. have been   7. had been bothering

8. become    9. would have already died    10. (should) reduce   11. would have been 12. has lived   13. was walking  14. had died    15. created    16. would have died  17. (should) be kept 18. stopped  19. is  20. would have reached  21. had studied   22. broke 23. since  24. have been working  25. how long her mother had died   26. visited 27. had taken place 28. has toured

29. to have been 30. Having learned

[2004년 모의고사 기출문제]

1. Many people have already take the trip and more will go up in the future.

2. On March 20, 1981, the day of the Oscar presentation, something terrible [happened / has happened].

3. Jane Brown [has been married / got married] twelve years ago and has three children now.

4. He did not understand that it was an elevator. He watched to see what would happen. When the elevator came down, a young woman came out. The old man said, "Wow! If I had known, [ I would have brought / I had brought] my old wife with me. This is great science."

5. They they will be able to get some skills and experience before they will find a job.

6. Yesterday he heard that he [had/was] passed it after all.

7. She believed that if Europeans tried to change African religion or any of their customs, the African's lives [ was worse / would be worse] than before.

8. Pasteur believed that he had a cure for rabies, but he had never given it to a person [ago / before].

9. When she went outside again, she saw that both the thief and the car have gone.

10. If you were indeed to build a house, you [will find it / would find it] helpful to have a set of directions to guide you in its construction.

11. Had it not been for Washington's bravery and military strategy, the colonies could hardly beat the British.

12. A rich Florida woman [died / has died] several years ago, leaving everything she owned to a large group of dogs.

13. Her eighty-one dogs inherited $14 million! In another case, an Ohio man left a will ordering that his money [was / be] spent to build a home for cats.

14. The first ship [passed / had passed] through the Canal in 1914.

15. Without her friendship and assistances, her brothers [ might become / might have become ] hopeless during their early days of failure.

16. On one particularly long evening, Byron suggested that [ everyone write / everyone writes ] a ghost story.

17. The report also recommends that it is time the police [getting / got] tough with the parents of youngsters who break the law.

18. Harshan picked up the check first, but Bob insisted that he had paid, and managed to convince Harshan.

19. [Having learned / To have learned] more about these two types of books, Cathy felt very confident that she'd write a good report.

20. For some time pit bulls have been identified as a ferocious dog. Some attacks by dogs of this breed have been fatal. Five fatal attacks have been reported in the United States last year.

1. taken 2. happened 3. got married 4. I would have brought 5. find 6. had 7. would be worse 8. before 9. had gone 10. would find it 11. could hardly have beaten the British 12. died 13. be 14. passed 15. might have become 16. everyone write 17. got 18. had paid를 (should) pay 19. Having learned 20. were reported

수동태: be+p.p 형태

능동태 : 주어가 스스로 동사의 행위를 하는 경우

수동태 : 주어가 스스로 동사의 행위를 할 수 없는 경우

- be(get) 동사의 여부를 반드시 확인해야 한다. 또한 목적어가 없는 1, 2형식동사는 수동태로 나타낼 수 없는 것이 원칙이다.

▶ 주어와 동사의 관계를 꼭 확인할 것

▶ 무생물 주어일 때 반드시 주어와 동사의 관계를 확인할 것.

1. 수동태 문장에서는 목적어가 없다.

Cash should never be sent in the mail.

예외) 4형식 문장에서 보류목적어, 5형식 목적보어가 명사일 때,

The book was given (to) someone else by him. (4형식 수동태)

Someone else was given the book by him. (4형식 수동태)

He is called Tom. (5형식 목적보어가 명사일때)

             명사 (목적보어가 수동태가 되어 보어역할을 하고 있음. 목적어가 아님)

He is considered a coward.

                  명사

2. 수동태 불가 동사 : appear, disappear, look, seem, happen, occur(= take place)

- 자동사로서 수동태 불가, 수동태로 해석되는 경우가 많다. 즉, be appeared to, be looked (like), be seemed to 로 나타낼 수 없다.

진행형 불가, 수동태 불가 동사 : belong, resemble

3. think, believe, suppose, guess, imagine, consider, know, expect

   → 주어가 사물이면 수동태로 나타낸다.

수동태와 관련하여 가장 많이 출제된 형태로는 use와 관련된 용법이다. 다음을 반드시 구분하여 외워 두도록 합시다.

① used to + 동.원 : ～하곤 했다  (과거에는) ～했었다

② be used to + 동.원 : ～하는데 사용되다

③ be(=get) used to + ～ing(명사) : ～하는데 익숙하다 = be accustomed to

위 ① ② ③ 중에서 be동사가 있고 없음을 확실히 알아두자.

[02, 03 모의고사, 수능 기출문제]

※ 다음 각 줄친 부분은 올바르게 고치고, 둘 중 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

1.  When the shoppers decide what to buy, the order sends by mail.

2. If you’re inviting for dinner, it’s customary to bring a small gift such as a bottle of wine or fresh flowers.

3. That is what was happened to Gerald Krigel of Detroit.

4.  The water of this legendary fountain, which no one has yet found, believed to give back youth and good health to those who drank it.

5. Asking a fellow passenger why he did so, Gandhi smiled. "The poor man who finds the shoe lying on the track,"　he replied, "will now have a pair he can use."

6.  Some insects produce a cold, chemical light. In most cases, this light is produced to attract a mate. In others it used to frighten away animals which would otherwise eat the insect.

7. Two studies are adding to the debate about the health risks of eating fish contained high levels of the metal mercury.

8. My mother told me how her grandmother used to singing these songs whenever the soldiers came through our reservation.

9.  Japanese Prim Minister in July 2000 said that Japanese workers ought to be allowed to work until age of 70 instead of forcing to retire by 60 or 65.

10.  Building upward meant that only a small piece of land had to be used to housing many people or business.

11. However, when a farmer was appeared, it got up and followed him.

12. A car is really a consumer product. That is, it is made for people to use directly and it is not used to making other products.

13. Years ago, the United States Mint asked Anthony if he would try to design a new silver dollar. Anthony said yes. It was a great honor for him to ask to do such a thing.

14. Some experts are so convinced that colors have strong effect on us that they believe colors can use to heal.

15.  Cash should never send in the mail.

16. I called the campus electrical department and was asked someone to identify it.

17. Ijime is a tool which is often used to [ maintain / maintaining ] this harmony.

18. A woman with a very thin waist was said to be "wasp-waisted" because her body was looked like the body of a wasp.

19. He said to himself, "I must [ find / be found ] somewhere to sleep, because it is snowing."

20.  They wore bright colors in the woods so that they could see easily by others.

21. In ancient times, women in Greece were not [ allowed / allowing ] to take part in the Olympic Games.

22. In Japanese society, the group is usually favored over the individual. Once you belong to a group, you [ ask / are asked ] to follow the group's standards.

23. A simple blood test can [ detect / be detected ] lead poisoning.

24. A developing trend threatens the supply of manpower in the areas of science and engineering, as students are increasingly [ avoided / avoiding ] those fields.

25. Antarctica is the first part of the world [ using / used ] entirely for peaceful purposes.

26. On a summer day in Scotland, Paul, a member of the Beatles suddenly felt like seeing his chickens. The birds have left behind at his home in London.

27. When coyotes ate the meat, they got sick. Later, coyotes would not even go near lambs. They were hunted rabbits instead.

28.  Because we often come across words that we don't understand, most of us are not used to [ read / reading ] English books and magazines.

29. Many superstitions concern black cats. In ancient times, people believed that witches turned themselves into black cats. So the animals considered to be evil.

30.  Go to a fairly quiet place where you are not likely to [disturb/be disturbed].  (2005년 수능기출문제)

31.  In 1996, the amount of venture capital fell 53% from the previous year, to $ 202 million. This year the numbers expect to show a steeper decline. (98 수능기출문제)

32.  When I asked my grandmother, however, I replied, "Yes, I do feel a great change has taken place."(94-2차 수능기출문제)

33.  Beneath the stamped imprint was a notation from the bank in ink. It was appeared to read, "Not you-us!"(94-1차 수능기출문제)

정답

1. is sent      2. invited      3. happened    4. is believed    5. (being) asked by 

6. is used to frighten        7. containing         8. used to sing 9. being forced        10. be used to house        11. appeared        12. used to make  13. be asked to do such a thing  14. can be used to heal    15. be sent    16. asked   17. maintain    18. looked like    19. find 20. could be seen      21. allowed     22. are asked  23. detect    24. avoiding   25. used  26. had been left behind    27. hunted    28. reading   29. were considered 30. be disturbed 31. the numbers are expected to show 32. (I was) asked by 33. It appeared to read

[2004년 모의고사 기출문제]

1.  All dogs had the same ancestor. It [has believed / is believed] that  this ancestor was much like a wolf.

2. They learned to keep watch over sheep. Some dogs were not strong. But they could help hunters [to be found / find] other animals.

3. The leaves can [be used / use] to make rope, mats, baskets, and even sandals.

4. The President Reagan's car stopped, and as he was getting out, he [shot / was shot]. He didn't die from the gunshot wounds and soon recovered.

5. Now these same things need to [doing / be done], but Jane has only evenings and early mornings to do them.

6. What is 7,686,369,774,870×2,465,090,745,779? In 1980, Shakuntala Devi was asking to find the answer to that problem.

7. A woman whose house was beside a brook might [be known as / have known] "Nell of the Brook."

8. Think of each math problem as a puzzle [to solve / to be solved]

9. But it covers by thick clouds.

10. Much of the research that [is carried out / carries out] is unnecessary anyway.

11. However, this work is voluntary, so you won't [pay / get paid].

12. Because tea had considered a sacred remedy, it was always served with much ceremony.

13. He would often forget the name of his own son. This man used to talking on his cell phone for about six hours a day, every day of his working week, for a couple of years.

14. Built in 1913, it began as a comedy house where blacks didn't allow as an audience. But in 1920 it was offering shows that usually included Jazz and in 1932 it became a black comedy house.

15. For example, if a child was used to [go /  going]  to bed at 8 p.m., a teen probably is not ready for sleep until 11 p.m.

16. Wheat, cotton, and corn (planted / were planted) with plain hand tools.

17. In the past decades, the quality of indoor air has received an increasing amount of attention, including a large amount of discussion about sick building syndrome, which [has been recognized / has recognized] since the 1970's.

18. A salesperson can try to be interested the customer in a different style, but she never tells the customer what to do.

19. Shopping for food today is not the same as it [was used to / used to] be. In the past, every neighborhood had a little food market.

20. He had been caught writing with a crayon on a wall of the subway station and his parents [expected / were expected] to discipline him.

21. A strange thing [was happened / happened] in our garden the other day.

22. But most of the time, my only companions were dolphins and flying fish. Sometimes a bird would be stopped by to hitchhike or for a little rest.

23. At the moment it's a bit hard because I'm not used to [live / living] away from home.

24. If all spiders suddenly [disappeared / were disappeared], we'd starve to death.

25. This violent weather destroyed/was destroyed nine homes near the downtown area.

26. Mastering a method of doing something is also an accomplishment that can only [achieve / be achieved] through genuine study.

27. I want to know what kind of *lure [used to / was used to] catch the hooked one."                                            * lure : 가짜 미끼

28. The bacteria [are used to make / used to make] Swiss cheese are not harmful to people.

29. Indeed, it is unlikely that any human organization could either be forming/formed or long maintained without language.

30. Today, we [are used to seeing / used to see] women play sports in pants.

31. Like a solar panel, the capsule converts sunshine into heat [to create/ to be created] a greenhouse effect.

32. The recording of the great history of Western civilization was making possible by the early development of alphabetic writing.

33. Most of the shops and services [are found / found] in malls are parts of large corporations.

34. So we cannot predict when they will be visible, while short-period comets cannot often see with the naked eye.

35. Some of the money was used to [purchase / purchasing] flowers, which were placed on the graves of the three fish.

36. An elderly woman being interviewed on television asked, "Do you like your face?" She responded with conviction, "I love my face! I accept it happily."

37. FEMA also helps to repair homes and public buildings [that have been damaged / that have damaged].

38. A female professional speech writer [credits / is credited] with creating these phrases, capturing abstract ideas and putting them into practical language.

39. One of her many projects is to help poor students who need money for their college education. Many people from all over the world are given money to her projects.

40. What we tell our children about these episodes will remember as they get older.

41. When the French government [was organized / was organizing] a fair for the French Revolution, the noted bridge engineer Alexandre-Gustave Eiffel was asked to design a structure to symbolize the occasion.

42. An important aspect of farm machinery that is not often recognized is that it has been made modern social and economic organization possible by freeing large numbers of people from food production for other work, such as manufacturing.

43. Smoking is prohibited/prohibiting in all Smithsonian facilities.

44. More people are retiring and they are chose warm, sunny climates near the coast.

45. These girls are used to [focus / focusing] on outer events and on things other than themselves.

46. In a small school you practically know everyone else and more importantly everyone knows you. The teacher are like brothers and sisters. Your welfare looks after properly and you feel you belong to the school.

1. is believed 2. find 3. be used 4. was shot 5. be done 6. was asked 7. be known as 8. to be solved 9. is covered 10. is carried out 11. get paid 12. had been considered 13. used to talk 14. weren't allowed 15. going 16. were planted 17. has been recognized 18. to interest 19. used to 20. were expected 21. happened 22. would stopped by 23. living 24. disappeared 25. destroyed 26. be achieved 27. was used to 28. used to make 29. formed 30. are used to seeing 31. to create 32. was made 33. found 34. be seen 35. purchase 36. was asked 37. that have been damaged 38. is credited 39. give money to her projects 40. will be remembered 41. was organizing 42. has made modern----- 43. prohibited 44. choose 45. focusing 46. is looked for

1. 자동사와 타동사의 구별

자동사 뒤에 올 수 있는 것 : 전치사+명사, 부사, 아무것도 안 올수도 있다.

                            명사를 목적어로 취할 수 없다.

타동사 뒤에 올 수 있는 것 : 오로지 명사인 목적어만 온다. 그 외는 틀림.

자 : lie - lay - lain (lying): 눕다

cf) lie - lied - lied : 거짓말하다

타 : lay - laid - laid (laying): 눕히다, 알을 낳다, 두다

자 : rise - rose - risen          : 오르다, 증가하다

타 : raise - raised - raised      : 들어 올리다, 인상하다, 기르다, 문제를 제기하다

자 : arise - arose - arisen       : 일어나다, 발생하다, 생기다 = come about

타 : arouse - aroused - aroused : 불러일으키다, 각성시키다, 자극하다, 깨우다

                                  = bring about

자 : sit - sat - sat              : 앉다

타 : seat - seated - seated      : 앉히다

자 : wait - waited - waited      : 기다리다

타 : await - awaited - awaited   : 기다리다

자 : fall - fell - fallen           : 넘어지다

타 : fell - felled - felled         : 넘어뜨리다

2. 2형식 지각동사 - 보어로서 형용사나 전치사 명사가 온다.

look, sound, smell, taste, feel + (부사) + 형용사

                             + 전치사 + 명사

3. 혼동하기 쉬운 동사

find - found - found      : 찾다, 발견하다

found - founded - founded : 설립하다, 세우다

hang - hung - hung : 걸다

hang - hanged - hanged : 교수형에 처하다

4. 전치사를 쓸 수 없는 완전 타동사

주의사항) 다음과 같은 동사가 다른 의미를 지닐 때는 전치사를 수반할 때도 있다.

marry (O) -와 결혼하다         

marry with (X)                 

discuss (O), talk about (O) -에 대해 토의하다

discuss about + 논제, 주제 (X), discuss with (O)

enter (O), go into (O) -에 들어가다              

enter into (X)                                  

attend (O) -에 참석하다, 출석하다

attend to : -에 주의를 기울이다

reach (O) -에 도착하다, arrive at (O)    

reach at (X)

answer (O), reply to (O) -에 대답하다

answer to (X)

resemble (O) -와 닮다, take after (O)

resemble with (X)

5. 전치사를 써야하는 경우

graduate from : 졸업하다

belong to : -에 속하다

in addition to : -이외에도, 게다가

reply to : -에 대답하다

respond to : -에 대답하다

react to : -에 반응하다

1. 기출문제 (02,03모의고사, 수능기출)

※ 다음 각 줄친 부분은 올바르게 고치고, 둘 중 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

1. It was the story of a rich and powerful man who [ married / married with ] his beautiful maid.

2. You make yourself look [ perfect / perfectly ]. You arrive early for the interview and you try your best.

3.  The tailor saw that seven of the flies were laying there dead.

4. The little bird looked happily and joyously in the sun.

5.  These animals did not seem to be active like the monkeys. They were all laying down and looking at the visitors.

6. Strangely as it may sound, this is usually what happens when people are trapped in a blizzard or fog.

7.  I looked in quietly before entering and seeing my mother laying on the bed.

8.  By the time she was three, Matilda had taught herself to read by studying newspapers and magazines that [ lay / laid ] around the house.

9.  While in Egypt, Alexander [ found / founded ] the city of Alexandria.

10.  Sometimes things change without appearing to change at all. Let’s take a stone[lying / putting ] on a beach as an example.

11.  I hope you will be able to come, and that you will agree to [sit/seat]on the committee. (2005년 수능 기출문제)

정답

1. married 2. perfect 3. lying 4. happy, joyous 5. lying 6. Strange 7. saw my mother lying 8. lay 9. founded 10. lying 11. sit

2. 기출 문제 (04 모의고사)

1. Then it lines the cup with straw and [ lies / lays ] eggs there.

2. In Guadix, Spain, you can look out over a hillside that is covered with television antennas from the cave houses that lay beneath the surface.

3. They are smart enough to know that leaving details to others frequently [arises / arouses] problems.

4. First of all, children should remain seating while the bus is moving.

5. College students and other adults may [attend / attend to] masquerade parties or participate in Halloween parades.

6. This question most commonly [raises / arises] when students realize that they must read tremendous amounts of material in a short period of time.

7. My literature class was [talking / discussing] about the implications of a scientist's statement that a free fish can only see the struggles of a hooked fish but cannot know why it twists violent.

8. Expanding energy needs have [brought about / come about] difficult environmental problems in the form of air and water pollution.

정답

1. lays 2. lies 3. arouses 4. seated 5. attend 6. arises 7. talking 8. brought about

조동사 : 조동사에 관련된 여러가지 사항 중 가장 중요한 것은

         조동사 + have + p.p. 구문이다.

다음은 그 뜻과 형태를 정확히 숙지하지 않으면 안된다.

․should have + p.p. = ought to have + p.p. : ～을 해야만 했었는데 (하지못했다)

  (과거의 유감이나 후회)

․must have + p.p. : ～이었음에 틀림없다 (should have + p.p. 와 반드시 구분할 것)

  (과거의 확실한 단정) - 여기서 must는 의무의 의미가 아님

․may(might) have + p.p : ～이었을 지도 모른다.

  (과거의 막연한 추측)

․cannot have + p.p. : ～이었을 리가 없다

  (과거의 부정적 추측) - must have + p.p.와는 반대되는 의미

․need not have + p.p. : ～할 필요가 없었는데 (했다)

※ 다음 문장의 줄친 부분에 유의하여 정확히 해석해 보자.

A : Has Minsu arrived yet?

B : No, he should have come an hour ago. When I called him two hours ago, he said he would start on hanging up the phone.

A : He can't have started at that time. If he had he would have arrived already.

                                                           (가정법)

B : He might have met with a traffic accident.

A : It can't be.(현재) He is always late for an appointment. He must have idled away his time.

해석

A : 민수는 아직 도착 안했니?

B : 그래, 그는 한 시간전에 와야했어. 내가 그에게 두시간 전에 전화를 했을 때 전화를 끊자 마자 출발한다고 했어

A : 그때 출발했을 리가 없어. 그랬다면 벌써 도착했을 걸.

B : 아마 교통사고를 당했을 지도 몰라.

A : 그럴리 없어. 항상 약속시간에 늦어. 늑장을 부렸음에 틀림없어.

[조동사의 관용표현]

1. may well + 동.원 : -하는 것은 당연하다 = have good reason to +R

2. may as well + 동.원 : -하는 편이 낫다 = had better + 동.원

3. may as well A as B : B라기 보다는 차라리 A 이다

  = not so much B as A

  = would rather A (than B) : B라기 보다는 차라리 A이다

4. cannot help - ing : -하지 않을 수 없다.

  = can not (help) but + 동.원

  = have no choice but + to +R

5. cannot ---- too(enough) much : 아무리 -해도 지나치지 않다

6. do nothing but + 동.원 : -하기만 하다

※ 조동사이면서, 일반동사인 동사 - need, dare(감히 - 하다) cf) do

① 일반동사 일때 - need(dare) + to + R

② 조동사 일때 - need(dare) + 동.원

ex) You need to go there.

    You need not go there.

    You don't need to go there.

    You never need to go there.

    You need never go there.

    Do I need to go there?

    Need I go there?

※ 대(代)동사 - 앞 문장의 문맥에 맞는 동사를 따라간다.

일반동사 - do, does, did

be 동사 - be 동사 그대로

기타 조동사 - 앞 문장의 조동사 그대로

[02, 03 모의고사, 수능 기출문제]

※ 다음 각 줄친 부분은 올바르게 고치고, 둘 중 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

1. When I looked out from reading, I came face to face with a bear looking in the window. The bear must be as frightened of me as I was of him because I heard him dash off the porch.

2. I regret having paid little attention to him. In other words, I should be paid more attention to him. (94년 수능기출)

3. Bob's friend was supposed to meet him at the game. But he did not come. Bob thought that his friend need not have called him to let him know that he wasn't going.

4. Edison worked primarily on useful inventions, saying that hewanted to make as much money as possible. However, he did not make the fortune, because he insisted that his inventions should have remained exactly as he created.

5. The city at one time cannot have been prosperous, for it enjoyed a high level of civilization.

6. We often hear stories of ordinary people who, if education had focused on creativity, could have become great artists or scientists. Those victims of education should receive training to develop creative talents while in school. It really is a pity that they did not. (99년 수능기출)

7. The assistant ran after him and said, Sir, you've [ forgotten  /  forgetting ] your change.

8. The teeth had been bothering David for some time.  He knew he [ should / must ] have gone to the dentist's earlier.  But he had put it off.

9. Almost everyone in the United States has [ gone / been ] to a McDonald's restaurant.

10. Last week, someone left a briefcase full of money. I didn't count it, but there [ should / must ] have been at least $10,000.

11. When we got to the restaurant there were no empty table. We reserve a table.

12. After people learned to cook and store food, they must not hunt every day.

정답

1. must have been    2. should have paid more attention        3. should have called   

4. should remain      5. must have been      6. should have received    7. forgotten

8. should  9. been  10. must 11. should have reserved 12. needed not hunt(=didn't have to hunt)

[2004년 모의고사 기출문제]

1. The ancient Greeks gave the crocodile the name. The first crocodile they saw must [have been / be] lying with its feet tucked under it on a gravel beach, so that it looked like a legless worm.

2. Excavations revealed that piles of wood had been placed around these structures and set on fire. Some archaeologists think that the ancient urban people should have burned their temples and left their city in anger against their gods for permitting a long famine.

3. I think it is rude that she didn't thank you yet. I agree that she [may have thanked / should have thanked] you in some way for what you gave her.

4. One evening, impressed by a delicious meat dish my wife had prepared, I asked, "What kind of spice did you use?" She dropped her fork and went into a long explanation about how much she loved me. I [must / should] have looked confused by her response, because she inquired, "Well, what did you ask me?"

5. Her father was interested that she was so desperate to pray AFTER the test, so he listened closely and heard her pray, "Lord, please, please, please make London the capital of France." Perhaps she [may / should] have prayed that God would help her study hard before the test.

1. have been 2. mush have burned 3. should have thanked 4. must 5. should

▶ 정동사 : 한 문장에 꼭 하나 있어야 하는 동사

▶ 준동사(부정동사) : 동사의 성질을 지닌 다른 품사로 전환된 것.

                     부정사(to+동.원, 동.원), 동명사, 분사(현재분사, 과거분사)

(1) 정동사와 준동사 (to+동.원,-ing, p.p) 둘 중 하나를 택일하는 문제

- 하나의 문장에는 단 하나의 정동사가 있다. 그 나머지 형태의 동사들은 문장하나에 필요한 정동사가 아니라, 준동사(to부정사, 동.원, -ing, p.p)들이다. 이를 먼저 확실히 구별할 줄 알아야 한다.

- 한 문장에는 단 하나의 정동사가 있고, 접속사의 수에 따라, 정동사의 수는 하나씩 늘어난다. (정동사의 수 = 접속사 + 1)

예를 들면)

I am helping my mother to cook for people invited to my birthday party.

- 위의 문장에서 am 만이 정동사이고 helping, to cook, invited는 준동사이다.

※ 문장은 하나인데, 이미 정동사가 있으면, 그 다음에 나오는 동사의 형태는 반드시 준동사의 형태로 바뀌어져야 한다.

ex) (Answer / Answering) this question in a new, unexpected way is the essential creative act. [`02 수능기출]

- 문장은 하나이고, 이미 정동사 'is'가 있다. 따라서 더 이상 정동사가 오면 틀린다.

  따라서 답은 Answering(동명사)이다.

ex) You need to be down on the field every day, (smell / smelling) out whatever isn't working.

- whatever는 복합관계사로 관계사는 접속사 역할을 하므로 위 문장에서 정동사는 2개가 있어야 한다. 따라서 need, isn't는 정동사이고 더 이상 정동사는 필요 없다.

따라서 답은 smelling(분사구문의 현재분사)이다.

ex) These substances use up all oxygen in the water, (make / making) it impossible for fish (breathe / to breathe).

- 위 문장은 콤마가 있지만, 한 문장이 마침표가 있을 때까지는 끝난 게 아니다.  위의 문장은 한 개이다. 따라서 답은 making(분사구문), to breathe(진목적어)가 된다.

(2) 현재분사(-ing)와  과거분사(p.p) 둘 중 하나를 택일하는 문제

현재분사 - 능동, 진행 (뒤에 목적어가 온다 - 타동사인 경우)

과거분사 - 수동, 완료 (뒤에 목적어가 없다 - 타동사인 경우)

① 형용사역할을 하는 분사 - 명사를 수식하는 경우 (명사 뒤, 또는 명사 앞에서)

 - 수식을 받는 명사와 수식하는 p.p.(-ing)의 관계가 수동인지, 능동인지를 확인할 것.

▶ 다음 문제를 통해서 두 형태 중 알맞은 것을 골라 보자.

ex) They wanted cats to kill the rats (eating / eaten) their food supplies on their ships.    - 후치수식

- eating이 the rats를 수식하고 있는 문장이다. [the rats (which were) eating] 

수식을 받는 말 the rats 와 eat 동사의 관계를 보면 ‘쥐가 먹는다’ 능동의 관계이므로 eating이 정답이 된다.

ex) Part of the answer is modern factories (building / built) after World War Ⅱ.

    - 후치수식 (이때는 p.p.일 경우, 4형식 또는 5형식보어가 명사인 경우를 제외하고 명사가 오면 안 된다.)

- 위의 문장에서 수식을 받는 말 factories 와 build의 관계를 확인할 것. '공장은 지어지므로' 수동 관계인 built가 답이 된다. modern factories (which were) built

※ 주의사항 - p.p.가 답이 될 경우 - 목적어(명사)가 없다는 데 주의할 것.

The first genetically [ engineering / engineered ] product to be approved by the Food and Drug Administration(FDA) was insulin. - 전치수식

- 수식을 받는 말 product는 조작되어지므로 수동관계

② 분사구문인 경우 - 주절의 주어를 분사 앞에 두고 관계를 확인할 것

ex) One evening, [impressed / impressing] by a delicious meat dish my wife had prepared, I asked, "What kind of spice did you use?"

- 주절의 주어 I를 impress 앞에 두고 관계를 확인하라 (내가 감명을 받은 것이므로 수동관계)

When arrived, he asked us to sit on the couch. (접속사를 생략하지 않은 분사구문)

- he 가 도착하는 것이므로 능동관계 (arriving으로 고칠 것)

③ 접속사 다음에 오는 분사 - 접속사 + (주어 + be동사) + 분사의 형태

- 생략부분에 유의할 것 (생략된 주어+be동사를 넣어 관계를 확인할 것)

ex) If a dish was named "chicken breast," people responded unenthusiastically [when asking / when asked ] how they liked it.

 - when (people were) asked - 사람들이 질문을 받았으므로 when asked가 정답

ex) When [ chased / chasing ] by a large, hungry fish, the squid sends out a cloud of dark fluid. - When (the squid(오징어) is) chased - 오징어가 추적당하므로 수동관계

④ 감정동사

- 감정동사라 함은 감정의 의미를 담고 있는 동사를 말한다. 예를 들면, excite,       disappoint, please, interest, confuse, discourage, worry 등등 의미자체에 사람의 감정을 나타내는 동사를 말한다.

사람주어 + 동사 + P.P(감정동사)형태  - 과거분사

무생물주어 + 동사 + ～ing(감정동사)형태 - 현재분사

ex) It is (interested / interesting) to note that it was while she was suffering so much that she wrote one of her masterpieces, The Murder of Roger Ackroyal.

- It은 가주어이고, 사물에 해당되므로, 감정동사 interest는 interesting이 답이 된다.

ex) I was very (excited / exciting).

- 주어가 I(사람)이므로 excited가 정답

⑤ 수동태에서의 분사의 형태 - 주어 + be + [p.p. / -ing]

- 마찬가지로 주어와 분사와의 관계를 확인하면 된다.

ex) Places of business are often [decorated / decorating] with pumpkin-lanterns, scarecrows, and witches.

- Places of business 가 장식되어지므로 수동관계 - 수동태(are decorated)

ex) An important aspect of farm machinery that is not often recognized is that it has been made modern social and economic organization possible by freeing large numbers of people from food production for other work, such as manufacturing.

- it(=farm machinery) 가 modern social and economic organization(목적어) 가능해 지도록 했으므로 능동관계 - has been made를 has made인 능동태로 고칠 것.

(3) 기타 [to+R / 동.원], [-ing / to+R], [to+R / p.p.], [동.원 / p.p.] 형태

① 동사와 관련된 경우 - 5형식 지각동사, 사역동사, help, o.c로 to부정사를 취하는 동사

- 목적어와 목적보어의 관계를 확인할 것.

ex) Harry also saw a car [approach / approached] very fast.

- saw가 지각동사 a car 가 접근하다 - 능동관계 - approach

ex) Encourage your daughter [getting / to get] involved in sports at school.

- encourage는 목적어로 to 부정사를 취하는 동사 - to get 이 정답

ex) This makes you [ take / to take ] a deep breath, even if you don't want to.

- make 사역동사 you 와 take의 관계 능동 take(동.원)가 정답

▶ 5형식 지각동사

see, watch, hear, listen to, feel + 목적어 + 동.원(～ing)

                             : 목적어와 동사의관계가 능동일때

see, watch, hear, listen to, feel + 목적어 + p.p(과거분사)

                             : 목적어와 동사의관계가 수동일때

▶ 사역동사

have, make, let + 목적어 + 동.원

               : 목적어와 동사의관계가 능동일때

have, make, let + 목적어 + p.p(과거분사)

               : 목적어와 동사의관계가 수동일때 (let은 be + p.p )

▶ help동사

3형식 : help + (to) 동.원           5형식 : help + 목적어 + (to) + 동.원

▶ 목적보어로 to + 동.원 을 취하는 동사

ask, allow, tell, advise, forbid, get, order, expect, encourage, enable, cause, force

▶ keep + 목적어 + 형용사(-ing, p.p)

(주의사항)

1. 모든 5형식동사는 목적어와 목적보어가 수동관계이면, p.p.(과거분사)의 형태가 되어야 한다.

2. 지각동사나 사역동사는 ‘to부정사'가 오면 틀린다.

② 의미와 관련된 경우

ex) [To place / By placing]  the trees near the edge of the yard and growing grapes on the fence, we can still have enjoyable outdoor living space.

- by -ing(-함으로써), to+R(-하기위하여) 나무를 둠으로써(By placing)의 의미 : and growing(병렬구조)

ex) [To have learned / Having learned] more about these two types of books, Cathy felt very confident that she'd write a good report.

- To+R (-하기위하여), Having+p.p(분사구문) : 배웠기 때문에 또는 배운 후에의 의미가 되어야 하므로 Having learned가 정답

[02, 03 모의고사, 수능 기출문제]

1.  [ Create / Creating ] the electrical energy also create environmental problems.

2. When [ chased / chasing ] by a large, hungry fish, the squid sends out a cloud of dark fluid.

3. [ Understand / Understanding ] Einstein's idea of relativity is not easy for someone who is not an expert in mathematics.

4. In 1970, he made a comedy [ called / calling ] Hercules in New York.

5. Part of the answer is modern factories [building / built] after World War Ⅱ.

6. She went missing for 11 days and [ found / was found ] in a hotel in the north of England.

7. It's a good idea [ to bring / bring ] a small gift when you go to a dinner party.

8. We have found a lot of [interested / interesting] information about life in Ancient Egypt.

9. They wanted cats to kill the rats [ eating / eaten ] their food supplies on their ships.

10.  You are [ exciting / excited ] and you prepare carefully.

11.  If the countries [ possess / possessing ] the deadly weapons increase, the control will become so much more difficult.

12.  In fact, when the Russian government first aired a daily broadcast of its parliament in 1989, people were so [ interested / interesting ] that they stayed home from work to watch it.

13. It is [ interested / interesting ] to note that it was while she was suffering so much that she wrote one of her masterpieces, The Murder of Roger Ackroyal.

14.  I was very [ worrying / worried ].

15. If you're [ confusing / confused ]  about choosing the correct fork, knife, or spoon, just watch the other guests, and follow them.

16. If [ treating / treated ] properly, a cat can be your best friend.

17. Newcomers to New York are often [ surprising / surprised ] to see so many very rich people and so many very poor people.

18. When [ asking / asked ], "At what age does youth end?" most of these old people had no answer. several replied, "Well, perhaps at 80."

19. Prior to 1740, it [ called / was called ] "chills" or "fever" or even "the shakes."

20. A few weeks after the funeral she wrote him a letter, and placed it in an envelope [ addressing / addressed ] to Grandpa Bernie in Heaven, and attached the envelope to a small balloon.

21. He also found the body of King Tut. It had been [ keeping / kept ] in good shape for a long time.

22. The [ amazing / amazed ]  progress in science nowadays is such that hardly a day passes without our reading some accounts of a new discovery or invention in the newspaper.

23.  Sometimes, she was scolded by her instructor, which made her [ feel / to feel ] unhappy and ashamed.

24.  When asked about the secret to her long life, Palmer says that learning something new every day keeps a person [ young / youth ].

25. Getting the chain [ repaired / repairing ] proved difficult, so my mother sent it to me and suggested I seek the help of the goldsmith who'd made it.

26.  When Jack Hokanson allowed some college students [ to get / get ] angry at fellow students who had done harm to them, their blood pressure dropped up to eight times faster than if they contained their anger.

27. The first European settlers in the area used the land for livestock grazing, letting their animals [ feed / to feed ] on the natural grasses that grew there.

28.  Lisa stood at her bedroom window and watched the van [ to move / moving ] away from the old Muller place.

29.  He wanted to be the first man to reach the North Pole. But he knew that patience was the most important thing. First, he had his leg [ break / broken ]  and had to wait.

30.  A little while later he saw his friend to smoke.

31.  When they are small, it takes time to let them [ do / doing ] things for themselves.

32.  We may actually have microchips in our bodies examined our blood pressure, temperature, and heartbeat on a daily basis.

33.  However, kings and lords were able to force judges [ to make / making ] decisions that suited them.

34.  You can learn to recognize different kinds of clouds and watch them [ move / moved ] across the sky.

35. [Situating/Situated]at an elevation of 1,350m, the city of Kathmandu, which looks out on the sparkling Himalayas, enjoys a warm climate year-round that makes livinghere pleasant.(2005년 수능기출문제)

36.  Go to a fairly quiet place where you are not likely to [disturb/be disturbed].  (2005년 수능기출문제)

37.  With Mom, everything she touched [ turned / turning ]to gold.

    (2004년 수능기출문제)

38.  [Answer / Answering] this question in a new, unexpected way is the essential creative act. (2002년 수능기출문제)

39.  I watched a man on the Métro [try / tried]to get off the train and fail.

(2006년 수능기출문제)

정답 

1. Creating 2. chased 3. Understanding 4. called 5. built 6. was found 7. to bring 8. interesting 9. eating 10. excited 11. possessing 12. interested 13. interesting 14. worried 15. confused 16. treated 17. surprised 18. asked 19. was called 20. addressed 21. kept 22. amazing 23. feel 24. young 25. repaired 26. to get 27. feed 28. moving 29. broken 30. smoke or smoking 31. do 32. examine 33. to force 34. move 35. Situated 36. be disturbed 37. turned 38. Answering 39. try

[2004년 모의고사 기출문제]

1. For eight hours a day I would stand in the little toll booth and stick out my arm and collect fifty cents from each passing car. It was so bored that I used to hope someone would hand me a big bill so I could make change.

2. After paying their admission, Fran and Donna went up to the dinosaur hall on the third floor: They were amazing at the size of each dinosaur exhibit.

3. He was both [surprised/surprising] and happy.

4. She really wants to understand things [ teaching / taught ] by the teacher.

5. Now these same things need to [doing / be done], but Jane has only evenings and early mornings to do them.

6. In a study [ done / doing ] by the World Health Organization in 2000, researchers found that about 50% of marriages in Korea are still arranged.

7. A woman ( naming / named ) Jenny Leigh borrowed her neighbor's car on afternoon.

8. Because of his efforts, laws were changed, making it harder [buy / to buy] a handgun.

9. Jenny opened up the box to see a beautiful box ( breaking / broken ) into several pieces.

10. But they could help hunters [finding /find] other animals.

11. On May 1, 1886, men and women workers in the United States and Canada marched through cities and towns to force their bosses to let them [work / to work] an eight-hour day.

12. They told us [calling /to call] to the police station and to report the incident.

13. The most common materials [ used/using ] for nests are grasses, branches, and feathers.

14. People may someday live on Mars, but it's hard to imagine anything lived on Venus.

15. Many last names come from places where people lived. [A man Robert named / A man named Robert] who lived on a hill, might call himself "Robert of the Hill."

16. [Being looked at /Looking at] my childhood, I think I was very lucky.

17. You probably came home with such things as canned vegetables, [frozen/freezing] foods, meat, and fresh fruits.

18. The event, often calling 󰡒the Great Chicago Fire,󰡓 began in a barn belonging to a woman named Mrs. O'Leary.

19. First never raise your voice in order to make yourself understand.

20. Researchers must find other ways [of doing / are done] their research, using cell culture and computer modeling.

21. Did you ever hear of an animal [call / called] a pebble worm?

22. The biggest theaters [ locating / located ] in large cities find they have to focus on glamorous productions with top stars to attract the crowds.

23. Meanwhile, many small and medium-sized arts organizations face [ to grow / growing ] financial pressures.

24. It is, very satisfying to know that I am helping so many children [will become /become] useful and educated adults.

25. Machines also make it possible (have / to have) good roads and smooth streets.

26. Another solution to the dangerous energy situation is [ improve / to improve ] our conservation efforts.

27. And the birds don't get [lost / losing] at all!

28. What can people do [avoiding / to avoid] discouragement and keep a healthy perspective?

29. Thus, when a fisherman hears her to sing, he jumps in the sea waters and never comes back.

30. The poor dog, [surprised / surprising] this unexpected incident, was too slow to react.

31. In addition to those instruments [playing /played] by marching bands, concert bands also use such instruments as the cello, double bass, timpani, harp, chimes and so on.

32. They have eaten a total number bugs [weighed / weighing] more than several billion people on earth today.

33. Severe weather is a constant possibility all over the globe, but we never really expect our own area [to be/being ] affected.

34. [Asking to guess / Asked to guess] how much they had eaten, the two groups answered the same.

35. This makes you to take a deep breath, even if you don't want to.

36. Genes are tiny units of heredity [located /locating] within every living thing.

37. The first genetically [engineering product /engineered  product] to be approved by the Food and Drug Administration(FDA) was insulin.

38. We always encouraged them [calling / to call] us if they were going to be late.

39. [Imagine for a moment / To imagine for a moment] that you didn't have the sense of smell.

40. And sadly, as anyone who has ever watched a parent or a spouse to yield to the spreading darkness knows, there is no way to stop the lights from going off, no way to switch them back on once they’ve grown dim.

41. Anthropologists today believe that people developed biological characteristics best suited to their environment, to depend on where they lived.

42. A quieter environment in the home could mean reduced stress and [improving mental /improved mental] and physical health.

43. In order to survive, early humans needed tools. They needed spears for hunting. They needed scraping and cutting tools (A) (turn / to turn) the dead animals into food and clothing. They needed tools with which to make other tools. These people did not know how to use metal. They used a glasslike stone (B) (calling / called) flint to make tools. By hitting a piece of flint with another stone, 'early humans caused chips (C) (to break / breaking) away from the flint.

44. [Annoying /Annoyed by] a tradition that required women to wear skirts even on the athletic field, Sears decided to challenge it in 1909.

45. The material lets in 90% of the ultraviolet rays from the sun, [permitted/ permitting] bathers to stay outdoors for allover tan even on below-freezing temperature.

46. Then a robot, [calling / called] Robo, goes to work.

47. Chemical refrigerants make possible the [freezing/ frozen] food industry, which preservers large amounts of food that might otherwise spoil.

48. Spitz found that the children in the orphanage were physically, socially, and emotionally disabled [comparing / compared] with the other children, which was a difference that increased steadily as the children grew older.

49. Men working there often became sick and died. So America sent men [destroying / to destroy] as many mosquitoes and their eggs as they could.

50. Places of business are often [decorated / decorating] with pumpkin-lanterns, scarecrows, and witches.

51. Have young children [testing / tested] for lead, even if they seem healthy.

52. One evening, [impressed / impressing] by a delicious meat dish my wife had prepared, I asked, "What kind of spice did you use?"

53. Harry also saw a car approached very fast.

54. They played on the same team. But his father wanted Ralph to stop seeing Joe. When asking why, his father said, "Because he's one of those." Ralph was confused.

55. Her father was interested that she was so desperate to pray AFTER the test, so he listened closely and heard her [pray / prayed], "Lord, please, please, please make London the capital of France."

56. If a dish was named "chicken breast," people responded unenthusiastically [when asking / when asked] how they liked it.

57. The broad and rich instruction supports students who struggle with math, while [ provided / providing ] attractive experiences for more advanced math students.

58. A government report on the increase in crime among juveniles has made recommendations to schools and parents (supervise / to supervise) children more carefully, especially during holidays and after school.

59. The report suggests that many children are left to their own devices at these times and some find themselves (involved/involving) in illegal or dangerous activities.

60. Find the job you want takes lots of time and effort.

61. Encourage your daughter [getting / to get] involved in sports at school.

62. Studies show that girls [participate / participating] in sports get better grades than girls who don't.

63. [Having learned / To have learned] more about these two types of books, Cathy felt very confident that she'd write a good report.

64. He had been caught writing with a crayon on a wall of the subway station and his parents were expected to discipline him. The entire rest of the day he stayed in his room [to wait / waiting] for his father to come home from the shirt factory.

65. The very existence of speech writers like her causes many politicians or business people[think / to think] that if they just hire a good speech writer, they will become memorable speech makers overnight.

66. Our garden gives us something fresh and tasty for at least four months of the year. [By placing / To place] the trees near the edge of the yard and growing grapes on the fence, we can still have enjoyable outdoor living space.

정답

1. boring 2. amazed 3. surprised 4. taught 5. be done 6. done 7. named 8. to buy 9. broken 10. find 11. work 12. to call 13. used 14. living 15. A man named Robert 16. Looking at 17. frozen 18. called 19. make yourself understood 20. of doing 21. called 22. located 23. growing 24. become 25. to have 26. to improve 27. lost 28. to avoid 29. sing, singing 30. surprised 31. played 32. weighing 33. to be 34. Asked to guess 35. take a deep breath 36. located 37. engineered product 38. to call 39. Imagine for a moment 40. yield(ing) 41. depending on 42. improved mental 43. to turn, called, to break 44. Annoyed by 45. permitting 46. called 47. frozen 48. compared 49. to destroy 50. decorated 51. tested 52. impressed 53. approach(ing) 54. When asked why 55. pray 56. when asked 57. providing 58. to supervise 59. involved 60. Finding(To find) the job you want 61. to get 62. participating 63. Having learned 64. waiting 65. to think 66. By placing

준동사 : 준동사라 하면 원래 동사였던 것이 다른 품사로 전환된 것을 말한다. 한  문장내에는 단 하나의 동사가 있어야 하는데, 그 동사를 정동사라 하고, 부정사, 동명사, 분사는 다른 품사로 전환된 것이다. 따라서 동사에 준하는 위 세 가지를 준동사 또는 부정(不定)동사라 한다.

▶ to부정사가 올 때와 동명사(～ing)가 올 때 뜻이 달라지는 동사

stop + to R : ～하기위해 멈추다

stop + ～ing : ～하던 것을 멈추다

remember + to R : (미래) ～할 것을 기억하다(잊지 않다)

remember + ～ing : (과거) ～한 것을 기억하다(잊지 않다)

forget + to R : (미래) ～할 것을 잊어버리다

forget + ～ing : (과거) ～한 것을 잊어버리다

try + to R : ～하려고 애쓰다, 노력하다

try + ～ing : 시험삼아 ～해 보다

mean + -ing : -을 의미하다

mean + to R : - 할 작정이다. 의도이다

regret + -ing : -을 후회하다

regret + to R : -해서 유감이다.

- 암기만 하지 말고 실전문제를 통해서 익힐 것.

준 동 사    비교

	to 부정사	동명사	분사구문
의미상의 주어 - 본주어와 준동사의 주어가 다른 경우 쓰임	for + 목적격 of + 목적격 (동사뒤의 형용사가 사람의 성질, 성격의 형용사가 올 때 : kind, good, nice, thoughtful, polite, impolite, considerate 등)	전치사 + 소유격 + -ing 의미상의 주어는 소유격원칙 (목적격 가능) ※ to부정사의 의미상의 주어에 오는 전치사(for, of)와 혼동하지 말 것	분사(-ing, p.p.) 앞에 주어를 그대로 둔다.
시제	단순부정사  to + R 주절의 시제가 종속절의 시제가 같거나 종속절의 시제가 한 시제 느린 경우 완료부정사  to + have + p.p. 종속절의 시제가 주절의 시제보다 한 시제 빠른 경우	단순동명사 동.원+ing  주절의 시제가 종속절의 시제가 같거나 종속절의 시제가 한 시제 느린 경우 완료동명사 having + p.p. 종속절의 시제가 주절의 시제보다 한 시제 빠른 경우	단순분사구문 동.원+ing  주절의 시제가 종속절의 시제가 같거나 종속절의 시제가 한 시제 느린 경우 완료분사구문 having + p.p. 종속절의 시제가 주절의 시제보다 한 시제 빠른 경우
부정어 위치 - 바로 앞에 둔다	not(never) to + R	not(never) -ing	not(never) -ing(p.p.)

1. to 부정사

(가) 중요한 문구

①　형․부 + enough to + 동.원 (○) - 형용사, 부사 위치 꼭 확인할 것

   enough + 형․부 + to +동.원 (×)

   enough + 명 + to + 동.원 (○)

   - enough 다음에 명사가 오는 형태를 더 많이 쓰임

   명 + enough to + 동.원 (△) - 잘 안 쓰이는 형태

② so + 형.부 + that + S + V ......     cf) so that = in order to (so as to) +R

(= 형.부 + enough to + R = so + 형.부 + as to + R)

③ too + 형.부 + to + R = so + 형.부 + that + S + can't.....

④　It takes + 목적격 + 시간 + to + 동.원 : ～가 to 이하 하는데 시간이 걸리다

　　= It takes + 시간 + for + 목적격 + to + 동.원 - 순서 확인

(나) 의미상 주어, 의미상 목적어

① 가주어, 의미상 주어, 진주어

It ....... for(of) .... to +R,    ※ of + 목적격 + to R (성질, 성격의 형용사일 때)

② 가목적어, (의미상주어), 진목적어 - 5형식 (보어를 취하는 경우)

주어 + 동사 + it + 형 + (for+목적격) to + R : 목적어가 to 부정사일 때 가목, 진목을 쓴다.

※ 동명사가 목적어인 경우 : 주어 + 동사 + 동명사 + 형용사보어

※ to + R이 목적어인 경우 : 주어 + 동사 + it + 형용사보어 + to + R .......

(다) 부정 - 모든 준동사의 not의 위치는 바로 준동사 직전에 둔다.

           not to + 동.원 : 부정할 때 to 앞에 not이 위치함

(라) to+R을 목적어로 취하는 동사

    : refuse = reject, decide, hope, want, wish, ask, expect, can afford 등.

cf) hope + 목적어 + to+R (×) (5형식으로 쓸 수 없다)

   want, wish, ask, expect : 3형식, 5형식 모두 가능

3. 동명사

(가) 중요 문구 - 반드시 암기해 둘 것

▶ to 부정사와 구별하여 to 다음에 ing를 쓰는 전치사 to (동사가 올 때)

․look forward to ～ing : ～를 학수고대하다

․object to ～ing = be opposed to -ing = have an objection to -ing : ～를 반대하다

․from A to -ing(B) : A부터 B까지

․pay attention to -ing : -에 주의를 기울이다

․when it comes to -ing : -에 관해서라면         

․in addition to -ing : -이외에도, -뿐만 아니라   

․react to -ing : -에 반응하다

․respond to -ing : -에 응답하다                 

․belong to -ing : -에 속하다

․reply to -ing : -에 대답하다

․due to -ing = owing to -ing = thanks to -ing : - 때문에

․contribute to -ing : -에 기여하다

․subject A to -ing : A를 -ing 하는데 복종시키다

․owe A(결과) to B(-ing, 원인) : A는 B 덕택(때문)이다

= attribute A(결과) to B(-ing, 원인)

․add A to -ing : A를 -하는데 추가하다, 더하다

․devote A to ～ing : A를 ～하는데 바치다

․be exposed to -ing : -에 노출되다, 접하다

․be used to -ing = be accustomed to -ing : -에 익숙하다

․what do you say to -ing ?  : -하는 게 어때?

▶ to + R을 쓰는 어구

(1) 형용사인 보어 뒤에 오는 경우

․be ready to + R : -할 준비가 되다        

․be willing to + R : 기꺼이 -하다

․be unwilling to + R : -하기를 꺼리다       

․be reluctant to + R : -하기를 꺼리다

․be likely to + R : -일 것 같다              

․be unlikely to + R : -일 것 같지 않다

․be about to + R : 막 -하려고 하다

․be due to + R : -할 예정이다                 cf) be worth -ing : -할 가치가 있다

(2) to + R을 목적보어로 취하는 동사가 수동태가 될 때(5형식동사의 수동태)

․be forced to + R : -하지 않을 수 없다         

․be obliged to + R : -하지 않을 수 없다

․be allowed to + R : -하도록 허락받다

․be asked to + R : -하도록 요청받다

(3) to + R : 부사적 용법(감정의 원인, 판단의 근거)

․be happy to + R : -해서 기쁘다, 기꺼이 -하다

․be sorry to + R : -해서 유감이다          

▶ 동명사 관용어구

․have a hard time -ing = have difficulty(problem, trouble) -ing

  : -하는 데 어려움을 겪다.

․spend + 시간(돈. 노력) ～ing : -하는데 시간을 보내다

․keep(stop=prevent=prohibit) A from -ing : A로 하여금 -ing를 못하게 하다

․cannot help -ing = cannot but + 동.원 = have no choice but + to + R

  : -하지 않을 수 없다

․go -ing : -하러 가다                     

․be busy -ing : -하느라고 바쁘다

․there is no use -ing : -해봐야 소용없다         

․there is no -ing : -하는 것은 불가능하다

․be worth -ing : -할 가치가 있다

③ 동명사를 목적어로 취하는 동사

- enjoy, mind, quit, consider, avoid 등

(나) 의미상 주어

의미상 주어 - 소유격이 원칙 (목적격도 됨) - 전치사 + 소유격 + ～ing

- to 부정사처럼 for, of을 쓰지 않고 단지, 소유격으로 나타낸다.

ex) I'm proud that he is a doctor.

= I'm proud of his(him) being a doctor.

ex) As soon as I enter the room, he went out angrily.

= On my entering the room, he went ut angrily.

(다) 전치사 뒤에 오는 동사는 항상 -ing(동명사)형태로 바꿀 것

(라) 동명사의 부정 - not -ing

3. 분사

(가) 분사구문의 의미상의 주어 - 독립 분사구문

ex) As the weather was fine, we went on a picnic.

= The weather was fine, we went on a picnic.

(나) 분사구문의 부정 - not -ing, not having p.p.

[02, 03 모의고사, 수능 기출문제]

※ 다음 각 줄친 부분은 올바르게 고치고, 둘 중 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

1. Nevertheless, some smokers are so addicted that they just cannot quit to smoke.

2. People look forward to [ watch / watching ] women’s gymnastics in particular.

3. Babies cry when they are hungry. Someone gives them something to eat. Then they stop to cry.

4. An elderly woman dying in a hospital asked her doctor to call her only son because she wanted to see him one last time. But before her son arrived, the woman's heart stopped [ beating / to beat ]. The doctor met the woman's son in the lobby of the hospital and told him that his mother had died.

5. I remember [ to hear / hearing ] about some California beaches last week which were considered dangerous for swimming.

6. Mother was wise enough [ to know / knowing ] that we were products of the new world and we required freedom.

7. Mike and Amy decided to not waste money. (95년 수능기출)

8. Finally, Simba stopped to breathe. The doctor said, with tears in his eyes. "I regret to tell you that Simba is dead." (2000년 수능기출)

9. As a result, smokers are at least twice as likely to suffering from heart disease as non-smokers.

10. It took me a long time [ to find / finding ] one that was for beginners like me. (2001년 수능기출)

11. These substances use up all oxygen in the water, making impossible for fish breathe.

12. When I was growing up, I found it hard pronounce my name ― especially the th.

13. I generally read him a story because he will not go to sleep without one of us [to be / being] with him.

14. I crossed the street to avoid meeting him, but he saw me and came ran towards me.

15. Someone opened the door but the man, entering not the house, said, "I have not come to stay.

16. I could not help [ think / thinking ] she was treating her dog better than a human being.

17. Primitive man's head was less rounded than ours, and his jaws were large enough [ having / to have ] wisdom teeth.

18. It's almost impossible for us [ imagine / to imagine ] life without computers.

19. Doctors say, “If you want to lose weight, you must eat breakfast. Breakfast is a low-fat meal and keeps you [ overeating / from overeating ] at lunch table.”

20. However, during her driving lessons, she made many mistakes and spent much time [ passing / to pass ] each step of the program.

21. Sometimes it took years just [ making / to make ] one book.

22. She talked to Billy about school, but he didn't want to [ talk /  talking ] about it.

23. It takes half an hone to me getting to school.

24. According to Jo, his next goal is [ swim / to swim ] the Yangzi River in China. Next year, he will attempt to swim 3,000 kilometers in 100 days.

25. While Lisa took a vacation in the mountains, she discovered that she hadn't brought enough money. At first she was embarrassed, but she remembered [ to bring / bringing ] her checkbook with her and went to the bank to cash a check.

26. It seemed to be there for years.

27. Therefore it is generally more suitable [  of/for ] learners in the early stages to listen to fairly short statements and simple conversations.

28. One thing makes education possible and life more pleasant for the blind is the development of a system by which they are able to learn to read.

29. Find the job you want takes lots of time and effort.

30. Try [ not to touch / to not touch ] things that belong to others.

31. In an effort to [ reduce / reducing ] its dependence on Malaysia, which supplies Singapore with about half its water, the nation has found a new use for its waste water.

32. This means people can have a conversation on the computer about anything from being in love [ to get / to getting ] medical advice.

33. At one time or another, everyone has stopped [ thinking / to think ] about the weather. It means that all of us have always been interested in the weather.

34. For-example, some think that a person was born under the sign of Aries (between, March 21 and April 20) is adventurous.

35. Situatedat an elevation of 1,350m, the city of Kathmandu, which looks out on the sparkling Himalayas, enjoys a warm climate year-round that makes [living/to live]here pleasant. (2005년 수능 기출문제)

36. When the train came to his station, he got up and stood patiently in front of the door, waitingfor it [opened / toopen]. (2006년 수능 기출문제)

37.  At that time, getting rich information was very expensive, and the tools for [ analysis / analyzing ] it weren't even available until the early 1990s. (2003년 수능기출)

정답

1. can not quit smoking 2. watching 3. crying  4. beating 5. hearing 6. to know 7. not to waste money 8. stopped breathing 9. likely to suffer  10. to find  11. making it impossible for fish to breathe 12. to pronounce 13. being  14. came running towards me 15. not entering the house   16. thinking 17. to have 18. to imagine 19. from overeating  20. passing   21. to make   22. talk  23. for me to get school  24. to swim  25. bringing  26. to have been 27. for 28. one thing making   29. Finding the job you want  30. not to touch  31. reduce  32. to getting  33. to think  34. born 35. living 36. to open 37. analyzing

[2004년 모의고사 기출문제]

1. But so far no one has had trouble [to make / making] the change.

2. Last week when I received acceptance letters from two colleges, State and Greenwell, I had difficulty [make/ making] a decision.

3. After the accident, Brady worked hard to change laws about guns in America. Because of his efforts, laws were changed, making it harder [buy / to buy] a handgun.

4. Over the next few years, people in cities around the world stopped [to work / working] every May 1 to honor workers.

5. Recently, I helped a friend with some electrical work at her house. Unfortunately, because I forgot (A)[checking / to check] everything carefully before I left, she had a problem with her *circuit. Usually, I remember (B)[checking / to check] the circuit, but this time I was tired and didn't take the proper precautions. I will never forget (C)[causing / to cause] my friend a lot of trouble.                                 * circuit : (전기)회로

6. [Getting not / Not getting] enough sleep can have a big effect on a person's ability to concentrate.

7. This is a problem because the best way [of / for] us to be healthy is to live in a clean environment.

8. Its temperature is enough hot to melt metal.

9. Have you ever gone [shop/shopping] for your mother? If you have, you probably enjoyed [wheeling/to wheel] the grocery cart up and down the aisles of the supermarket as you collected the things on your mother's list.

10. Machines also make it possible (have / to have) good roads and smooth streets.

11. They look forward to [ eat /eating ] what they like whenever they like, going to bed when they want to and buying what they choose.

12. "As soon as we start [comparison / comparing] ourselves to others we start getting discouraged," warns Gar. Stop [to do / doing] it now.

13. The old markets were usually small and friendly. People from the neighborhood often stopped there [to hear / hearing] the news or to talk.

14. If you were indeed to build a house, you [would find / would find it] helpful to have a set of directions to guide you in its construction.

15. Jeff Lim, 66, a retailer from Las Union province, northwest of Manila, has had trouble [to fall / falling] asleep for more than ten years.

16. Don’t forget [to include / including] other important information in your legend.

17. Maybe she [forgot to thank / forgot thanking] you for your gift because she had her mind on other things.

18. TV  programs can make me laugh and cry. I think watching TV can [keep me from feeling down / keep me feeling down] during high-stress periods.

19. I joined one animal protection group after another. And I stopped to buy leather shoes and other animal products.

20. The only big ideas I've ever had have come from daydreaming, but modern life keeps people daydreaming.

21. Math Makes Sense! is designed to truly [ leaving / leave ] no child behind.

22. We have moved from going to a football game once a week to [ have / having ] sports on television twenty-four hours a day.

23. With processor and Internet-connection speeds double every couple of years, the boundaries for games are quickly disappearing.

24. This is because most of a spider's energies are devoted to [eat / eating] insects.

25. In fact, unless praise is never given, a worker might feel that his hard work is not appreciated. He might stop [to work / working] as hard, or even quit.

26. It glides for hours without [beat/beating] its wings.

27. We call this storytelling oral history because older members of families told younger members about their memories by [talk / talking] about events in the past.

28. It may hide by [change / changing] its color to match its surroundings.

29. Fast dancing was supposed to release the spider's poison by [ make / making ] people sweat.

30. Studies show that women who exercised regularly as children and young adults decreased their risk of [ developing / to develop ] bone-related problems.

31. Cats are even better at [ to protect / protecting ] you and your home!

32. The nation is on the edge of [ import / importing ] research workers, while many college graduates from these fields are preparing to enter medical or medicine colleges.

정답

1. making 2. making 3. to buy 4. working 5. to check, to check, causing 6. Not getting 7. for 8. hot enough to melt 9. shopping wheeling 10. to have 11. eating 12. comparing, doing 13. to hear 14. would find it 15. falling 16. to include 17. forgot to thank 18. keep me from feeling down 19. to buy를 buying 20. keeps people from daydreaming 21. leave 22. having 23. doubling 24. eating 25. working 26. beating 27. talking 28. changing 29. making 30. developing 31. protecting 32. importing

병렬구조(평행구조) : 등위접속사, 상관접속사, 비교의 대상에서 이루어지는 각 란의 형태는  항상 같은 형태, 기능을 가진 단어로 이루어지는 구조를 말한다.

▶ 어떤 단어와 문장이 병렬구조를 이루는지 정확히 독해를 하여 찾도록 한다.

1. 등위접속사 and와 or

A, B, and C : A, B, C 각각은 항상 같은 형태로 이루어진다.

A or B : A, B 각각은 항상 같은 형태로 이루어진다.

예를 들면, 다음 문장에서

  Cro-Magnon man, a human being who lived about 35,000 years ago,                                                                 

was about six feet tall, stood straight, and had a large brain and a high

 A                      B                 C

forehead.

위의 A, B, C 는 주어 Cro-Magnon의 동사로 각각 이루어져야 한다.

만약 A의 형태가 to+R이라면, B, C도 또한 to+R이어야 한다. 이를 평행구조 또는 병렬구조라고 한다.

2. (등위) 상관 접속사

상관을 이루는 두 부분 또는 그 이상의 각각이 같은 형태를 이루고 있어야 한다.

예를 들면, not only A but (also) B 구문에서 A와 B의 각 형태는 같아야 한다.

not A but B, B as well as A, neither A nor B, either A or B, both A and B, between A and B 도 또한 마찬가지다.

3. 비교의 대상

비교되어지는 어떤 단어도 항상 같은 형태, 기능을 하고 있어야 한다.

①　원급    ② 비교급 등등

다음 문장에서 보면,

ex) She think that she would rather stay at home than go out in the rain.

                                    A                 B

would rather A(동.원) than B(동.원) : B라기 보다는 차라리 A이다 에서 A와 B의 각 형태는 동사의 원형으로서 항상 같은 꼴이이야 한다.

ex) The weather of Korea is milder than that of England.

         A                               B (= the weather)

위의 문장에서도 또한 마찬가지이다. A와 B가 비교되어질 때 같은 기능과 형태로 되어야 한다.

이상과 같이 평행구조는 이미 수능과 모의고사에서 많이 출제되었고 또한 앞으로도 이런 유형은 계속 출제될 전망이다. 필히 숙지해서 알아 두도록 합시다.