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열하일기를 우연히 다시 읽었다. 저자는 부친이 과거에 합격하지않아 조부가 길렀다고 한다. 그도 첫 과거에는 실패하여 아버지의 길을 따르는 듯했지만, 결국 관직에 입문하여 호질이나 허생전 등 문학은 물론 실학자로서도 이름을 떨쳤다. 여행을 통해 새로운 것을 배우고 활용하려는 그의 의지와 많은 것을 일기로 기록하고 그림까지 그렸던 그의 노력도 배울만한 점이다. 26 청의 구들은 조선의 돌이 아닌 벽돌을 만들어 사용하므로 높이가 일정하여 틈이 없어 더 따뜻하다. 95
인종차별은 좋지않다. 그저 다를 뿐이다. 하지만 다르다는 것이 꼭 좋게 다르기만 한 것은 아니다. 어떤 민족은 더럽고 게으르며, 어떤 민족은 항상 웃는다. 연암도 참외노점상에게 사기를 당하는데 사람들은 만주인이 아니고 한인일 것이라고 주장한다. 만주인은 그렇게 간교하지 않다면서. 따지고 보면 다름은 언제 어디서나 존재한 셈이다. 다른 것을 다르게 대하는 것은 차별이 아니다. 일은 하지않고 변명만 하는 사람을 채용하지 않는 것은 인종차별이 아니고 고용주로서는 당연한 일이다. 다만 같은 민족중에서도 다름은 존재하니 면밀한 검토가 필요하다. 173
공자는 산동성에서 살면서 공리를 낳았는데 아내가 젯상에 육포를 올리지않았다고 내쫓아버렸다. 그런데 이런 것도 상속이 되는지 아들인 공리도 아무 이유없이 아내를 내쫓았고 손자인 자서도 아내를 내쫓았다. 자서는 중용을 저술한 것으로도 유명하니 적어도 몰상식한 사람도 아니었는데도 그렇다. 185 호질은 저자가 북경에 이르는 길에서 발견한 글인데 저자를 알 수없다고 한다. 하지만 정치적인 풍자가 있어 일부러 저자미상을 주장했다고 하나 이를 얻은 상황이 구체적이어서 연암의 작품이 아닐 가능성이 큰 것으로 보인다. 248
저자는 북경에 도착했으나 황제는 열하로 피서를 갔다. 하지만 황제의 피서는 북호를 막기위해 풀이 푸르러 몽골부족이 말을 먹이러 내려오는 것을 막기위한 목적도 있다. 덕분에 더 많은 곳을 유람하게 되었으니 그로서는 고마운 일이기도 하다. 열하는 400리 북쪽이나 실제는 700리로 닷새동안 밤낮으로 달려야 도달이 가능하다. 322 박지원은 선비출신으로 친척인 부마이자 정사 박명원을 따라 관광차 중국에 다녀왔다. 그런데 1품이던 박명원보다 선비였던 박지원이 지금은 더 유명하니 권력보다 실력이 중요함을 다시 느낀다. 356
공후인은 가장 오래된 한국문학으로 술병을 든 노인이 강을 건너려하자 노파가 말렸지만 결국 도강중 익사했고 노파는 공후를 타면서 그를 기린후 그를 따라죽었다는 내용이다. 그런데 노인이야 술에 취해서 그랬다고 해도 노파는 왜 자살을 했을까? 사람이 사는 이유가 사라져서였을까? 사람은 왜 결혼을 할까하는 의문이 꼬리를 문다. 생각해보면 사람도 본능에 따라 짝을 찾고 후손을 남긴다. 그런 본능이 없었다면 당연히 멸종했을 것이다. 그런데 결혼을 하는 이유는 인간이 사회적동물이기에 사회를 유지하기위한 최선의 짝짓기가 결혼제도였을 가능성이 크다. 결혼제도를 유지하려면 배우자와만 아이를 만들어야 하고 배우자와 협력하여 아이를 키워야한다.
그런데 노파라면 아이를 낳거나 키워야 하는 것은 아니다. 만약 손주도 없었다면, 사실 살 이유는 별로 없기는 하다. 게다가 남편을 따라 죽었다면 오히려 죽음으로서 사회유지에 더 도움이 되는 지도 모른다. 사회의 부담을 덜어주고 결혼제도유지에 강화하였으니 이중의 기여를 한 셈이다. 그래서 공무도하가를 세상에 전파하고 후손에게 내려줬을지도 모르겠다. 294 중국기녀를 천금을 들여 기적에서 빼주고 보은을 받았다는 이야기와 허생전이 소개된다.
그래서 오랬만에 허생전을 다시 읽게되었다. 허생은 책만 읽고 생계는 아내가 삯바느질로 해결해왔다. 그렇게 7년이 지나자 아내는 바가지를 긁었고 허생은 장사를 하기위해 서울의 부자를 물어 그에게 만냥을 빌렸다. 거지행색의 그에게 이름도 묻지않고 만냥을 꿔준 이유를 변부자는 형색은 허술해도 말이 간단하고 얼굴에 부끄러운 기색이 없는 것으로 보아 배물이 없어도 만족할 수있는 사람이기에 빌려주었다.
그는 바로 삼남의 길목인 안성으로 내려가 대추, 밤, 감, 배, 귤 등의 과일을 두배의 값으로 매점했고 결국 제사나 잔치를 치루지 못하게 되자 열배의 값으로 되사가게 되었다. 그는 다시 칼, 호미, 포목 등을 사서 제주도로 가서 팔고 말총을 다시 매점했다. 이번에는 조금 더 시간이 걸렸지만 망건을 만들지 못하게 되면서 다시 열배가 되었다. 그는 무인도를 사공에게 소개받고 돈이 없어 농사도 장가도 가지못하고 천명의 도둑떼가 된 변산지역의 두목을 설득하여 그동안 번 30만냥으로 지상낙원을 건설한다.
각자에게 백냥씩 10만냥으로 부인과 소를 사오게 하고 허생은 2천명이 먹을 1년간의 곡식을 마련하여 풍년을 이루고 흉년이 든 대마도에 남는 쌀을 팔아 은백만냥을 얻게 되었다. 큰 돈은 매점과 수출로 벌고 작은 돈은 지역간의 물자수급을 통해 번 것이다. 그리고 도둑떼를 양민으로 만들어 나라의 걱정도 덜고 사람들도 행복하게 만든 것이다. 우리가 돈을 버는 이유가 이런 것이 아닐까? 그는 너무 많은 돈은 바다에 수장시키고 5년만에 원금의 열배인 십만냥을 변부자에게 갚고 다시 빈손으로 귀가했다.
만주에서는 비들기를 집에서 기른다. 기르는 이유는 필리핀처럼 먹기위해서가 아니고 말먹이를 구하기 위해서다. 콩이 여물면 비들기집에 잿물을 준비한다. 그러면 배부르게 콩으로 위를 채운 비둘기가 귀가하여 잿물을 먹고 콩을 토하게 된다. 위산은 염산인데 이것이 알카리인 잿물과 반응하여 소금과 물로 합성되기에 콩이 소화되지 못하고 배설되는 것이다. 291 드디어 열하일기의 허생전이 나와서 재독하게되었다. 궁금한 것은 탈레스가 올리브풍작을 기상을 보고 예측하여 착유기를 독점함으로서 철학자가 뜻이 없어서 그렇지 맘만 먹으면 부자가 될 수있다고 했는데 허생전도 그의 이야기에서 영감을 얻었을지도 모른다는 생각이 든 것이다. 물론 최근에 읽은 상도에서 나온 은부와 같은 이야기도 여기에 나오니 어쩌면 선녀와 나무꾼이 세계여러나라에 있듯이 인류 공통적인 개념일지도 모른다는 생각이 든다. 2-443
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《열하일기 熱河日記》 해제 解題·······························································5
일러두기··················································································14; 열하일기 서 熱河日記序···································································26
도강록 渡江錄············································································30; 도강록 서 渡江錄序·······································································31
6월 24일 신미 辛未·····································································32; 25일 임신 壬申·········································································45
26일 계유 癸酉·········································································46; 27일 갑술 甲戌·········································································48
28일 을해 乙亥·········································································62; 29일 병자 丙子·········································································77
7월 1일 정축 丁丑·······································································78; 2일 무인 戊寅···········································································80
3일 기묘 己卯···········································································85; 4일 경진 庚辰···········································································93
5일 신사 辛巳···········································································93; 6일 임오 壬午···········································································96
7일 계미 癸未···········································································98; 8일 갑신 甲申··········································································100
구요동기 舊遼東記·····································································102; 관제묘기 關帝廟記·····································································106
요동백탑기 遼東白塔記·································································108; 광우사기 廣祐寺記·····································································109
9일 을유 乙酉···········································································112; 성경잡지 盛京雜識 ·······································································114
성경잡지 盛京雜識······································································115; 4년 경자 庚子 가을 7월 10일 병술 丙戌···················································115
11일 정해 丁亥··········································································127; 속재필담 粟齋筆談·····································································128
상루필담 商樓筆談·····································································144; 12일 무자 戊子··········································································159
고동록 古董錄··········································································161; 13일 기축 己丑··········································································165
14일 경인 庚寅·········································································170; 성경가람기 盛京伽藍記··································································179
산천기략 山川記略······································································181; 일신수필 馹汛隨筆·······································································183
일신수필 서 馹汛隨筆序································································184; 가을 7월 15일 신묘·····································································186
북진묘기 北鎭廟記·····································································192; 거제 車制·············································································196
희대 戲臺·············································································204; 시사 市肆·············································································204
점사 店舍·············································································205; 교량 橋梁·············································································206
16일 임진 壬辰·········································································207; 17일 계사 癸巳··········································································211
18일 갑오 甲午··········································································217; 19일 을미 乙未·········································································224
20일 병신 丙申········································································227; 21일 정유 丁酉·········································································231
22일 무술 戊戌········································································237; 23일 기해 己亥········································································240
강녀묘기 姜女廟記·····································································242; 장대기 將臺記·········································································243
산해관기 山海關記·····································································244; 관내정사 關內程史·······································································246
가을 7월 24일 경자 庚子································································247; 25일 신축 辛丑········································································248
열상화보 冽上畵譜·····································································257; 26일 임인 壬寅········································································259
이제묘기 夷齊廟記·····································································262; 난하범주기 灤河泛舟記·································································265
석호석기 射虎石記·····································································266; 27일 계묘 癸卯········································································267
28일 갑진 甲辰········································································277; 호질 虎叱·············································································283
호질후지 虎叱後識·····································································292; 29일 을사 乙巳········································································294
30일 병오 丙午········································································296; 8월 1일 정미 丁未······································································300
동악묘기 東嶽廟記·····································································310; 2일 무신 戊申··········································································312
3일 기유 己酉··········································································313; 4일 경술 庚戌··········································································316
막북행정록 漠北行程錄···································································319; 막북행정록 서 漠北行程錄序····························································320
가을 8월 5일 신해 辛亥·································································322; 6일 임자 壬子··········································································333
7일 계축 癸丑··········································································342; 8일 갑인 甲寅··········································································348
9일 을묘 乙卯···········································································351; 태학유관록 太學留館錄···································································355
가을 8월 9일 을묘 乙卯·································································356; 10일 병진 丙辰·········································································366
11일 정사 丁巳·········································································382; 12일 무오 戊午·········································································393
13일 기미 己未·········································································396; 14일 경신 庚申·········································································402
환연도중록 還燕道中錄···································································416; 가을 8월 15일 신유 辛酉································································417
16일 임술 壬戌·········································································419; 17일 계해 癸亥·········································································420
18일 갑자 甲子·········································································435; 19일 을축 乙丑·········································································437
20일 병인 丙寅········································································440; 경개록 傾蓋錄···········································································448
경개록 서 傾蓋錄序·····································································449; 경개록 傾蓋錄·········································································450
심세편 審勢編···········································································459; 망양록 忘羊錄···········································································467
망양록 서 忘羊錄序·····································································468; 망양록 忘羊錄·········································································469
열하일기2
일러두기···················································································5; 혹정필담 鵠汀筆談·········································································16
혹정필담 서 鵠汀筆談序··································································17; 혹정필담 鵠汀筆談·······································································18
찰십륜포 札什倫布·········································································91; 찰십륜포 札什倫布······································································92
중존평어 仲存評語······································································98; 반선시말 班禪始末········································································99
반선시말 班禪始末·····································································100; 반선시말후지 班禪始末後識······························································110
중존평어 仲存評語······································································112; 황교문답 黃敎問答········································································113
황교문답서 黃敎問答序··································································114; 황교문답 黃敎問答······································································117
황교문답후지 黃敎問答後識·····························································150 ; 중존평어 仲存評語······································································153
피서록 避暑錄············································································155; 피서록 서 避暑錄序······································································156
피서록 避暑錄··········································································158; 주곤전소지 朱昆田小識·································································224
피서록보 避暑錄補·····································································227; 양매시화 楊梅詩話·······································································234
양매시화서 楊梅詩話序·································································235; 양매시화 楊梅詩話·····································································237
동란섭필 銅蘭涉筆·······································································238; 동란섭필서 銅蘭涉筆序·································································239
동란섭필 銅蘭涉筆·····································································240; 옥갑야화 玉匣夜話······································································294
옥갑야화 玉匣夜話····································································· 295; 허생후지 許生後識Ⅰ··································································· 317
허생후지 許生後識Ⅱ··································································· 321; 차수평어 次修評語 ·····································································324
행재잡록 行在雜錄·······································································325; 행재잡록 서 行在雜錄序································································ 326
행재잡록 行在雜錄····································································· 329; 반선사후지 班禪事後識································································· 332
동불사후지 銅佛事後識································································· 333; 행재잡록후지 行在雜錄後識····························································· 337
중존평어 仲存評語 ·····································································340; 금료소초 金蓼小抄·······································································341
금료소초서 金蓼小抄序·································································342; 금료소초 金蓼小抄·····································································344
환희기 幻戲記···········································································355; 환희기서 幻戲記序····································································· 356
환희기 幻戲記 ········································································ 358; 환희기후지 幻戲記後識·································································368
산장잡기 山莊雜記·······································································372; 야출고북구기 夜出古北口記····························································· 373
야출고북구기후지 夜出古北口記後識····················································· 375; 일야구도하기 一夜九渡河記····························································· 376
만국진공기 萬國進貢記································································· 378; 만국진공기후지 萬國進貢記後識························································ 380
상기 象記············································································· 382; 승귀선인행우기 乘龜仙人行雨記························································· 385
만년춘등기 萬年春燈記································································· 386; 매화포기 梅花砲記····································································· 387
납취조기 蠟嘴鳥記······································································3 88; 희본명목기 戲本名目記··································································3 89
구외이문 口外異聞·······································································392; 반양 盤羊············································································· 393
채요 彩鷂·호접 蝴蝶·································································· 393; 고려주 高麗珠········································································· 393
숭정상신 崇禎相臣···································································· 394; 이상아 伊桑阿·서혁덕 舒赫德·························································· 395
왕진묘 王振墓········································································· 395; 조조수장 曹操水葬····································································· 396
위충현 魏忠賢········································································· 396; 양귀비사 楊貴妃祠····································································· 398
초사 樵史············································································· 398; 주각해 麈角解········································································· 399
하란록 荷蘭鹿········································································ 400; 사답 砟答············································································· 401
입정승 入定僧········································································ 402; 등즙교석 籐汁膠石···································································· 403
조라치 照羅赤········································································ 403; 만어 蠻語············································································ 404
여음리 麗音離·동두등절 東頭登切····················································· 404; 병오·을묘년 원조의 일식[丙午乙卯元朝日食]············································ 405
고아마홍 古兒馬紅 ···································································· 408; 동의보감 東醫寶鑑···································································· 408
심의 深衣············································································· 412; 나약국서 羅約國書····································································· 413
불서 佛書············································································· 416; 합밀왕 哈密王········································································· 419
서화담집 徐花潭集····································································· 421; 장흥루판 長興鏤板····································································· 421
주한 周翰·주앙 朱昻·································································· 422; 무열하 武列河········································································ 424
옹노후 雍奴侯········································································ 426; 사 ·················································································· 427
순제묘 順濟廟········································································· 427; 해인사 海印寺········································································ 428
사월팔일방등 四月八日放燈···························································· 428; 오현비파 五絃琵琶······································································4 28
사자 獅子············································································ 429; 강선루 降仙樓········································································ 430
이영현 李榮賢········································································· 431; 신라호 新羅戶········································································ 433
애호 艾虎············································································ 434; 자규 子規············································································· 435
경수사대장경비략 慶壽寺大藏經碑略···················································· 436; 황량대 謊糧臺········································································· 437
호원이학지성 胡元理學之盛···························································· 438; 배형 拜荊············································································ 439
환향하 還鄕河········································································ 440; 계원필경 桂苑筆耕···································································· 440
천불사 千佛寺·········································································441; 황도기략 黃圖紀略·······································································442
황성구문 皇城九門···································································· 443; 서관 西館············································································ 445
금오교 金鼇橋········································································ 445; 경화도 瓊華島 ········································································ 446
토원산 兎園山········································································ 446; 만수산 萬壽山········································································ 447
태화전 太和殿········································································ 448; 체인각 體仁閣········································································ 450
문화전 文華殿········································································· 451; 문연각 文淵閣········································································· 451
무영전 武英殿········································································ 452; 경천주 擎天柱········································································· 453
어구 御廐············································································· 453; 오문 午門············································································· 455
묘사 廟社············································································· 455; 전성문 前星門········································································· 456
오봉루 五鳳樓········································································· 457; 천단 天壇············································································· 459
천주당 天主堂········································································ 460; 양화 洋畫············································································ 463
상방 象房············································································· 465; 황금대 黃金臺········································································· 467
황금대기 黃金臺記···································································· 468; 옹화궁 雍和宮········································································· 471
대광명전 大光明殿····································································· 472; 구방 狗房············································································· 473
공작포 孔雀圃········································································ 474; 오룡정 五龍亭········································································· 475
구룡벽 九龍壁········································································· 476; 태액지 太液池········································································· 476
자광각 紫光閣········································································· 477; 만불루 萬佛樓········································································· 478
극락세계 極樂世界····································································· 478; 영대 瀛臺············································································· 479
남해자 南海子········································································· 479; 회자관 回子館········································································ 480
유리창 琉璃廠········································································ 480; 채조포 綵鳥舖··········································································4 81
알성퇴술 謁聖退述·······································································483; 순천부학 順天府學···································································· 484
태학 太學············································································ 485; 학사 學舍············································································· 487
역대비 歷代碑········································································ 489; 명조진사제명비 明朝進士題名碑························································ 490
석고 石鼓············································································· 491; 문승상사 文丞相祠···································································· 492
관상대 觀象臺········································································ 493; 시원 試院············································································ 494
조선관 朝鮮館·········································································495; 앙엽기 盎葉記···········································································497
앙엽기 서 盎葉記序··································································· 498; 홍인사 弘仁寺········································································ 499
보국사 報國寺········································································ 500; 천녕사 天寧寺········································································· 501
백운관 白雲觀········································································ 503; 법장사 法藏寺········································································ 503
태양궁 太陽宮········································································ 504; 안국사 安國寺········································································· 505
약왕묘 藥王廟········································································· 505; 천경사 天慶寺········································································ 506
두로궁 斗姥宮········································································· 507; 융복사 隆福寺········································································ 508
석조사 夕照寺········································································ 509; 관제묘 關帝廟········································································· 510
명인사 明因寺········································································· 510; 대륭선호국사 大隆善護國寺····························································· 511
화신묘 火神廟········································································· 512; 북약왕묘 北藥王廟····································································· 512
숭복사 崇福寺········································································· 512; 진각사 眞覺寺········································································· 513
이마두총 利瑪竇塚·····································································514