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READING LEVEL-UP(4/4회), AUGUST, 2007 TERMS & BACKGROUND INSTRUCTOR KIM SOO-YEON
In contrast to the decades from 1920 to 1999, which are called "the Twenties", "the Sixties", and the like, the 2000s have no universally-accepted name. Some people refer to the decade simply as the "two thousands"; this can be written as "the 2000s" or "the '00s". But simply saying "the 2000s" can cause confusion, since this could refer to the entire 21st century—or even the entire millennium.
Looking for a name for the decade has been problematic, especially in the
Other proposed names have been almost innumerable, and include:
aughts, aughties, and double-aughts, from 'aught',[4] which, like "naught" means "zero" (aughts was one of the more popular terms in the early 20th century)
nils and nillies, from 'nil', meaning "nothing"
2Ks, from the Greek term khilioi, meaning "thousand"
ōzies, from the practice of calling the number zero 'O'
zeroes, double zeroes, ohs, double ohs, and oh-ohs
1. Walter Bagehot (3 February 1826 – 24 March 1877) was a nineteenth century British businessman, essayist and journalist, who wrote extensively about literature, government, economic affairs and other topics. Bagehot (pronounced IPA /ˈbædʒət/) was born in Langport, Somerset, England. His father, Thomas Walter Bagehot, was Managing Director and Vice-Chairman of Stuckey's Banking Company. He attended University College London, where he studied Mathematics and earned a Master's degree in Intellectual and Moral Philosophy in 1848.[1].
2. Pimms: History of Pimms
Rewind back to a
3. Henley Royal Regatta is a rowing event held every year on the River Thames by the town of Henley-on-Thames, England. The Royal Regatta is still sometimes referred to as Henley Regatta, its original name pre-dating Royal patronage. It should not be confused with the three other regattas rowed over approximately the same course (Henley Women's Regatta, Henley Veterans Regatta and Henley Town & Visitors Regatta), each of which is entirely separate.
4. marquee: 축제의 대형 천막
5. toff: <英口> 멋부리는 사람(dandy); 신사, 상류 인사.
6. oik: If you refer to someone as an oik, you think that they behave in a rude or unacceptable way, especially in a way that you believe to be typical of a low social class. (BRIT INFORMAL)
7. ogle: To stare in an impertinent, flirtatious, or amorous manner. See synonyms at gaze.
8. furore: 격노(fury), 격앙(frenzy); 광란
9. potentate: One who dominates or leads a group or an endeavor: industrial potentates.
10. teepee: A tepee is a round tent. Tepees were first made by Native American peoples from animal skins or the outer covering of trees.
11. traipse around: 빈들빈들 돌아다니다
12. one-upman: v.t. 한 수[한 발] 앞서다.
13. no-frills: adj. 과잉 서비스를 제공하지 않는, 실질 본위의. a ∼ air fare 불필요한 서비스가 없는 항공 운임.
14. haute: adj. 고급의, 격조 높은; 상류(사회)의. a ∼ restaurant 고급 레스토랑.[프랑스어에서]
15. sangria n.
16. frolic n. 유쾌한 소동[장난, 놀이], 까불어댐.
17. superannuated adj. <英> 노쇠[노후]한; 낡은, 시대에 뒤진, 폐물이 된.
18. The Darling Buds of May was a British television series which was first broadcast between 1991 and 1993 produced by Yorkshire Television for the ITV Network. It is set in an idyllic rural 1950s Kent, among a large, boisterous family. The three series were based on the novels by H. E. Bates. Originally categorised by Yorkshire TV as a drama, some regard it as a comedy.
17. jaunt:가벼운 여행, 산책, 소풍
18. decamp:도피/도주하다
19. Punch and Judy is a popular puppet show featuring Punch and his wife Judy. The performance consists of a sequence of short scenes, each depicting an interaction between two characters, most typically the anarchic Punch and one other character. The show is traditionally performed by a single puppeteer, known as a Professor.
In the British "Punch and Judy" show Punch wears a jester's motley and is a hunchback whose hooked nose almost meets his curved jutting chin. He carries a stick, as large as himself, which he freely uses upon all the other characters in the show. He speaks in a distinctive squawking voice, produced by a contrivance known as a swazzle or swatchel which the Professor holds in his mouth, transmitting his gleeful cackle— "That's the way to do it". So important is Mr. Punch's signature sound that it is a matter of some controversy within Punch and Judy circles as to whether a 'non swazzled' show can be considered a true Punch and Judy Show.
(p. 60. The boomers’ babies) What are 401(K) plans?
401(K) plans are tax-deferred retirement savings plans for employees. The employer sets them up and each company has a slightly different 401(K). They are part of a family of retirement plans known as "defined contribution" plans - the amount contributed is defined by the employer or the employee. 401(K) gets its name from the section and paragraph of the Internal Revenue Code - section 401, paragraph K.
When you join a 401(K) plan, you tell your employer how much money you want to contribute to your account. This amount is deducted from your salary before taxes are applied, so you pay less income tax. More importantly, the money is deducted even before you have received it, making it the easiest savings plan to contribute to. Your employer (usually) matches a portion of your contribution. The money is invested by the plan administrator (on your behalf) in mutual funds, bonds, money market accounts, etc. You decide the mix of investments. They usually have a list of investment vehicles you can choose from as well as some guidelines for the level of risk you are willing to take. Since the plan is an incentive for retirement savings, there is one condition: if you withdraw the money before you are 59.5 years old, you will have to pay tax as well as a 10% penalty fine to the IRS.
The most common measures are named M0 (narrowest), M1, M2, and M3. In the
M0: The total of all physical currency, plus accounts at the central bank that can be exchanged for physical currency.
M1: M0 - those portions of M0 held as reserves or vault cash + the amount in demand accounts ("checking" or "current" accounts).
M2: M1 + most savings accounts, money market accounts, and small denomination time deposits (certificates of deposit of under $100,000).
M3: M2 + all other CDs, deposits of eurodollars and repurchase agreements.
READING LEVEL-UP(4/4회), AUGUST, 2007 TERMS & BACKGROUND INSTRUCTOR KIM SOO-YEON
Indian retailing: Gently does it
Wal-Mart tiptoes into
(1) THE long-awaited e**** of the world's biggest r******* into the world's most promising retail market proved to be a quiet affair. On August 6th Wal-Mart signed an agreement (2) to start wholesale o********s in
This amounts to rather less than Wal-Mart would like. (6) Its fortunes have d***ed in recent years as (7) s**** growth has s***ed and profits have declined. And
These restrictions, and uncertainty over how (12) f****** direct investment is measured by the government, have deterred many foreign retailers. This year Tesco and Carrefour (13) p***ed out of negotiations to launch (14) j**** v******s in
Foreign retailers that have already (16) taken the p***** are, by and large, waiting for
Indian firms face similar difficulties. Bharti plans a retail business of its own. Rajan Bharti Mittal, chief of this operation, says his two biggest headaches are shortages of skilled workers and affordable land. Bharti's first supermarket is due to open early next year. If foreign direct investment restrictions are eased sufficiently, Mr Mittal says he expects Wal-Mart to join this venture, too. “It will be a natural transition for both sides,” he says.
But this looks unlikely to happen soon, for political reasons. The emergence of big Indian retailers such as Reliance Fresh, which has opened 240 grocery stores since last November, and now Bharti, is causing anxiety for the government. With an election due in 2009, it is worried about the knock-on effect on those working in the unorganised retail sector,
A think-tank, the Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER), has been asked to investigate how the small shops are coping. Its research into 2,000 “mom and pop” stores has shown that nearly all are thriving, despite the arrival of the supermarkets. To learn whether they could be doing even better, ICRIER is extending its research to areas organised retailing has not yet reached. Its report is due next month.
1. 세계 최대 유통업체의 세계에서 가장 잠재력이 높은 유통 시장 진출
2. 도매 유통 사업을 시작하다
3. 사업 제휴
4. 인도의 재벌 기업
5. 십 여 개 현금 판매 유통점을 개장하다
6. 최근 몇 년 동안 지지부진했다
7. 매출 성장률이 둔화되어왔다
8. 세계 5위의 소비자 시장
9. 대형 유통업체들
10. 이는 기회를 의미한다
11. 소유 지분을 51%로 제한하다
12. 외국인 직접 투자
13. 협상을 중도 포기하다
14. 합작 투자
15. 인도 현지 회사와의 프랜차이즈 협정 체결 제의를 철회하다
16. 뛰어들다
17. 독일 굴지의 유통회사
18. 골치 아픈 규정 때문에 고생을 해왔다
19. 농산물
20. 확장 계획이 보류되다
21. 토지 매입
22. 물류 유통 문제들
23. 냉장 냉동 제품들을 위한 물류 유통망
Indian retailing: Gently does it
Wal-Mart tiptoes into
(1) THE long-awaited entry of the world's biggest retailer into the world's most promising retail market proved to be a quiet affair. On August 6th Wal-Mart signed an agreement (2) to start wholesale operations in
This amounts to rather less than Wal-Mart would like. (6) Its fortunes have dimmed in recent years as (7) sales growth has slowed and profits have declined. And
These restrictions, and uncertainty over how (12) foreign direct investment is measured by the government, have deterred many foreign retailers. This year Tesco and Carrefour (13) pulled out of negotiations to launch (14) joint ventures in
Foreign retailers that have already (16) taken the plunge are, by and large, waiting for
Indian firms face similar difficulties. Bharti plans a retail business of its own. Rajan Bharti Mittal, chief of this operation, says his two biggest headaches are shortages of skilled workers and affordable land. Bharti's first supermarket is due to open early next year. If foreign direct investment restrictions are eased sufficiently, Mr Mittal says he expects Wal-Mart to join this venture, too. “It will be a natural transition for both sides,” he says.
But this looks unlikely to happen soon, for political reasons. The emergence of big Indian retailers such as Reliance Fresh, which has opened 240 grocery stores since last November, and now Bharti, is causing anxiety for the government. With an election due in 2009, it is worried about the knock-on effect on those working in the unorganised retail sector,
A think-tank, the Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER), has been asked to investigate how the small shops are coping. Its research into 2,000 “mom and pop” stores has shown that nearly all are thriving, despite the arrival of the supermarkets. To learn whether they could be doing even better, ICRIER is extending its research to areas organised retailing has not yet reached. Its report is due next month.