나토 유닛설명 장문 한글화 도와주세요..106번부터 120번

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106번
\n\nThe janissaries are the cream of the Ottoman army but, in comparison to some other national armies, they fight in an old-fashioned way. Their strict code values personal initiative and courage, making them fierce warriors when in close combat.  They are carry swords, and refuse to adopt bayonets, making them more vulnerable to cavalry charges than European troops.\n\nHistorically, the janissaries were the paid “new soldiers” of the sultan, rather than feudal levies. The corps grew so powerful they became a law unto themselves, able to make and break sultans as they saw fit. They were also deeply conservative in the outlook, and jealous of any threats to their position as the Ottomans’ best military force and its bureaucracy. This arrogance eventually lead to their downfall in what became known as the “Auspicious Incident”: Sultan Mahmud II goaded them into yet another revolt, then crushed them.

107번
\n\nThe janissaries are the cream of the Ottoman army, but also old fashioned and outmoded by contemporary military forces. They are traditionalists in all things, and this includes making war: they value personal courage and skill, not collective discipline. They are, however, supremely dangerous fighters in close combat and when they charge home.\n\nHistorically, the janissaries were the “new soldiers” of the Ottoman Empire, the replacements for feudal levies and tribal warriors. Janissaries were taken into the corps as children, converted to Islam if necessary, and indoctrinated to fight and die for the Ottoman sultan. They were completely loyal, reliable and efficient, so much so that the Ottoman state came to rely on them as military governors and administrators as well as warriors. This gave them too much power and the new soldiers slowly became the entrenched conservatives who fought any further reforms. Their loyalty was such that they could even rationalise revolt against the sultan, if his policies went against what they considered the best interests of the Ottoman Empire.

108번
\n\nThe lance is probably among the oldest of cavalry weapons. It gives the user a chance to put all his weight and that of his charging horse into one very sharp point. A lance that can, in skilled hands, be driven right through any enemy. When coupled with the fast pace of their horses, a lancer’s charge is very intimidating. However, if the lancer does not kill his target, he leaves himself vulnerable. A long lance is less use in a melee than a sword, and a lancer is at a disadvantage once the close fighting starts, especially against well-trained infantry capable of forming square.\n\nHistorically, many nations used lancers. The French army adopted lancers with some enthusiasm, and Napoleon even included Polish lancers in his Imperial Guard. In India the lance had long been used as a weapon: lancer skills were often practiced by “pegging”, picking tent pegs out of the ground with the lance tip, or “pig-sticking”, the hunting of wild pigs or even wild dogs with the lance.

109번
\n\nThe lance is probably the oldest cavalry weapon. It allows the user to put all his weight, and that of his charging horse, behind one very sharp point. In the hands of a skilled man that point can be driven right through a man. This makes lances intimidating to face but, if a lancer does not kill his target, he is vulnerable: a lance is less use than a sword in a melee, so the lancer is at a disadvantage. This is also true against well-trained infantry capable of forming square.\n\nHistorically, many nations used lancers. Napoleon even recruited Polish lancers to be part of his Imperial Guard. Surprisingly, each type of cavalry regiment required its own set of horse furniture, especially designed for the tactics that would be used. Lancer saddles tended to be made of beech wood, covered in black leather and reinforced with metal bands. They differed from the more elaborate dragoon saddle that required holsters for pistols, and a heavy sheepskin to protect the weapons and the lower body of the rider.

110번
\n\nThe Legion may be regarded as socially inferior and paid less than other infantry, but they fight like the Devil when asked. They will honourably withstand shot, shell and sabre and then go forwards with courage to drive off enemies. Armed with muskets and bayonets, they can steadily fire volleys into the mass of an enemy army, or fix bayonets and attack at close quarters. They may lack the pomp of other infantry, but they do all that is asked.\n\nThe Poles were ardent supporters of Napoleon and saw him as a liberator. This admiration was mutual; the Emperor declared that his Polish Legion infantry were to be treated with the same respect as their French equivalents. The Polish infantry excelled in defensive tactics, choosing to avoid the mass assaults the French favoured. As a result they were less vulnerable to artillery attacks, and were even known to sit down under fire to reduce their vulnerability!

111번
\n\nThe Lifeguard Horse troops are members of Russia’s Imperial Guard. They are a terrifying sight to behold on the battlefield. In close combat, they wield straight heavy cavalry swords and the armour they wear provides them with protection against enemy blows. Their horses are slow, but very strong, and they use them to batter and intimidate enemy infantry with powerful cavalry charges.\n\nIn 1800, army reforms split the Tsar’s Lifeguard cavalry into several different regiments: the Horse Guards, Lifeguard Hussars, Lifeguard Cossacks and, most senior of all, the Cheval‎ier-Garde. The Lifeguard first saw action against Napoleon in the Battle of Austerlitz in 1805, but were driven back by cavalry of Napoleon’s own Imperial Guard. It was Napoleon’s victory at Austerlitz that effectively destroyed the Third Coalition against France and thereby altered European politics.

112번
\n\nThe Lombardy-Cisalpline Legion is trained to use an effective combination of loose and close knit formations. They are skirmishers, used to harass the enemy at long range before concentrating into a tighter formation for a last charge. Their versatility has some disadvantages however, and they may come unstuck against troops trained to specialise in one area of expertise.\n\nHistorically, many of the troops in Napoleon’s Italian army were Polish emigrants, who looked to Revolutionary France for sanctuary and inspiration after the third partition of Poland in 1795. The Polish legions were assembled by Jan Henryk Dabrowski acting for the Cisalpline Republic, a French puppet state. Eventually they became part of the army of the Republic of Lombardy. All, however, were under the command of Bonaparte. Napoleon made his name during his Italian campaign, thanks to his appeal to the common soldiers and brilliant strategies. He had the respect and admiration of his men and even managed to inspire the Army of Italy in 1796, despite the fact that they were under-equipped, underfed and unpaid!

113번
\n\nThe men of the Greys are each armed with a flintlock carbine and the standard British heavy cavalry sword, a man-killing butcher’s blade of a sword when used from horseback in close combat. Like all Scotsmen, they are sure they are the best soldiers in the world and can fight like the Devil. This may be true, but more disciplined and less impetuous cavalry can beat them.\n\nMore properly called the 2nd Royal North British Dragoons, the Scots Greys were one of the oldest dragoon regiments in British service. The term “North Britain” was preferred in official circles to “Scotland” after the Act of Union between England and Scotland, and abortive Jacobite rebellions, but the name Scots Greys was used anyway. Distinguished by their all-grey mounts, the 2nd RNBD achieved immortality as part of the Union Brigade in Uxbridge’s magnificent and successful heavy cavalry charge against the French centre at Waterloo. Sergeant Charles Ewart of the 2nd RNBD captured an Eagle in the action, but the whole of the British heavy cavalry were not kept in-hand, and were “blown” for the rest of the battle. Lady Elizabeth Butler’s painting “Scotland Forever” depicts their charge in all its glory, and remains one of the finest examples of patriotic art ever created.

114번
\n\nThe men serving under General Mikhail Kutuzov respect and trust his strategies and orders. Unlike many generals who have bought commissions, he has earned his position through success, not politics. As a result, his men would follow him into the mouth of Hell. His presence alone will make it harder to rout his troops: their faith in him really is that strong. For this reason, he should be kept out of the front line. Although he is armed with a sword his strength is leadership, and his death would be a great blow to the troops.\n\nMikhail Kutziv or Kutuzov (1745-1813) was a Field Marshal famed for defeating the French Grand Armée during Napoleon’s ill-fated invasion of Russia in 1812. By this time, Kutuzov had lost an eye in service, giving him a menacing countenance, and had achieved great honour during the Russo-Turkish Wars. He was a follower of the great Generalissimo Alexander Suvorov (1729-1800), something that certainly gave him the necessary military skills.

115번
\n\nThe Nizam I Cedit are the retrained troops of the “new model” Ottoman armies. They use European tactics and drill, but still retain a distinctly Ottoman Turkish taste, and flare, for battle. They are equipped with muskets and bayonets, allowing them to fire volleys and then attack in close combat. They can form square to counter cavalry attacks, but are vulnerable to artillery fire when they do so.\n\nSultan Selim III created the Nizam I Cedit in 1794, an army trained in the Western style, and one that was intended to replace the feudal and janissary troops found in Ottoman armies. The old-style army had been beaten when it faced the Russians, and Selim saw that change was needed. The Nizam I Cedit proved successful, and a second orta was organised as a mounted militia, recruited from ethnic Turkish peasants. Further expansion of the idea came to naught, as Selim was removed, violently, by a janissary revolt motivated by their resentment of change.

116번
\n\nThe Nizam I Cedit infantry are a mixture of traditional Ottoman military ideas and western discipline. They have kept the tradition of Turkish bravery and blended it with the drills and formal tactics practiced by European armies. This includes adopted their Western-style uniforms and bayonets. This makes them effective against enemy cavalry, but they remain vulnerable to artillery fire and the sniping of skirmishers.\n\nThe Nizam I Cedit was the first westernised infantry in the Ottoman Empire. By the late 18th century the Ottoman army was struggling against modern forces. The janissaries, the Ottoman’s shock troops, had become corrupted and ineffective. This forced Selim III (1761-1808) to establish a “new model” army with help from French military advisors. Though the Nizam I Cedit proved a success in battle, the corps was disbanded in the aftermath of the Janissary revolt that deposed Selim III.

117번
\n\nThe primary duty of the mounted Nizam I Cedit is to harass the enemy and pick off important individuals within their ranks. The speed provided by their mounts mean these men can reach areas of the battlefield significantly quicker than their counterparts on foot. However, their speed and versatility is no protection if they find themselves in close combat; if pitted against line infantry they will suffer heavy losses.\n\nHistorically, the mounted Nizam I Cedit were know as the Neferi Nizam I Cedit, or the 2nd Orta provincial militia. Shortly after being raised, the 1st Orta felt the wrath of the British Ambassador, who was angered by the fact that the units of this new model army were issued with French instead of British muskets! His displeasure was the least of their problems. Although sanctioned by the sultan, the modernisation of the army was met with hostility from Ottoman traditionalists. The bayonet, for example, was a serious bone of contention: many chose to see it as a way of reducing proud warriors to little more than parts in a machine.

118번
\n\nThe primary task of auxiliaries is not necessarily to fight on the battlefield, but to intimidate local troublemakers and keep order in the streets. Because of this, they receive little training and, when pitted against regular soldiers, they are likely to run or be killed very quickly. However, for garrison duties and as a diversion on a battlefield they can be useful to a cunning commander.\n\nIn 1799 Napoleon besieged the Ottoman city of Acre in Palestine, echoing the Crusades that had taken place 700 years earlier. For once, Napoleon lacked artillery as British forces had ambushed it en route. His infantry would have to take Acre unsupported. After many attempts, new artillery was brought up and broke down the wall, only to reveal that the Ottomans had built an inner wall to seal the breach! After two months of failure and disease, Napoleon admitted defeat and withdrew his exhausted soldiers.

119번
\n\nThe primary task of cuirassiers is to crash into enemy forces and engage in close-combat. Unlike the cuirassiers of other nations, Prussians disdain the heavy cuirasses worn as protection, relying instead on cold hard steel of their heavy straight swords to win the argument. They nonetheless keep the name. A wise commander with a cuirassier force under his command uses it as a battering ram to hit the enemy at the critical point and is careful not to unleash them too soon or against unshaken, superior troops.\n\nHistorically, Frederick William II issued the order that forbade cuirassiers from wearing the cuirass in 1790. A couple of regiments had already forsaken their heavy armour three years earlier but this order specifically forbade all regiments from wearing the cuirass. The ban remained in place until 1814-1815 when cuirassiers were once again allowed to wear armour, predominantly pieces captured from French troops.\n\nCuirassiers still exist in modern armies, although their armour is now purely ceremonial. The French army still has two regiments of cuirassiers, the Italians have a Presidential Honour Guard and, technically, the Household Cavalry in the British army are also cuirassiers.

120번
\n\nThe Prussian obsession with military drill breeds incredibly disciplined troops, willing and able to follow any order. They are able to load and fire their weapons with an accuracy and speed few can match. Their discipline makes them a deadly foe, and the powerfully built men have an edge over other units in melee. However, these skills make them expensive to recruit, and they are as vulnerable as other men to artillery fire and the sniping of skirmishers.\n\nThe Prussian army underwent a series of important changes just before and during the Napoleonic era. Gone were the mercenary armies of the past, replaced by a true national army. In 1809 it was decided that a set standard for the movement of battalions was required. The idea of simply placing battalions in line was replaced with a more modern “chequer-board” formation. This was made up of three main elements, the skirmish line, the main battle line and the reserves. The size of these elements varied considerably from battle to battle.

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111번 부터 120번까지 도전해보겠습니다.

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111~113 해석하고 잡니다.~

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114~115 해석 완료~

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116~118 해석하고 잡니다.~

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120번까지 완료하였습니다.