emptiness(공)의 의미는 무엇인가? 영어로(22분)

[조성래]

여기는 다음 카페 <위빠사나금정선원>입니다. 아래 영상은 우리를 많이 헷갈리게 만드는 공에 대해 말하고 있습니다.

  아래 댓글을 보면 빨리어 텍스트는 500년 이상 된 것이 아니라고 합니다. 아함경이 가장 오래된 텍스트라고 합니다.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U1_i6EvYDaY&t=716s 

 댓글

emptiness 空 공

What is the doctrine of emptiness in Buddhism? We'll look at its early history to see how the notion of emptiness may have began in response to ideas of the day, how it matured, and how it developed in later Buddhist dharma.

The perfection of wisdom sutras were what first made me accept buddhism, as well as the sutra of Hui Neng which i found inspiring at the time ,latter in life i turned to Theravada yet those sutras still have great influence on my perception or how i veiw the world and my practice ...and even my sense of humour.

I first stumbled upon "emptiness" due to my engagement with Chan/Zen, and I've always understood it as the absence of a permanent self or essence. But unfortunately some (or should I say: most?) authors made and make a thing, a metaphysical(형이상학의) entity(존재, 실재) out of "emptiness". They reify(구체화하다) "it". So that it ultimately resembles(닮다) "brahman" again. That's one reason why I came back to Early Buddhism.

Thanks for this brilliant video, Doug! ❤

The concept of Sunyatā is very beautiful to me, and reminds me of Hinduism's Advaita(不二). Thanks for all the videos Doug!

I am continually blown away by your videos, thank you Doug.

I heard from a Chinese venerable that Emptiness is none other then 2 of the 3 marks of existence - that of change and non-self...I believe this then allures to the 3rd mark - that which is subject to change and is not-self is thus unsatisfactory...

very clear and concise explanation, thank you so much!

..attainment too is emptiness'.

Thank you, Doug.

'Not even wisdom to attain

Attainment too is emptiness' Still trying. Thanks, Doug.

I like the history because it helps me understand where the practice comes from but I'd like more on emptiness philosophy and practice and less on the "study" . However that is the best video of yours I have seen, i wish i could explain why it was so engaging but i cant put my finger on it. Sorry

Doing sir, I am seriously on need of preparing questionnaire for my responends who are practicing vipassana .

I am a PhD student .

What types of. Questions I list about study effect of post vipassana (meditation) regular practice. How vipassana impact on Vipassana practioners' individuals behavior and social relationship ?

You present both Buddhist and Hindu ideas very neutrally and without any bias(편견, 선입견). I like that.

“Life is a series of natural and spontaneous(자발적) changes. Don't resist them – that only creates sorrow. Let reality be reality. Let things flow naturally forward in whatever way they like.”

~Lao-Tzu.

Hint to grasp emptiness:: look to the present reality with the memory of past reality.

Oh yeah... ms. Buddha... I will DEFINITELY modify(수정하다) this...

Hi Doug great to see your new videos. I have been a Mahayana practicing Buddhist for 30 years - or so I think:) It was only in 2018 that when I talked to a Theravada Buddhist that I found our the notion of "emptiness" was NEVER present in Theravada! I was shock to hear that because I always assume the concept of emptiness is preval‎ent among all Buddhist schools. This Theravada Buddhist went on to say the notion of Anata is always present in Theravada and one achieves Anata, one becomes an Arhat.

The concept of emptiness, though present in Pali canon, could have been briefly mentioned or discussed by the Buddha. It was indeed further developed in Prajnaparamita sutras. But the Theravadans do not recognize these Mahayana sutras because they evolved(발전시키다) only about 600 years after the Buddha's passing. The Tiantai School of China has marked out the different periods of the the Buddha's life that he spent teaching from the four noble truths, twelve dependent originations, prajnaparamita sutras, etc. I do not know how they got their source.

DIFFERENT TRANSLATORS - could have translated differently. In the past, I always thought all translators would be have translated all sutras and even tantras the same. But lately, I discovered that assumption(가정, 가설) is very wrong! I recently, got to read some of the tantras translated into English and I found that there were indeed some minor to major differences. For example, the Chinese version would read 8,000 mantras while the English one reads 1080. Its the exact same tantra and yet translated to differently. I just wonder if its the translators that added their own ideas into it.

The three characteristics of "reality" - or the three perceptions? I think Thanissaro Bhikkhu describes them thusly? What do you make of this? Thank-you.

Hi Doug! Great content:) Just want to comment that the there are also parts of the Pali suttas that were not present in Chinese agama (meaning that it might have been written down later) and vice versa. This would also means that the Pali Canon isn't necessarily the 'most original' version of Buddhavacana, it is simply the only complete surviving text written in its original language of writing. Unfortunately, because the Chinese agama was composed from at least 4 different early Buddhist schools, it is quite difficult to ascertain(확인하다) which parts can truly be considered the original. For example the turning the wheel of dhamma sutta was written in a rather different manner in the Sarvastivada version (yet the way it was written in the sarvastivada version makes more sense chronologically(연대순으로) if put alongside(나란히) another Pali sutta which describes the same event)

Is it true that some schools of Buddhism (like Dzogchen道元 12c 일본의 선사) consider perceived reality literally unreal like a dream ? Maybe I am an ignorant lay person but it sounds rather depressing because supporting and loving people then makes no more sense if they are actually not existing.

It all comes down to the limitations of language, as in practice, both systems (Advaita힌두교 and Buddhism) are nondualist. The real differences are political. Atman and Brahman were concepts that were part of the Brahminical system, which was believed to be a divinely revealed system. Buddha never claimed his religion was divinely revealed, on the contrary. So he's emphasizing the interdependence(상호의존성) of phenomena or dharmas, rather than their origins in some kind of divinely revealed order.

Alright Doug. Just one Question, for now. Is Shunyata or Emptiness a concept that was discovered and taught by the Buddha himself ? I know that you stated it in the video above, but I really want to confirm‎ ...

Sir it's Buddha Dhamma it's not Buddha Dharma

There were many Buddha Stupa/Vihara/monasteries(수도원) in India which have been converted into Temples🙁

So emptiness is the middle way(중도) between saying something exists and that nothing exists?

Interesting ...Emptiness described as Fullness (Brahman) in Brhadaryanka Upanishad. No discourse(담화) in emptiness; in chinese emptiness added as 4th after 3 marks of existence. In Pali sunnyata Imho is the direct Realization/supramundane(속세를 떠난, 이 세상 밖의, 영계(靈界)의) experience of Non-Self as fruit of stages of awakening.

  (The sloka is not from Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, It is from Isha-vashya Upanishad.)

Hello doug, i have a trouble with the concept of the emptiness on what does it really mean. Because buddha did always about non self or anatta(무아). That means there are nothing to cling and grab in world or everything doesnt mean the term 'mine' probably the five aggregates(오온). That is to make the view of people right or right view. The right view is the one that tend to stop the three sin roots(삼독, 탐진치) and every sins associated with it. For ex. Main reasons for make person a liar is their particular needs based on ignorance or can be the enjoyment based on particular desires. So right view take the person away from these as the main sin root ignorance that make wrong view is stoped . There are suthras of these informations. But i really have a trouble with how emptiness connect with that as it end up from its definition 'empty'.

Your take on what emptiness means is interesting but it does not really help to understand what Buddha meant by 'emptiness is form and form is emptiness'. Buddha was an incredibly sharp dude([djuːd]멋쟁이) with amazing skill in putting ideas into word. If he wanted to say empty our minds of negative thoughts etc he surely would not have used such perplexing phrases. May be he is saying something way deeper than what we are able to comprehend now. We have to explain the equation([i(ː)kwéiʒən, -ʃən]방정식) emptiness=form by not approaching it only from the religious angle. Buddha was not a self righteous(잘난 체하는) i am the saver kind of religious nut. He was a very rational person and his teachings are based on reason and logic.

(티벳식 구라댓글) Indians called shunya(空공) for “0” in number and zero is sort of foundation for everything. Without zero I don’t think we can have one. Tibetans call it “tyongnyi” which means nature of emptiness. Tyong has several meanings, one is empty, another one is devoid(~이 결여된), another one is cancel, another one is negate(부정하다) or nullify etc. Being a dog means empty of birds, devoid of birds, cancels being bird, being bird is negated or nullified by simply being a dog. Sorry this is the best example I can come up. So when we talk about emptiness, we are not simply talking about something being empty. The best meaning of emptiness is dependent-origination. What makes everything emptiness is everything being dependent-origination. Study, study and study. Listen to online materials but do not draw conclusions.

Around 21:40 mts. of the video, you state that Nirvana is identified with a kind of emptiness or in other words, Nirvana could be defined as a kind of emptiness; this is fallacious([fǝléiʃǝs]틀린, 현혹시키는) because, except Arhants, nobody knows or understands Nirvana.

It's a bad comparison(비교), metaphor(은유), simile or whatever you call it as. Anyhow, to me, Mahayana & Vajrayana are distorted or corrupted version of Buddhism because many brahmanic doctrine & ideology has been incorporated(합병, 편입) in their Abhidhamma Pitaka(논서).

(질문) Well, shunyata in sanskrit should mean zeroness or nothingness, why is it called as emptiness?

(답1) It doesn't really mean nothingness since that would imply the Buddha was arguing for nihilism(허무주의). Instead the Buddha argues that śūnyatā is a middle way between eternalism and nihilism, through dependent origination. So a different word is needed. "Emptiness" implies "empty of (an eternal) self".

(답2) Emptiness has another side, conceptual emptiness. It is not just empty of self but also empty of concepts in all objects appearing on consciousness. E.g., chariot(戰車), rainbow, body parts. Is my understanding correct?

The sloka is not from Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, It is from Isha-vashya Upanishad.

(대단히 중요한 정보) THE BUDDHA NEVER SPOKE PALI. He probably spoke Magadhi(Magadhi Prakrit) and other local dialects. Pāli seems closely related to the Old Indo-Aryan Vedic and Sanskrit dialects; but is apparently not directly descended from either of these. Pāli in Sanskrit means 'a line, row, or series' and by extension 'sentence or text'. Hardly any Pali manuscripts(빨리어본) are more than about 500 years old– with the vast majority being less than 300 years old. Thus it was a textual language used to preserve the teachings of the Buddha: NOT A SPOKEN ONE. In fact the earliest archaeological(고고학의) evidence of the existence of Pali is not on palm-leaf and not even to be found in India, but comes from Sri Ksetra, one of the Pyu city-states, of Burma/Myanmar. Buddhist literature begins with the oral instruction given by the Buddha himself to his immediate disciples. And even during his lifetime these teaching were being committed to memory & recited. Just how the language we call Pali originated we do not know - the physical evidence is scant(부족한), and the linguistic analysis is inconclusive. It appears to be an admixture of several dialects and effected by sanskritisation over time. The texts into which the Buddha's words came to be formalised were preserved orally by monks and nuns over many generations. It is also evident that just as there is a gap in time of nearly 400 years between the death of the Buddha and the writing down of the Pali Canon; and there is also a distance of some 1,500 miles between the area in which the Buddha lived & preached and where the Pali texts were eventually written down in central Sri Lanka; that it was during this much later time that the Pali language evolved.

Isn't nibbana eternal and unconditioned? Sounds kind of like Brahman.