Re: 수보타이님 9/11테러와 사우디, 부시 일가와의 관계에 대한 답입니다.

[멀티하고파ㅜ.ㅠ]

안냐세요.

출처는 http://www.michaelmoore.com/books-films/f911reader/index.php?id=16 입니다

일단 말해두고 싶은건, 9/11테러는 오사마 빈 라덴의 주동으로 알 카에다 그룹이 저지른 건 사실입니다.

그러나... 거기에 또다른 이익집단이 크게(!) 관련되어 있고, 또 그 이익집단이 미국 부시 가족및 주변인물과 밀접한 관련이 있죠.

1. 부시는 집권후 딱 한번 대테러 부서 담당자와 만났죠. 2001년 9월 4일. 그는 1월부터 부시와 만나기를 희망했지만 정책 입안 단계에 있기때문에 대통령과는 만날 수 없다고 했죠.

2. 부시는 FBI의 대테러 자금을 2001년 9월 10일12% 삭감했죠. 그 삭감안엔 부시의 친구이자 어토니 제너럴인 존 애쉬크로프트가 관련되어 있습니다.

존 애쉬크로프트는, 2001년 여름 FBI에게 더이상 테러에 관한 보고는 듣기 싫다고 했죠.

바로 그 시기에 FBI는 미국에 알 카에다 멤버가 있고 오사마 빈 라덴이 그의 공작원들을 본토 곳곳에 있는 비행 학교로 보낸다는 사실을 알고 있었는데도 말입니다.

3. 오사마 빈라덴의 항공기 납치건은 1998년때부터 FBI가 보고하기 시작한 것입니다. FBI는, 2001년 8월 6일 또다시 보고를 하죠.  오사마 빈라덴/알카에다가 미국 본토를 납치한 항공기로 공격하려 한다구요.

4. 9/11 테러 이후 미국은 1,200명의 이민자들을 수용소에 감금합니다. 아무 증거도 없이 단지 FBI가 수상쩍게 생각되면 집어넣는 것이었죠. 변호사를 선임하지도 못하고 상당한 학대를 받았습니다.

웃긴건 사실 사건에 제일 중요한 참고인이 될 오사마 빈라덴 일가 및 사우디 일가는 전용기를 통해 아~주 빨리 미국을 떴었다는 겁니다. FBI와 백악관의 도움 아래...

5. 의회의 보고서중 27페이지 정도의 기밀화된 내용은 사우디 정부가 9/11 테러리스트에서 아주 많은 인적/물적 지원을 했고 또 몇억원의 달러 (몇조원 되겠습니다)를 써서 알 카에다 요원들을 심어놓은 일을 지적했죠. 9/11테러범과 사우디의 관계는 우연적이라기엔 너무나 밀접한 관련이 있었고, 산 디에고 출신의 2명의 납치범과는 직접적인 연관이 있었습니다. 그리고, 19명의 비행기 납치범중 15명은 사우디 출신이었습니다.

6. 2001년 오사마 빈라덴의 아들중 하나가 결혼을 했고 오사마 및 그의 일가도 참석했죠. 즉, 빈라덴 일가는 오사마 빈라덴과 서로 연락을 주고 받은 밀접한 관계에 있어서, 9/11 수사에 중요한 참고인이 될 수도 있었습니다. FBI는 아주 '간단한' 인터뷰만 하고 빈라덴 일가를 보내 줬습니다.

7. 부시(아버지/아들)과 빈라덴을 위시한 사우디 일가와는 아주 밀접한 비지니스 관계에 있었습니다. 빈라덴일가는 부시에게 아주 많은 자금을 투자했죠. 아버지 부시는 퇴임후 칼릴 기업의 이사로 들어갔고 칼릴 기업은 사우디/빈라덴 일가가 대주주및 이사로 있었던 회사이죠.

사우디/빈라덴 일가가 부시에게 직/간접으로 투자하는 금액은 부시의 1년 대통령 연봉을 몇십배, 몇백배가 넘어갑니다.

8. 칼릴 그룹은 방위사업 (=무기제조업)으로 미국에서 11번째이고, 브래들리 장갑차를 만드는 기업이죠.

이사였던 아버지 조지 부시는 CIA 위원장을 역임한 사람으로, 아직도 CIA에서 정보를 받습니다. CIA 에서 받는 정보는, 방위사업에겐 아주 중요한 정보겠지요.

9/11테러후, 미국 육군은 칼릴 그룹과 6억 5천만 달러(6천500억원)의 계약을 체결하고, 2001년 12월에는 주식판매를 통해 단 하루만에 약 2억 4천만(2400억원!)달러의 수익을 올립니다.

단, 대주주였던 빈라덴 일가는 9/11 이후 칼릴 기업의 주식을 포기합니다.

이제 9/11테러로 실제로 누가 엄청난 금전적인 이익을 보는지 서서히 윤곽이 잡히기 시작하죠?

9. 사우디 아라비아는 부시가에 이제까지 약 14억 달러(1.4조원입니다)를 투자했습니다.

10. 부시 대통령은 의회가 독자적으로 9/11 테러를 조사하는 것을 막으려 했습니다 (왜?) 막을수 없게 되자, 독립적인 9/11 조사위원회가 생기는 것을 막으려 했습니다 (왜?).

11. 백악관은 의회의 9/11 보고서에서 28여 페이지를 잘라냈습니다. 대부분 사우디-9/11테러와 관련된 내용이었습니다.

12. 9/11사건과 관련해 500명의 9/11테러 희생자가 사우디 왕가를 상대로 소송했습니다 (역시 미국답게). 사우디 방위청 장관의 변호를 맏은 로펌은 부시의 친구이자 빈라덴 일가와 밀접한 관련이 있던 제임스 A. 베이커의 회사였습니다.

13. 사우디는 이제까지 약 8천 6백억원 달러(860조원)를 미국에 투자했습니다. 사우디는, 미국 조사원들이 비행기 납치범들의 가족과 인터뷰를 할려는 것을 거부했습니다 (왜?) 그리고, 비행기 납치범들의 자산을 동결하는 것을 아주 못마땅해 했습니다 (19명중 15명은 사우디 출신이었죠).

14. 2001년 3월에 탈레반(!) 외교조직이 이미지를 향상하기 위한 방미 투어를 하기 시작했고 백악관은 그것을 반겼습니다. 탈레반은 사실 미국과는 대마/가스 송수관과 관련되어 아주 친했었고 아프가니스탄을 가로지르는 가스 파이프의 계약업체인 할리버튼의 당시 최고 경영자는 딕 체니, 지금의 부통령이죠.

이 가스 송수관으로 제일 큰 이득을 볼 거라고 예상된 기업은 엔론으로, 당시 200년 부시대통령 선거 운동의 넘버원 코디네이터였단 케네스 레이(특히, 엔론의 파산과 주식의 파열에 밀접한 관련이 있던) 과 관련되어 있었죠.

즉, 탈레반 정부와 미국정부는 오히려 좋은 사이였던 것입니다. 특히, 탈레반 정부는 1993년에서 2000년사이 2개의 미국대사관과 함선을 폭파시킨 오사마 빈 라덴을 숨겨주고 있었던 것을 생각하면 말입니다.

15. 2003년 3월 19일, 미국은 방위적인 목적 아래 이라크를 침공했습니다. 사실, 이라크 정부는 절대 미국이나 호주를 위협한 적 없고 위협할 수도 없다는 것을 알고 있었고, 이라크정부는 1991년 이래 단 한명의 미국시민도 살인하지 않았는데도 말입니다. 중앙정보국 (CIA)는 1991년 이후 이라크의 사주아래 있었던 테러는 단 한건도 없었다고 보고합니다.

저의 주) 미국은, 이라크-알 카에다의 연관관계를 결국 못 발견합니다. 핵무기나 생화학무기의 개발증거도 못 찾습니다. 결국 내놓은 목적(침공후-_-ㅋ)은 "이라크인의 자유화" 였죠.

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여기서 알수 있는 사실은,

1. 사우디 정부, 오사미 빈라덴의 가족과 부시일가는 밀접한 관계 (특히 금전)가 있습니다.

2. 사우디 정부는 알카에다에게 강력한 물적/인적 지원자입니다.

3. 19명의 납치범중 15명은 사우디 인물이었고, 15명에겐 사우디 정권의 많은 금전적인 지원이 있었습니다

4. 부시와 사우디 정부는 9/11 테러와 사우디 정부와의 밀접한 관련을 밝히는 것을 싫어합니다.

5. 2001년 9월전 부시정권은 대테러 예산을 삭감하고 테러 경고 보고서를 노골적을 무시했습니다.

6. 부시일가와 관련되어 있던 사람들은 9/11테러와 관련해 주식으로만 2400여억원의 순수익을 냈습니다 (거기다 약 6500억원 상당의 계약도 포함하면...ㅇ,.ㅇ).

7. 탈레반은 오사마 빈라덴을 숨겨주고 있었음에도 불구하고, 2001년 3월 미국순방을 백악관의 환영아래 했습니다. 탈레반(오사마 빈 라덴과 미국과의 사이를 염두에 두고서라도) 자체로는 미국을 테러할, 적대할 이유가 없습니다.

일단 9/11과 관련해 나올수 있는 가정은,

1) 9/11은 오사마 빈 라덴, 알 카에다의 단독 소행이다.

2) 9/11은 사우디 정권의 강력한 지원아래 힘입은 오사마 빈라덴/알 카에다-사우디 정권의 소행이다.

이겠죠. 단, 사실과 가장 가까운 가설은 2) 가 맞겠죠.

그럼 9/11의 가장 큰 수혜자는?

부시일가와 측근들입니다. 특히 금전적으로요. 9/11테러덕분에 방위사업의 주식이 올라 2천4백억원의 이득을 냈고, 또 6천5백억 상당의 계약도 맺었죠.

그들은, 테러전 FBI의 대테러 자금을 삭감하고 테러 경고를 무시하고 테러후 조사위원회가 생기는 것을 방해햐려 했죠. 왜 그랬을까요?

그럼 이만 꾸벅~

주)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Section Two covers the facts in Fahrenheit 9/11 from Bush's failure to meet with Richard Clarke, to the August 6th memo, and ends with the Saudi flights out of the US after 9/11.

FAHRENHEIT 9/11: “Should he have held at least one meeting since taking office to discuss the threat of terrorism with his head of counterterrorism?”

• “[T]hey didn't allow me to brief him on terrorism. You know, they're saying now that when I was afforded the opportunity to talk to him about cybersecurity, it was my choice. I could have talked about terrorism or cybersecurity. That's not true. I asked in January to brief him, the president, on terrorism, to give him the same briefing I had given Vice President Cheney, Colin Powell and Condi Rice. And I was told, ‘You can't do that briefing, Dick, until after the policy development process.’” Richard Clarke interview with Tim Russert on NBC’s Meet the Press, March 28, 2004.

• "Clarke asked on several occasions for early Principals Committee meetings on these issues [outlined in his January 25, 2001 memo] and was frustrated that no early meeting was scheduled. He wanted principals to accept that al Qaeda was a ‘first order threat’ and not a routine problem being exaggerated by ‘chicken little’ alarmists. No Principals Committee meetings on al Qaeda were held until September 4, 2001.” National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, Threats and Responses in 2001, Staff Statement No. 8, “National Policy Coordination,”   pp 9-10; http://www.9-11commission.gov/hearings/
  hearing8/staff_statement_8.pdf

• See Testimony of Richard A. Clarke before the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, March 24, 2004:

MR. ROEMER: Okay. Let's move into, with my 15 minutes, let's move into the Bush administration. On January the 25th, we've seen a memo that you had written to Dr. Rice, urgently asking for a principals review of al Qaeda. You include helping the Northern Alliance, covert aid, significant new '02 budget authority to help fight al Qaeda --

MR. CLARKE: Uh-huh.

MR. ROEMER: -- and response to the U.S.S. Cole. You attached to this document both the Delenda Plan of 1998 and a strategy paper from December 2000. Did you get a response to this urgent request for a principals meeting on these, and how does this affect your time frame for dealing with these important issues?

MR. CLARKE: I did geta response. The response was that in the Bush administration I should, and my committee, the counterterrorism security group, should report to the deputies committee, which is a sub-cabinet level committee, and not to the principals, and that therefore it was inappropriate for me to be asking for a principals meeting. Instead, there would be a deputies meeting.

MR. ROEMER: So, does this slow the process down to go to the deputies rather than to the principals or a small group, as you had previously done? 

MR. CLARKE: It slowed it down enormously, by months. First of all, the deputies committee didn't meet urgently in January or February. Then, when the deputies committee did meet, it took the issue of al Qaeda as part of a cluster of policy issues, including nuclear proliferation in South Asia, democratization in Pakistan, how to treat the problems, the various problems, including narcotics and other problems in Afghanistan, and, launched on a series of deputies meetings extending over several months to address al Qaeda in the context of all of those interrelated issues. That process probably ended, I think, in July of 2001, so we were readying for a principals meeting in July, but the principals' calendar was full, and then they went on vacation, many of them, in August, so we couldn't meet in August, and therefore the principals met in September.

FAHRENHEIT 9/11: “Maybe Mr. Bush was wondering why he had cut terrorism funding from the FBI.” 

• “This question of resources will also come up in the commission's questioning of Attorney General John Ashcroft, who was brand-new on the job in the fall of 2001 and on September 10th cut the FBI's request for new counterterrorism money by 12 percent.” John Dimsdale, “Former FBI Director Louis Freeh and Attorney General John Ashcroft to appear before 9/11 commission tomorrow,” NPR Radio: Marketplace, April 12, 2004. See also, 2001 budget documents including Attorney General John Ashcroft FY 2003 budget request to Office of Management and Budget, September 10, 2001, showing $65 million offset in the FBI budget for counter-terrorism equipment grants: http://www.americanprogress.org/atf/
  cf/%7BE9245FE4-9A2B-43C7-A521-5D6FF2E06E03%7D
  /FY03ASHCROFT.PDF

FAHRENHEIT 9/11:  The security briefing that was given to him on August 6, 2001, said that Osama bin Laden was planning to attack America by hijacking airplanes. 

• August 6, 2001 Presidential Daily Brief (PDB): “Al-Qa'ida members -- including some who are US citizens -- have resided in or traveled to the US for years, and the group apparently maintains a support structure that could aid attacks.  Two al-Qa'ida members found guilty in the conspiracy to bomb our Embassies in East Africa were US citizens, and a senior EIJ member lived in California in the mid-1990s.  A clandestine source said in 1998 that a Bin Ladin cell in New York was recruiting Muslim-American youth for attacks.  We have not been able to corroborate some of the more sensational threat reporting, such as that from a ... (redacted portion) ... service in 1998 saying that Bin Ladin wanted to hijack a US aircraft to gain the release of ‘Blind Shaykh’ 'Umar 'Abd al-Rahman and other US-held extremists.  Nevertheless, FBI information since that time indicates patterns of suspicious activity in this country consistent with preparations for hijackings or other types of attacks, including recent surveillance of federal buildings in New York.” August 6, 2001, Bin Ladin Determined to Strike Inside US, http://www.cnn.com/2004/images/
  04/10/whitehouse.pdf

•  “The Aug. 6, 2001, document, known as the President's Daily Brief, has been the focus of intense scrutiny because it reported that bin Laden advocated airplane hijackings, that al-Qaida supporters were in the United States and that the group was planning attacks here.” Clarke J. Scott, “Clarke Gave Warning on Sept. 4, 2001; Testimony Includes Apology to Families of Sept. 11 Victims, Associated Press, March 25, 2004.

FAHRENHEIT 9/11: On August 6 ^th, 2001, George W. Bush went fishing.

• “President Bush swung into vacation mode Monday, fishing for bass in his pond, strolling the canyons on his 1,600-acre ranch, taking an early-morning run.  Associated Press, “President Bush Vacationing in Texas,” August 6, 2001. 

FAHRENHEIT 9/11: “Was it the guy my daddy’s friends delivered a lot of weapons to?”

• In 1995, a member of Reagan's National Security Council and co-author of his National Security Directives, Howard Teicher, signed a sworn affidavit stating: “From early 1982 to 1987, I served as a Staff Member to the United States National Security Council.… In June, 1982, President Reagan decided that the United States could not afford to allow Iraq to lose the war to Iran. President Reagan decided that the United States would do whatever was necessary and legal to prevent Iraq from losing the war with Iran. Pursuant to the secret NSDD, the United States actively supported the Iraqi war effort by supplying the Iraqis with billions of dollars of credits, by providing U.S. military intelligence and advice to the Iraqis, and by closely monitoring third country arms sales to Iraq to make sure that Iraq had the military weaponry required. This message was delivered by Vice President Bush who communicated it to Egyptian President Mubarak, who in turn passed the message to Saddam Hussein.  Under CIA Director Casey and Deputy Director Gates, the CIA made sure that non-U.S. manufacturers manufactured and sold to Iraq the weapons needed by Iraq. In certain instances where a key component in a weapon was not readily available, the highest levels of the United States government decided to make the component available, directly or indirectly, to Iraq. I specifically recall that the provision of anti-armor penetrators to Iraq was a case in point. The United States made a policy decision to supply penetrators to Iraq."  Affidavit of former Howard Teicher, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA v. CARLOS CARDOEN et al, January 31, 1995. http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/
  article1413.htm

• “Questions have been raised about whether the United States not only ignored foreign arms shipments to Iraq, but actually encouraged or even arranged them. A former National Security Council official, Howard Teicher, said in a 1995 court affidavit that the CIA made sure Iraq received weapons from non-U.S. manufacturers.” Ken Guggenheim, “War Crimes Trial for Saddam Could Reveal Details of Past U.S. Help,” Associated Press, January 24, 2004.

• “There is ample documentation demonstrating that the Reagan and Bush administrations supplied critical military technologies that were put directly to use in the construction of the Iraqi war machine. There is also strong evidence indicating that the executive branch's failure to crack down on illegal weapons traffickers or keep track of third party transfers of U.S. weaponry allowed a substantial flow of U.S.-origin military equipment and military components to make their way to Iraq.” William D. Hartung, Weapons at War; A World Policy Institute Issue Brief, May 1995.  See also, Alan Friedman, Spider's Web: The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq, (Bantam Books, 1993); Kenneth R. Timmerman, The Death Lobby: How the West Armed Iraq, (Houghton, Mifflin, 1991).

• “Rep. Dante Fascell, D-Fla., chairman of the House Foreign Affairs Committee, said … that the United States could not ‘make a claim for purity’ on arms sales, since the U.S. government has sold weapons to Iran, Iraq ‘and everybody else in the world.’” Robert Shepard, “Congress Approves Aid for Former Soviet Republics,” United Press International, October 3, 1992.

• “A covert American program during the Reagan administration provided Iraq with critical battle planning assistance at a time when American intelligence agencies knew that Iraqi commanders would employ chemical weapons in waging the decisive battles of the Iran-Iraq war, according to senior military officers with direct knowledge of the program. Those officers, most of whom agreed to speak on the condition that they not be identified, spoke in response to a reporter's questions about the nature of gas warfare on both sides of the conflict between Iran and Iraq from 1981 to 1988. Iraq's use of gas in that conflict is repeatedly cited by President Bush and, this week, by his national security adviser, Condoleezza Rice, as justification for "regime change" in Iraq.  The covert program was carried out at a time when President Reagan's top aides, including Secretary of State George P. Shultz, Defense Secretary Frank C. Carlucci and Gen. Colin L. Powell, then the national security adviser, were publicly condemning Iraq for its use of poison gas, especially after Iraq attacked Kurds in Halabja in March 1988.” Patrick E. Tyler, “Officers Say U.S. Aided Iraq in War Despite Use of Gas,” The New York Times, August 18, 2002.

FAHRENHEIT 9/11: “Was it that group of religious fundamentalists who visited my state when I was governor?”

• “A senior delegation from the Taleban movement in Afghanistan is in the United States for talks with an international energy company that wants to construct a gas pipeline from Turkmenistan across Afghanistan to Pakistan. A spokesman for the company, Unocal, said the Taleban were expected to spend several days at the company's headquarters in Sugarland, Texas.” “Taleban in Texas for talks on Gas Pipeline,” BBC News, December 4, 1997 (Sugarland is 22 miles outside Houston.) 

FAHRENHEIT 9/11: “Or was it the Saudis? Damn, it was them.”

• “The 27 classified pages of a congressional report about Sept. 11 depict a Saudi government that not only provided significant money and aid to the suicide hijackers but also allowed potentially hundreds of millions of dollars to flow to Al Qaeda and other terrorist groups through suspect charities and other fronts, according to sources familiar with the document.  One U.S. official who has read the classified section said it describes ‘very direct, very specific links’ between Saudi officials, two of the San Diego-based hijackers and other potential co-conspirators ‘that cannot be passed off as rogue, isolated or coincidental.’” Of all the hijackers, 15 of the 19 were Saudi. Josh Meyer, “Report Links Saudi Government to 9/11 Hijackers, Sources Say,” Los Angeles Times, August 2, 2003.

FAHRENHEIT 9/11: “In the days following September 11^th , all commercial and private airline traffic was grounded.”

• “On the morning of September 11th, there were 4,873 instrument flight rule (IFR) flights operating in U.S. airspace.  As soon as Secretary Mineta was aware of the nature and scale of the terrorist attack on New York and Washington -- that we were faced with, not one, but four possible hijackings, and several other rumors of missing or unidentified aircraft -- the Secretary ordered the air traffic system shut down for all civil operations. Jane F. Garvey on Aviation Security Following the Terrorist Attack on September 11^th, September 21, 2001; http://www.faa.gov/newsroom/testimony/
  2001/testimony_010921.htm; see also, “Airports to Remain Closed, Mineta Says,” Department of Transportation Press Release, September 12, 2001

FAHRENHEIT 9/11: “The White House approved planes to pick up the bin Ladens and numerous other Saudis.”

• Fearing reprisals against Saudi nationals, the Saudi government asked for help in getting some of its citizens out of the country. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, Threats and Responses in 2001, Staff Statement No. 10, The Saudi Flights, p. 12; http://www.9-11commission.gov/hearings/
  hearing10/staff_statement_10.pdf

• “Now, what I recall is that I asked for flight manifests of everyone on board and all of those names need to be directly and individually vetted by the FBI before they were allowed to leave the country.  And I also wanted the FBI to sign off even on the concept of Saudis being allowed to leave the country. And as I recall, all of that was done. It is true that members of the Bin Laden family were among those who left.  We knew that at the time. I can't say much more in open session, but it was a conscious decision with complete review at the highest levels of the State Department and the FBI and the White House.” Testimony of Richard Clarke, Former Counterterrorism Chief, National Security Council, before The Senate Judiciary Committee, September 3, 2003. 

• “I was making or coordinating a lot of decisions on 9/11 and the days immediately after.  And I would love to be able to tell you who did it, who brought this proposal to me, but I don't know.  Since you pressed me, the two possibilities that are most likely are either the Department of State, or the White House Chief of Staff's Office. But I don't know.”  Testimony of Richard A. Clarke before the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, March 24, 2004.

FAHRENHEIT 9/11: “At least six private jets and nearly two dozen commercial planes carried the Saudis and the bin Ladens out of the U.S. after September 13th.  In all, 142 Saudis, including 24 members of the bin Laden family, were allowed to leave the country.”

NOTE: It should be noted that even though the film does not make the allegation, strong evidence has recently come to light that at least one private plane flew to pick up Saudi nationals while private flights were still grounded.  Moreover, for nearly three years, the White House has denied that this flight existed. This was reported in the June 9, 2004 St. Petersburg Times article cited below.

• After the airspace reopened, six chartered flights with 142 people,mostly Saudi Arabian nationals, departed from the United States between September 14 and 24.  One flight, the so-called Bin Ladin flight, departed the United States on September 20 with 26 passengers, most of them relatives of Usama Bin Ladin. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, Threats and Responses in 2001, Staff Statement No. 10, The Saudi Flights, p. 12; http://www.9-11commission.gov/hearings/
  hearing10/staff_statement_10.pdf 

• It should be noted that the US Customs and Border Protection document released by the Department of Homeland Security under the FOIA, Feb 24, 2004 lists 162 Saudi Nationals who flew out of the country between 9/11/2001 and 9/15/2001, departing from New York’s Kennedy airport, Washington’s Dulles, and Dallas Fort Worth. http://www.judicialwatch.org/archive/
  2004/homelandsecurity.pdf.

• For an official list of Saudi Passport holders (names redacted) who flew out of the country between 9.11.2001 – 9.15.2001, see US Customs and Border Protection document released by the Department of Homeland Security under the FOIA, Feb 24, 2004; http://www.judicialwatch.org/archive/
  2004/homelandsecurity.pdf.

• TheSt. Petersburg Times reported on Jun 9, 2004:

o "Two days after the Sept. 11 attacks, with most of the nation's air traffic still grounded, a small jet landed at Tampa International Airport, picked up three young Saudi men and left.  The men, one of them thought to be a member of the Saudi royal family, were accompanied by a former FBI agent and a former Tampa police officer on the flight to Lexington, Ky. The Saudis then took another flight out of the country.”

o Moreover: “For nearly three years, White House, aviation and law enforcement officials have insisted the flight never took place and have denied published reports and widespread Internet speculation about its purpose… The terrorism panel, better known as the 9/11 Commission, said in April that it knew of six chartered flights with 142 people aboard, mostly Saudis, that left the United States between Sept. 14 and 24, 2001. But it has said nothing about the Tampa flight… The 9/11 Commission, which has said the flights out of the United States were handled appropriately by the FBI, appears concerned with the handling of the Tampa flight.

o  "Most of the aircraft allowed to fly in U.S. airspace on Sept. 13 were empty airliners being ferried from the airports where they made quick landings on Sept. 11. The reopening of the airspace included paid charter flights, but not private, nonrevenue flights.”  Jean Heller, “TIA now verifies flight of Saudis; The government has long denied that two days after the 9/11 attacks, the three were allowed to fly.”  St. Petersburg Times, June 9, 2004

Section Three covers the facts in Fahrenheit 9/11 from Osama's relations with his family through Bush's military records and ends with Bush's business history, including Arbusto, Harken and the Carlyle Group.

FAHRENHEIT 9/11: In 2001, one of Osama’s sons got married in Afghanistan; several family members attended the wedding.  

• “Bin Laden as well as his mother, two brothers and a sister, who flew from Saudi Arabia, attended the wedding of one of his sons, Mohammad, in the Afghan city of Kandahar on Monday, the Arabic daily Al-Hayat said.… Another of bin Laden's sons married one of al-Masri's daughters in January. Al-Hayat said several members of the bin Laden family, who run a major construction company in Saudi Arabia, also traveled from the kingdom to attend the wedding. Agence France Presse, “Bin Laden Full of Praise for Attack on USS Cole at Son's Wedding”, Thursday, March 1, 2001.  

FAHRENHEIT 9/11: “We held hundreds of people” immediately after 9/11.  

• “More than 1,200 foreigners have been detained as part of the government's investigation into the terror attacks, some spending months in prison. Some civil liberties advocates have complained, but government officials insist they are simply enforcing long-standing immigration laws.”  “A Nation Challenged,” New York Times, November 25, 2001.

• “The Department of Homeland Security announced new rules yesterday designed to prevent a recurrence of the lengthy detention of hundreds of foreign nationals, many of whom were prevented from making telephone calls or contacting lawyers for months after they were jailed in the wake of the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks.  The guidelines, made public yesterday by Asa Hutchinson, the department's undersecretary for border and transportation security, were welcomed by civil rights groups that had bitterly denounced the detention of 762 immigration violators after the attacks, based on sometimes ill-founded FBI suspicions that they had links to terrorism.  The new rules are a response to a highly critical 198-page report last June by Glenn A. Fine, the Justice Department's inspector general. It concluded that in the chaotic aftermath of the terrorist strikes on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, hundreds of Arab and South Asian men who had committed sometimes minor immigration violations languished in jail without timely review by U.S. officials. Guards mistreated some of them.  The average detention lasted three months, and the longest was 10 months before the immigrants were cleared of terrorism ties and released from jail.” John Mintz, “New Rules Shorten Holding Time for Detained Immigrants,” Washington Post, April 14, 2004.

• “In the days, weeks and months following the tragic events of September 11, 2001, hundreds of American immigrants were rounded up and detained, often under harsh or abusive conditions, in the name of keeping America safe. Not because of evidence (or even sound hunches) that they were involved in the terrorist attacks that brutally ended the lives of more than 3,100 people. Not because they were found to have ties to – or even knowledge of – terrorist groups who might threaten American security in the future. Instead, hundreds of immigrants were arbitrarily snared in this dragnet, marked for arrest and thrown (literally, at times) in jail. The exact number is unknown, because the government refuses to release that information. They had one thing in common: Almost all were Arab or South Asian men, and almost all were Muslim... Once arrested, many immigrants were labeled "of interest" to the September 11 investigation and thrown into legal limbo – detained for weeks or months in connection with a criminal investigation, but denied the due process rights that they would have been entitled to had they actually been charged with crimes.” ACLU, "America’s Disappeared: Seeking International Justice for Immigrants Detained after September 11," January 2004.

FAHRENHEIT 9/11: The FBI conducted “a little interview, check[ed] the passport.”

Last year, the National Review reported that the FBI conducted brief, day-of-departure interviews with the Saudis -- in the words of an FBI spokesman, "at the airport, as they were about to leave." Experts interviewed by the National Review called the FBI's actions "highly unusual" given the fact that those departing were actually members of Osama bin Laden's family. "They [the FBI] could not have done a thorough and complete interview," said John L.Martin, the former head of internal security at the Justice Department. "The Great Escape : How did assorted bin Ladens get out of America after September 11?" National Review, September 29, 2003. 

• “Thirty of the 142 people on these flights were interviewed by the FBI, including 22 of the 26 people (23 passengers and 3 private security guards) on the Bin Ladin flight. Many were asked detailed  questions.   None of the passengers stated that they had any recent contact with Usama Bin Ladin or knew anything about terrorist activity." National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, Threats and Responses in 2001, Staff Statement No. 10, The Saudi Flights, p. 12; http://www.9-11commission.gov/hearings/
  hearing10/staff_statement_10.pdf

• “I talked to several people who were with the FBI during the actual repatriation.  And they told me there was a lot of back-and-forth between the FBI and the Saudi Embassy. And the Saudi Embassy tried to get people to leave without even identifying them. The FBI succeeded in identifying people and going through their passports. But, in many cases, you had the FBI meeting people for the first time on the tarmac or on the planes themselves as they were departing.  That was not time for a serious interview or a serious interrogation.”  Interview with Craig Unger, CNN, September 4, 2003.

FAHRENHEIT 9/11: White House released records in response to Moore’s charge of deserter. 

• Left-leaning filmmaker Michael Moore got the discussion started in January, when he endorsed Clark for president and called the president a ‘deserter.’  The White House responded by releasing the president's service records, including an honorable discharge. James Rainey, “Who's the Man? They Are; George Bush and John Kerry Stand Shoulder to Shoulder in One Respect: Macho is Good. Very Good. It's Been That Way Since Jefferson's Day,” Los Angeles Times, March 18, 2004.

FAHRENHEIT 9/11: There is one glaring difference between the records released in 2000 and those he released in 2004.  A name had been blacked out.  In 1972, two airmen were suspended for failing to take their medical examination.  One was George W. Bush and the other wasJames R. Bath.  

• See National Guard Bureau, Aeronautical Orders Number 87, September 29, 1972, Attachment B, paragraph 7 (original document):

The Document as Released in 2000: Page 1 | Page 2

The Document as Released in 2004: Page 1 | Page 2

FAHRENHEIT 9/11:  James R. Bath was the Texas money manager for the Bin Laden family.

• See Notarized Trust Agreement, Harris County, Texas, signed by Salem M. Binladen, July 8, 1976 (original document), Attachment C (“I, Salem M. Binladen, do hereby vest unto James Reynolds Bath, 2330 Bellefontaine, Houston, Texas, full and absolute authority to act on my behalf in all matters relating to the business and operation of Binladen-Houston offices in Houston, Texas.” Notarized Trust Agreement, Harris County, Texas, July 8, 1976.

• “According to a 1976 trust agreement, drawn shortly after [George H. W.] Bush was appointed director of the Central Intelligence Agency, Saudi Sheik Salem M. Binladen appointed Bath as his business representative in Houston. Binladen, along with his brothers, owns Binladen Brothers Construction, one of the largest construction companies in the Middle East.”  Jerry Urban, “Feds Investigate Entrepreneur Allegedly Tied to Saudis,” Houston Chronicle, June 4, 1992.

FAHRENHEIT 9/11: George W. Bush and James R. Bath had become good friends.

• “Bath, 55, acknowledges a friendship with George W. Bush that stems from their service together in the Texas Air National Guard.” Jonathan Beaty, “A Mysterious Mover of Money and Planes,” Time Magazine, October 28, 1991. 

• “In a copy of the record released by the National Guard in 2000, the man in question, James R. Bath, was listed as being suspended from flying for the National Guard in 1972 for failing to take a medical exam next to a similar listing for Mr. Bush. It has been widely reported that the two were friends and that Mr. Bath invested in Mr. Bush's first major business venture, Arbusto Energy, in the late 1970's after Mr. Bath began working for Salem bin Laden.”  Jim Rutenberg, “A Film to Polarize Along Party Lines,” New York Times, May 17, 2004.

FAHRENHEIT 9/11: “After they were discharged, when Bush’s dad was head of the CIA, Bath opened up his own aviation business, after selling a plane to a man by the name of Salem bin Laden, heir to the second largest fortune in Saudi Arabia, the Saudi bin Laden Group.”

• “Bath opened his own aircraft brokerage firm in 1976.” Jonathan Beaty, “A Mysterious Mover of Money and Planes,” Time Magazine, October 28, 1991.  (Bush was CIA director, 1976-1977.) 

• “Sometime around 1974… Bath was trying to sell a F-27 turboprop, a sluggish medium-range plane that was not exactly a hot ticket in those days, when he received a phone call that changed his life.  The voice no the other end belonged to Salem bin Laden… Bath not only had a buyer for a plane no one else seemed to want, he had also stumbled upon a source of wealth and power that was certain to pique the interest of even the brashest Texas oil baron.” Craig Unger, House of Bush, House of Saud, pp,19-20 (Scribner: New York, 2004).

FAHRENHEIT 9/11: “George W. Bush founded an oil company, a drilling company, out in west Texas called Arbusto, which was very good at drilling dry holes.”

• “After graduating from the Harvard Business School, Bush organized his first company, Arbusto Energy (Arbusto is Spanish for Bush) in 1977 on the eve of a run for Congress. According to records on file with the Securities and Exchange Commission, Arbusto didn’t start active operations until March 1979.… According to 1984 securities filings, Bush’s limited partners had invested $4.66 million in Bush’s various drilling programs but they had received cash distributions of only $1.54 million. However, Bush’s CFO stated, ‘We didn’t find much oil and gas,’ adding ‘We weren’t raising any money.’ George Lardner Jr. and Lois Romano, “Bush Name Helps Fuel Oil Dealings,” Washington Post, July 30, 1999.

• “Bush eventually renamed his company Bush Exploration and later merged with a firm called Spectrum 7.  Documents filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission show that the firm lost money from 1979 to 1982 and that investors who put in nearly $4.7 million got back just $1.5 million.  Published reports contend that Bush Exploration was salvaged by Cincinnati oilmen Bill DeWitt and Mercer Reynolds.  Bush today says otherwise, that his company was on firm financial footing and that the merger was a strategic one.  Either way, George W. drilled his fair share of dry holes. As Conaway rues to this day, the company ‘never hit . . . the Big Kahuna.’” Maria La Ganga, “Bush Finesses Texas 2-Step Of Privilege, Personality,” Los Angeles Times, March 2, 2000.

FAHRENHEIT 9/11: “There is no indication that daddy wrote a check to start Bush off in his company.”  

• “Seed money, upward of $4 million, was largely raised between 1979 and 1982 with the help of [Bush’s] uncle, financier Jonathan Bush. The Arbusto investor list is filled with family and famous friends. His grandmother, Dorothy W. Bush, chipped in $25,000.  Corporate luminaries like George L. Ball, chief executive of Prudential-Bache Securities, invested $100,000.  Macomber and William H. Draper III, who invested more than $125,000, were later named presidents of the U.S. Export-Import Bank during the Reagan and Bush administrations.” Maria La Ganga, “Bush Finesses Texas 2-Step Of Privilege, Personality,” Los Angeles Times, March 2, 2000.

FAHRENHEIT 9/11: “Bush’s good friend James Bath was hired by the bin Laden family to manage their money in Texas and invest in businesses.  And James Bath himself, in turn, invested in George W. Bush.” 

• See Notarized Trust Agreement, Harris County, Texas, signed by Salem M. Binladen, July 8, 1976 (original document), Attachment C (“I, Salem M. Binladen, do hereby vest unto James Reynolds Bath, 2330 Bellefontaine, Houston, Texas, full and absolute authority to act on my behalf in all matters relating to the business and operation of Binladen-Houston offices in Houston, Texas.” Notarized Trust Agreement, Harris County, Texas, July 8, 1976.

• See 1981 Schedule 4 spreadsheet showing $50,000 investment by James Bath in George W. Bush’s Arbusto Exploration, Attachment D (original document).  

•  Bath’s business relationship with Salem bin Laden, and other wealthy Saudi businessmen, has been well documented.  See, e.g., Mike Ward, “Bin Laden Relatives Have Ties to Texas,” Austin American-Statesman, November 9, 2001; Jerry Urban, “Feds Investigate Entrepreneur Allegedly Tied to Saudis,” Houston Chronicle, June 4, 1992; Thomas Petzinger Jr., et al., “Family Ties: How Oil Firm Linked to a Son of Bush Won Bahrain Drilling Pact,” The Wall Street Journal, December 6, 1991.

• “[E]arly 1980s tax records reviewed by TIME show that Bath invested $50,000 in Bush's energy ventures and remained a stockholder until Bush sold his company to Harken in 1986.” Jonathan Beaty, “A Mysterious Mover of Money and Planes,” Time Magazine, October 28, 1991.

FAHRENHEIT 9/11: “Bush ran Arbusto nearly into the ground, as he did every other company he was involved in until finally one of his companies was bought by Harken Energy and they gave him a seat on their board.”

• “Bush's name …was to help rescue him, just as it had attracted investors and helped revive his flagging fortunes throughout his years in the dusty plains city of Midland. A big Dallas-based firm, Harken Oil and Gas, was looking to buy up troubled oil companies. After finding Spectrum, Harken's executives saw a bonus in their target's CEO, despite his spotty track record.  By the end of September 1986, the deal was done. Harken assumed $ 3.1 million in debts and swapped $ 2.2 million of its stock for a company that was hemorrhaging money, though it had oil and gas reserves projected to produce $ 4 million in future net revenue. Harken, a firm that liked to attach itself to stars, had also acquired Bush, whom it used not as an operating manager but as a high-profile board member.… It was one of the biggest breaks of Bush's life. Still, the Harken deal completed a disappointing reprise of what was becoming a familiar pattern. As an oilman, Bush always worked hard, winning a reputation as a straight-shooter and a good boss who was witty, warm and immensely likable. Even the investors who lost money in his ventures remained admirers, and some of them are now raising money for his presidential campaign.  But the story of Bush's career in oil, which began following his graduation from Harvard Business School in the summer of 1975 and ended when he sold out to Harken and headed for Washington, is mostly about his failure to succeed, despite the sterling connections his lineage and Ivy League education brought him." George Lardner Jr. and Lois Romano, “Bush Name Helps Fuel Oil Dealings,” Washington Post, July 30, 1999.

FAHRENHEIT 9/11: Bush was investigated by the S.E.C.  The James Baker law partner who helped Bush beat the rap from the SEC was a man by the name of Robert Jordon, who, when George W. became president was appointed ambassador to Saudi Arabia. 

• “A week before George W. Bush's 1990 sale of stock in Harken Energy Co., the firm's outside lawyers cautioned Bush and other directors against selling shares if they had significant negative information about the company's prospects.  The sale came a few months before Harken reported significant losses, leading to an investigation by the Securities and Exchange Commission.  The June 15, 1990, letter from the Haynes and Boone law firm wasn't sent to the SEC by Bush's attorney Robert W. Jordan until Aug. 22, 1991, according to a letter by Jordan.  That was one day after SEC staff members investigating the stock sale concluded there was insufficient evidence to recommend an enforcement action against Bush for insider trading.” Peter Behr, “Bush Sold Stock After Lawyers’ Warning,” Washington Post, November 1, 2002. 

• “President Bush has chosen as ambassador to Saudi Arabia a Dallas attorney who represented him against … allegations arising from his sale of stock in Harken Energy Co. 11 years ago.” G. Robert Hillman, “Bush Taps Dallas Attorney to be Ambassador to Saudi Arabia,” The Dallas Morning News, July 21, 2001. 

FAHRENHEIT 9/11: “After the Harken debacle, the friends of Bush’s dad got him a seat on another board, of a company owned by the Carlyle Group.”

• "Fred Malek, a senior advisor to Carlyle, who also served as the director of the 1988 Republican Convention, suggested to Carlyle that the President’s eldest son, George W. Bush, would ‘be a positive addition to Caterair’s board.’  Mr. Malek was also a Caterair director and vice chairman of Northwest Airlines, a major Caterair customer.  ‘I thought George W. Bush could make a contribution to Caterair,’ stated Malek.  Malek further claimed, ‘He would be on the board even if his father weren’t President.’" Kenneth N. Gilpin, “Little-Known Carlyle Scores Big,” New York Times, March 26, 1991

• Co-Founder of Carlyle Group, David Rubenstein, talking about setting up Cater Air after Carlyle acquired it: “When we’re putting together the board,” Rubenstein said, ‘somebody came to me and said ‘Look, there is a guy who would like to be on the board. He's kind of down on his luck a bit. Needs a job.  Needs some board positions. Could you put him on the board? Pay him a salary and he'll be a good board member and be a loyal vote for the management and so forth.’ …We put him on the board and (he) spent three years.  Came to all the meetings.  … And after a while I kind of said to him, after about three years – ‘You know, I'm not sure this is really for you. Maybe you should do something else.  Because I don't think you're adding much value to the board.  You don't know that much about the company.’ The board member told him, Rubenstein said, ‘Well I think I'm getting out of this business anyway. I don't really like it that much. So I'm probably going to resign from the board.’ And I said, 'Thanks.' Didn't think I'd ever see him again. His name is George W. Bush,’ Rubenstein said. ‘He became president of the United States.  So if you said to me, name 25 million people who would be president of the United States, he wouldn't be in that category. So you neverknow."  Nicholas Horrock, “White House Watch: With Friends Like These,” UPI, July 16, 2003 .

Section Four covers the facts in Fahrenheit 9/11 regarding the Carlyle Group and Saudi money in the United States and its connection to the Bush family, their friends and associates.

FAHRENHEIT 9/11:  “The Carlyle group is a multinational conglomerate that invests in heavily government-regulated industries like telecommunications, healthcare and, particularly, defense.” 

• “The Carlyle Group is one of the world’s largest private equity firms, with more than $18.3 billion under management. With 23 funds across five investment disciplines (management-led buyouts, real estate, leveraged finance, venture capital and turnaround), Carlyle combines global vision with local insight, relying on a top-flight team of nearly 300 investment professionals operating out of offices in 14 countries to uncover superior opportunities in North America, Europe, and Asia.  Carlyle focuses on sectors in which it has demonstrated expertise: aerospace & defense, automotive & transportation, consumer, energy & power, healthcare, industrial, real estate, technology & business services, and telecommunications & media.” Carlyle Group web site, http://www.thecarlylegroup.com/eng/company/index.html

FAHRENHEIT 9/11: The Bin Laden and Bush families were both connected to the Carlyle Group, as were many of the Bush family’s friends and associates.

• In the early 1990s, George W. Bush served on the board of directors for CaterAir, an airline catering company.  CaterAir was owned by the Carlyle Group.  Kenneth N. Gilpin, “Little-Known Carlyle Scores Big,” The New York Times, March 26, 1991.  “George W. Bush left the company in 1994, a year after his father’s presidency ended.” Ross Ramsey, et al., “Campaign ’94 Fisher’s Staff Slips Up On Spanish,” The Houston Chronicle, September 17, 1994.

• In the mid-1990s, George H.W. Bush joined up with the Carlyle Group. “Under the leadership of ex-officials like Baker and former Defense Secretary Frank C. Carlucci, Carlyle developed a specialty in buying defense companies and doubling or quadrupling their value. The ex-president not only became an investor in Carlyle, but a member of the company's Asia Advisory Board and a rainmaker who drummed up investors. Twelve rich Saudi families, including the Bin Ladens, were among them. In 2002, the Washington Post reported, ‘Saudis close to Prince Sultan, the Saudi defense minister ... were encouraged to put money into Carlyle as a favor to the elder Bush.’ Bush retired from the company last October, and Baker, who lobbied U.S. allies last month to forgive Iraq's debt, remains a Carlyle senior counselor. Kevin Phillips, “The Barreling Bushes; Four Generations of the Dynasty Have Chased Profits Through Cozy Ties with Mideast Leaders, Spinning Webs of Conflicts of Interest,” Los Angeles Times, January 11, 2004.

• The bin Laden family first invested in Carlyle in 1994.  Representing Carlyle’s Asia Board, George H.W. Bush visited the bin laden family's headquarters in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Kurt Eichenwald, “Bin Laden Family Liquidates Holdings With Carlyle Group,” The New York Times, October 26, 2001.

• James Baker was a Carlyle Senior Counselor beginning in 1993. Carlyle Group web site, http://www.thecarlylegroup.com/eng/team/
  l5-team391.html. 

• Bush's OMB chief, Richard Darman, was with Carlyle by 1994. Bob Cook, Mergers & Acquisitions Report, December 12, 1994.  

• George W. Bush was with Caterair -- owned by Carlyle -- until 1994, after Fred Malek, a senior advisor to Carlyle, who also served as the director of the 1988 Republican Convention, suggested to Carlyle that the President’s eldest son would “be a positive addition to Caterair’s board.”   Kenneth N. Gilpin, “Little-Known Carlyle Scores Big,” New York Times, March 26, 1991.
  
  

FAHRENHEIT 9/11:  “Carlyle Group was holding its annual investor conference on the morning of September 11th in the Ritz Carlton Hotel in Washington, D.C. At that meeting were all of the Carlyle regulars, James Baker, likely John Major, definitely George H. W. Bush, though he left the morning of September 11th.  Shafiq bin Ladin, who is Osama bin Laden’s half-brother, and was in town to look after his family’s investments in the Carlyle Group.  All of them, together in one room, watching as the uh the planes hit the towers.”

• On the morning of September 11, 2001, “in the plush setting of the Ritz-Carlton hotel in Washington, DC, the Carlyle Group was holding its annual international investor conference. Frank Carlucci, James Baker III, David Rubenstein, William Conway, and Dan D’Aniellow were together, along with a host of former world leaders, former defense experts, wealthy Arabs from the Middle East, and major international investors as they terror played out on television. There with them, looking after the investments of his family was Shafiq bin Laden, Osama bin Laden’s estranged half-brother. George Bush Sr. was also at the conference, but Carlyle’s spokesperson says the former president left before the terror attacks, and was on an airplane over the Midwest when flights across the country were grounded on the morning of September 11. In any circumstance, a confluence of such politically complex and globally connected people would have been curious, even newsworthy. But in the context of the terrorist attacks being waged against the United States by a group of Saudi nationals led by Osama bin Laden, the group assembled at the Ritz-Carlton that day was a disconcerting and freakish coincidence.”  Dan Briody, The Iron Triangle, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2003, p. 139-140.  See also, Melanie Warner, “What do George Bush, Arthur Levitt, Jim Baker, Dick Darman, and John Major Have in Common? (They All Work for the Carlyle Group),” Fortune, March 18, 2002,

FAHRENHEIT 9/11: “With all the weapons companies it owned, The Carlyle Group was in essence, the 11th largest defense contractor in the United States.”  

• “By virtue of its holdings in companies like U.S. Marine Repair and United Defense Industries, Carlyle is the equivalent of the eleventh-largest defense contractor in the nation. It has $16.2 billion under management and claims an average annual return of 35%.”  Phyllis Berman, “Lucky Twice,” Forbes, December 8, 2003.

FAHRENHEIT 9/11: “It owned United Defense, makers of the Bradley armored fighting vehicle. September 11th guaranteed that United Defense was going to have a very good year.  Just 6 weeks after 9-11 Carlyle filed to take United Defense public and in December made a one day profit of $237 million dollars.” 

• “On a single day last month, Carlyle earned $237 million selling shares in United Defense Industries, the Army's fifth-largest contractor. The stock offering was well timed: Carlyle officials say they decided to take the company public only after the Sept. 11 attacks. … On Sept. 26, [2001], the Army signed a $665-million modified contract with United Defense through April 2003 to complete the Crusader's development phase. In October, the company listed the Crusader, and the attacks themselves, as selling points for its stock offering. Mark Fineman, “Arms Buildup is a Boon to Firm Run by Big Guns,” Los Angeles Times, January 10, 2002.

• "Still, in its annual report for 2001, United announced that it had been awarded a three-year, $697 million contract to complete full upgrading of 389 Bradley units and had added a $ 655 million contract modification to complete the Crusader's 'definition and risk-reduction phase contract,' which would be worth $ 1.7 billion through 2003. Together, the Crusader and Bradley programs contributed 41 percent of United sales in 2001, the report said. With Crusader and the Bradley upgrade in hand, a decision was made to sell United stock to the public in late 2001." Walter Pincus, “Crusader a Boon to Carlyle Group Even if Pentagon Scraps Project,” Washington Post, May 14, 2002.

FAHRENHEIT 9/11: “With so much attention focused on the bin Laden family being important Carlyle investors, the bin Ladens eventually had to withdraw.”

• "Following the attacks on September 11, the bin Laden family’s investments in the Carlyle Group became an embarrassment to the Carlyle Group and the family was forced to liquidate their assets with the firm."   Kurt Eichenwald, “Bin Laden Family Liquidates Holdings with Carlyle Group,” The New York Times, October 26, 2001.

FAHRENHEIT 9/11: “Bush’s dad stayed on as Senior Advisor to Carlyle’s Asia Board for another 2 years.” 

• “Former President Bush was at one time the Senior Advisor to the Carlyle Asia Advisory Board but retired from that position in October 2003.  He holds no other positions at Carlyle.” http://www.thecarlylegroup.com/eng/news/
  l4-presskit681.html#8

• “The former president is no longer a company adviser, but he still has investments there, Mr. Ullman (vice president for corporate communications) said.” Dallas Morning News, "Michael Moore keeps heat on at premiere", May 18, 2004 

FAHRENHEIT 9/11: George H. W. Bush receives daily CIA briefings.

• "One of the people who corresponded with [former ambassador Joseph] Wilson is George H. W. Bush, the only president to have been head of the C.I.A.-- he still receives regular briefings from Langley." Vicky Ward, “Double Exposure,” Vanity Fair, January 2004.

• Former President Bush has made efforts to keep abreast of foreign affairs, partly by exercising his right to be briefed by CIA personnel about developments around the globe.  Ha'aretz, “George Bush Sr. Vouches for Son's Support of Israel to the Saudis”, July 16, 2001.

FAHRENHEIT 9/11: “They are benefiting from the confusion that arises when George H. W. Bush visits Saudi Arabia, on behalf of Carlyle, and meets with the royal family and meets with the bin Laden family. Is he representing the United States of America, or is he representing an investment firm in the United States of America or is he representing both?” 

• Few firms could have rivaled the Carlyle Group for its array of high-powered friends. The Washington-based venture capital house had been likened to a retirement home for Gulf War veterans, and the likes of George Bush Sr, James Baker, and John Major ‘can take credit for its rapid rise.’ The Observer noted in a profile, “It used to be fashionable to deride Carlyle as a second-rate influence-peddler and dismiss its stable of retired politicians as superannuated ‘access capitalists.’” … Carlyle had sponsored visits by Bush Sr. to South Korea and China, and his clout with the Saudi government – perhaps Carlyle’s most important customer – is also likely to be valued. Conal Walsh, “The Carlyle Controversy: With Friends in High Places: Former World Leaders Give Carlyle Group Unrivalled Prowess in Lobbying for Business,” The Observer, September 15, 2002.

• “’It should be a deep cause for concern that a closely held company like Carlyle can simultaneously have directors and advisers that are doing business and making money and also advising the president of the United States,’ says Peter Eisner, managing director of the Center for Public Integrity, a non-profit-making Washington think-tank. ‘The problem comes when private business and public policy blend together. What hat is former president Bush wearing when he tells Crown Prince Abdullah not to worry about US policy in the Middle East? What hat does he use when he deals with South Korea, and causes policy changes there? Or when James Baker helps argue the presidential election in the younger Bush's favour? It's a kitchen-cabinet situation, and the informality involved is precisely a mark of Carlyle's success.’" Oliver Burkeman Julian Borger, “The Winners: The Ex-Presidents' Club,” The Guardian, October 31, 2001.

• “The Saudi family of Osama bin Laden is severing its financial ties with the Carlyle Group, a private investment firm known for its connections to influential Washington political figures… In recent years, Frank C. Carlucci, the chairman of Carlyle and a former secretary of defense, has visited the family's headquarters in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, as have former President George Bush and James A. Baker III, the former secretary of state. Mr. Bush works as an adviser to Carlyle, and Mr. Baker is a partner in the firm.” Kurt Eichenwald, “Bin Laden Family Liquidates Holdings With Carlyle Group,” New York Times, October 26, 2001.

FAHRENHEIT 9/11: “Another group of people invest in you, your friends, and their related businesses $1.4 billion over a number of years.” 

• “In all, at least $1.46 billion had made its way from the Saudis to the House of Bush and its allied companies and institutions.” Craig Unger, House of Bush, House of Saud, p. 200, (Scribner: New York, 2004). For a complete breakdown of the investments, see Unger’s Appendix C, pp. 295-298. 

• This number includes investments made and contracts awarded at the time that Bush’s friends were involved in the Carlyle Group:

James Baker was a Carlyle Senior Counselor beginning in 1993. Carlyle Group web site, http://www.thecarlylegroup.com/eng/team/
l5-team391.html. 

Bush's OMB chief, Richard Darman, was with Carlyle by 1994. Bob Cook, Mergers & Acquisitions Report, December 12, 1994.  

George W. Bush was with Caterair -- owned by Carlyle -- until 1994, after Fred Malek, a senior advisor to Carlyle, who also served as the director of the 1988 Republican Convention, suggested to Carlyle that the President’s eldest son would “be a positive addition to Caterair’s board.”  Kenneth N. Gilpin, “Little-Known CarlyleScores Big,” New York Times, March 26, 1991

Bush Sr. was first involved in Carlyle by the mid-1990s and no later than 1997.Kevin Phillips, “The Barreling Bushes; Four Generations of the Dynasty Have Chased Profits Through Cozy Ties with Mideast Leaders, Spinning Webs of Conflicts of Interest,” Los Angeles Times, January 11 , 2004; Dan Briody, The Iron Triangle, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2003.

•  Additional back up for these numbers is as follows:

Saudi investments in the Carlyle Group worth $80,000,000.  Craig Unger, “Saving the Saudis,” Vanity Fair, October 2003. The number was reported to Unger by the head of Carlyle, David Rubenstein, in an interview.

In 1994, Carlyle owned military contractor BDM was “awarded a contract to provide technical assistance and logistics support to the Royal Saudi Air Force.” Worth: $46,200,000.  PR Newswire, “BDM Federal Awarded $46 Million Contract To Support Royal Saudi Air Force,” October 27, 1994.

During the 1990s, the Vinnell Corporation (a BDM subsidiary) held contracts to train the Saudi Arabian National Guard, worth $819,000,000.   Robert Burns, “US Advises Saudi Military On Range Of Threats—Including Terrorism,” Associated Press, November 13, 1995.

In 1995, BDM collected a contract to “augment Royal Saudi Air Force staff in developing, implementing, and maintaining logistics and engineering plans and programs.” Worth: $32,500,000.  Defense Daily, “Defense Contracts,” June 23, 1995, as cited by Craig Unger.

In 1996, BDM was awarded a contract “to provide construction of 110 housing units at the MK-1 Compound, Khamis Mushayt, Saudi Arabia, for Technical Support Program personnel assisting the Royal Saudi Air Force…. This effort supports foreign military sales to Saudi Arabia.”  Worth: $44,397,800.  Department of Defense News Release, “BDM Federal, Incorporated,” April 1, 1996.

During the late 1990s, Vinnell was awarded a contract “for the Saudi Arabian National Guard (SANG) Modernization Program. The three-year contract, awarded competitively, calls on Vinnell to continue to support SANG training operations and related activities.”  Worth: $163,300,000 .  PR Newswire, “Vinnell Selected for Award of $163.3 Million Contract for Saudi Arabian National Guard Modernization Program,” May 3, 1995. Kashim Al-An, “Saudi Guard Gets Quiet Help from US Firm with Connections,” Associated Press, March 22, 1997.

In 1997, BDM was awarded a contract “to provide for 400 contractor personnel to support the Royal Saudi Air Force in developing, implementing, and maintaining logistics, supply, computer, reconnaissance, intelligence and engineering plans and programs.”  Worth: $18,728,682 (note: this is a “face value increase to a firm fixed price contract).  Defense Daily, “Defense Contracts,” February 4, 1997.

Note: Carlyle purchased BDM and its subsidiary Vinnell in 1992 and sold it to TRW in Dec, 1997.

In November 2001, Dick Cheney’s former company Halliburton was awarded “a contract to provide services for the Saudi Arabian Oil Company’s (Saudi Aramco) Qatif Field development project in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia.”  Worth: $140 million.  Halliburton press release, “Halliburton Awarded $140 Million Contract by Saudi Aramco,” November 14, 2001.

The same month, a consortium of three companies led by Halliburton subsidiary KBR won a “contract for engineering, procurement, and construction of an ethylene plant for Jubail United Petrochemcial Company, a wholly owned company of Saudi Basic Industries Corporation.” Worth: $40 million.  MaggieMulvihill, et al., “Bush Advisers Cashed in on Saudi Gravy Train,” Boston Herald, December 11, 2001 ; Halliburton press release, “Halliburton KBR, Chiyoda, and Mitsubishi Win SaudiArabian Ethylene Project,” November 19, 2001. (Note: The $40 million figure cited for this contractin all likelihood is much too low.  Three separate energy industry journals place the value of the contract at $350 million. While there are two other companies involved, all reports point out that Halliburton KBR led the consortium and thus, if the contract were $350 million, it is likely that their cut would be—as lead contractor—significantly more than $40 million. See, Petroleum Economist, “News in Brief,” January 14, 2002; Chemical Week, “KBR, Chiyoda, Mitsubishi Win Jubail Ethylene Contract,” December 5, 2001; Middle East Economic Digest, “Projects Update: Petrochemicals,” March 7, 2000.

Soon after Harken bought out George W. Bush’s company Spectrum 7 in 1986 and placed Bush on their board of directors, a Saudi sheik swooped in to save the troubled Harken. Abdullah Taha Bakhsh purchased a 17% stake in the company. Worth: $25,000,000.  Thomas Petzinger Jr., et al., “Family Ties: How Oil Firm Linked to a Son of Bush Won Bahrain Drilling Pact; Harken Energy Had a Web of Mideast Connections; In the Background: BCCI; Entrée at the White House,” Wall Street Journal, December 6, 1991.

In 1989 Saudi Arabias King Fahd donated money to the Barbara Bush Foundation for Family Literacy. At the time, Ms. Bush was the First Lady of the United States. The King’s contribution represented almost half the amount the organization was able to raise that year.  Worth: $1,000,000.   Thomas Ferraro, “Saudi King also Contributed to Barbara Bush’s Foundation,” United Press International, March 13, 1990.

Following George H. W. Bush’s departure from office, Saudi Ambassador to the United States, Prince Bandar, donated money to the Bush Sr. Presidential Library fund. Worth:  At least $1,000,000.  Dave Montgomery, “Hail to a Former Chief,” Fort Worth Star-Telegram, November 7, 1997.

Both George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush attended the elite Phillips Andover Academy in Massachusetts. In the summer of 2002 the Academy announced it had established a scholarship in Bush Sr.’s name. Saudi Prince Alwaleed binTalal bin Adul Aziz Alsaud -- the same Prince who bailed out EuroDisney in the mid-Nineties -- was among the donors to the scholarship. Worth $500,000.  Phillips Academy-Andover press release, “A Statement from Phillips Academy-Andover Regarding the Bush Scholars Program,” December 31, 2002.

Among the many presents George W. Bush has received from foreign leaders and dignitaries during his term as President, perhaps none is grander than the one Prince Bandar bestowed upon him. Bandar gave the current president a “C.M. Russell oil canvas painting of a native American buffalo hunt….” Worth: $1,000,000.  Siobhan McDonough, “Gifts to President are Gratefully Received, Quickly Carted into Storage,” Associated Press, July 14, 2003.

Section Five covers the facts in Fahrenheit 9/11 from Saudi Arabia's involvement in 9/11 through the natural gas pipeline in Afghanistan.

FAHRENHEIT 9/11: Amnesty International condemns Saudi Arabia as a human rights violator.  

• “Saudi Arabia systematically violates international human rights standards even after agreeing to be bound by them. For example, in September 1997 Saudi Arabia acceded to the Convention against Torture. Yet, torture is widespread in Saudi Arabia's criminal justice system. (Saudi Arabia acceded to the Convention against Torture and the Convention against Discrimination on Sept 23, 1997).” Amnesty International, "Saudi Arabia: Open for Business," February 8, 2000.  http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/engMDE230822000?
  OpenDocument&of=COUNTRIES% 5CSAUDI+ARABIA

• “Sharon Burke, Amnesty International USA's advocacy director for the Middle East and North Africa, said her organization confirmed with the Saudi Ministry of the Interior that three men were beheaded for sodomy.” Washington Blade, January 4, 2002, http://www.sodomylaws.org/world/saudi_arabia/
  saudinews15.htm 

FAHRENHEIT 9/11: “Bush tried to stop Congress from setting up its own 9/11 investigation.… When he couldn’t stop Congress, he then tried to stop an independent 9/11 commission from being formed.”

• The original effort by the White House was to limit the scope of the 9/11 investigation to only two congressional committees. “President Bush asked House and Senate leaders yesterday to allow only two congressional committees to investigate the government's response to the events of Sept. 11, officials said.” Mike Allen, “Bush Seeks To Restrict Hill Probes Of Sept. 11; Intelligence Panels' Secrecy Is Favored,” Washington Post, January 30, 2002. 

•  “I, of course, want the Congress to take a look at what took place prior to Sept. 11.  But since it deals with such sensitive information, in my judgment, it’s best for the ongoing war against terror that the investigation be done in the intelligence committees,” President Bush said. David Rosenbaum, “Bush Bucks Tradition on Investigation,” The New York Times, May 26, 2002.

• “Angry lawmakers [McCain, Pelosi, Lieberman] accused White House Friday of secretly trying to derail creation of an independent commission to investigate the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks while professing to support the idea.” Helen Dewar, “Lawmakers Accuse Bush of 9/11 Deceit,” Los Angeles Times, October 13, 2002.

FAHRENHEIT 9/11:  The White House censored 28 pages of the Congressional 9/11 report.

• “Top U.S. officials believe the Saudi Arabian government not only thwarted their efforts to prevent the rise of al-Qaida and stop terrorist attacks, but also may have given the Saudi-born Sept. 11 hijackers financial and logistical support, according to a congressional report released Thursday.  Those suspicions prompted several lawmakers to demand that the Bush administration aggressively investigate Saudi Arabia 's actions before and after Sept. 11, 2001 -- in part by making public large sections of the report that pertain to Riyadh but remain classified. The passages, including an entire 28-page section, discuss in detail whether one of America's most reluctant allies in the war on terrorism was somehow implicated in the attacks, according to U.S. officials familiar with the full report.”  Josh Meyer, “Saudi Ties to Sept. 11 Hinted at in Report,” Houston Chronicle, July 25, 2003.  

FAHRENHEIT 9/11: More than 500 relatives of 9/11 victims filed suit Saudi Royals and others. The lawyers the Saudi Defense Minister hired to fight these 9/11 families was the law firm of Bush family confidant James A. Baker. 

•  “James Baker, whom Bush recently sent abroad seeking help to reduce Iraq's debt, is still a senior counselor for the Carlyle Group, and Baker's Houston-based law firm, Baker Botts, is representing the Saudi defense minister in Motley’s [plaintiff’s council in class-action suit in connection with September 11th attacks] case.” New York Times, “A Nation Unto Itself,” March 14, 2004

FAHRENHEIT 9/11: Saudi’s have $860 billion dollars invested in America.

• “Over the next twenty-five years, roughly eighty-five thousand ‘high-net-worth’ Saudis invested a staggering $860 billion in American companies – an average of more than $10 million a person and a sum that is roughly equivalent to the gross domestic product of Spain.”  Craig Unger, House of Bush, House of Saud, (Scribner: New York, 2004).  

• “Allan Gerson, an attorney who represents about 3,600 family members of victims of the September 11 terrorist attacks … said he is not suing the Saudi government, but he is pursuing ‘Saudi interests’ in the United States he estimated totaled about $860 billion.”  “ $113 Million in Terrorism Funds Frozen,” CNN, November 20, 2002.

FAHRENHEIT 9/11: In terms of investments on Wall Street, $860 billion is “roughly six or seven percent of America.”

• “With a total market capitalization exceeding $12 trillion, the NYSE Composite represents approximately 82 percent of the total U.S. market cap.” New York Stock Exchange News Release, “NYSE to Reintroduce Composite Index,” January 2, 2003. ($860 billion is about 7 percent of $12 trillion.) 

FAHRENHEIT 9/11: Citigroup, AOL TimeWarner have big Saudi investors.

• “His name is Alwaleed bin Talal. His grandfather was Saudi Arabia's founding monarch. With huge stakes in companies ranging from Citigroup Inc. to the Four Seasons luxury hotel chain, he is one of the richest men on the planet....Last year, Forbes magazine ranked Alwaleed the fifth-richest man in the world, with a net worth of nearly $18 billion. His Kingdom Holding Co. spans four continents. Over the years, he has acquired major stakes in companies such as Apple Computer Inc., AOL Time Warner Inc., News Corp. and Saks Inc., parent of retailer Saks Fifth Avenue .” Richard Verrier, “Disney's Animated Investor; An Ostentatious Saudi Billionaire Prince Who Helped Bail Out the Company's Paris Resort in the Mid-'90s is Being Courted to Do So Again,”  Los Angeles Times, January 26, 2004.

•  “Carlyle’s first major transaction with the Saudis took place in 1991 when Fred Malek steered Prince Al-Waleed bin Talal, a flamboyant 35-year-old Saudi multibillionaire, to the firm for a deal that would enable him to become the largest individual shareholder in Citicorp.” Craig Unger, House of Bush, House of Saud, (Scribner: New York, 2004). 

FAHRENHEIT 9/11: “I read where the Saudis have a trillion dollars in our banks, their money.”

• “Others have said the investment is even more, as much as a trillion dollars on deposit in U.S. banks – an agreement worked out in the early 1980s by the Reagan administration, in yet another effort to get the Saudis to off-set the US budget deficit. The Saudis hold another trillion dollars or so in the US stock market.” Robert Baer, Sleeping with the Devil, p. 60, (Crown Publishers: New York, 2003).

FAHRENHEIT 9/11: “Bandar is one of the best protected ambassadors in the world with a six-man security detail provided by the State Department.”

• “The dean of the diplomatic corps by virtue of his long assignment in Washington, Bandar is the only ambassador who has his own State Department security detail -- granted to him because of ‘threats’ and his status as a prince, according to a State Department spokesman.” Robert G. Kaiser, et al., "Saudi Leader's Anger Revealed Shaky Ties," Washington Post, February 10, 2002.

• “Prince Bandar is often considered the most politically savvy of all the foreign ambassadors living in Washington. That may or may not be true -- but he certainly is the best-protected. According to a Diplomatic Security official, Prince Bandar has a security detail that includes full-time participation of six highly trained and skilled DS officers. (DS officers are federal government employees charged with securing American diplomatic missions.)” Joel Mowbray, Dangerous Diplomacy: How the State Department Threatens American Security, (Regnery, 2003).

FAHRENHEIT 9/11:  “Bandar is so close to the Bushes they considered him a member of the family. They even have a nickname for him, Bandar Bush.” 

• “When President [George H.W.] Bush arrived in Riyadh, he took Bandar aside and embraced him. ‘You are good people,’ the president said. Bandar claims that Bush had tears in his eyes. Visiting the Bush summer home in Kennebunkport, Maine, the Saudi ambassador was affectionately dubbed ‘Bandar Bush.’ Bandar returned the favor, inviting Bush to go pheasant hunting at his English estate. (Since leaving the White House, Bush has also profited by acting as a kind of glorified door-opener for the Carlyle Group, an investment company that handles considerable Saudi wealth.)” Evan Thomas, et al., “The Saudi Game,” Newsweek, November 19, 2001 .

• “The Saudi ambassador attended the unveiling of former President George H.W. Bush's official portrait when he returned to the White House in 1995. He was among the guests at a surprise 75th birthday party in 2000 for former first lady Barbara Bush, and the former president has vacationed at Bandar's home in Aspen, Colo.  Bandar has been a guest at the Bush ranch in Crawford, Texas. Just last year he presented the first family with a C.M. Russell painting, a gift worth $1 million that will be stored in the National Archives, along with other presents from well-wishers destined for a [George W.] Bush presidential library.” Mike Glover, “Kerry Criticizes Bush on Saudi Meeting”, Associated Press, April 23, 2004.  

FAHRENHEIT 9/11: “Two nights after September 11^th,  George Bush invited Bandar Bush over to the White House for a private dinner and a talk.”

• Two days after the attacks, the President asked Bandar to come to the White House. Bush embraced him and escorted him to the Truman balcony. Bandar had a drink and the two men smoked cigars.  Elsa Walsh, “The Prince,” The New Yorker, March 24, 2003. 

FAHRENHEIT 9/11: Bandar’s government blocked American investigators from talking to the relatives of the 15 hijackers.

•  “The report strongly criticized top Saudi officials for their ‘lack of cooperation’ before and after the Sept. 11 attacks, even when it became known that 15 of the 19 hijackers were Saudis.…One top U.S. official told the joint inquiry staff that the Saudis since 1996 would not cooperate on matters relating to Osama bin Laden.  Robert Baer, a former CIA officer, said the Saudis blocked FBI agents from talking to relatives of the 15 hijackers and following other leads in the kingdom.”   Frank Davies, et al., “Bush rejects call to give more 9/11 data,” Philadelphia Inquirer, July 30, 2003.

FAHRENHEIT 9/11: Saudi Arabia was reluctant to freeze the hijackers assets.

• Riyadh has not yet fully joined the international effort to block bank accounts thought to be financing terrorist operations, U.S. officials say. But the Bush administration, fearful of offending the Saudis, has not yet raised a public complaint. Elaine Sciolino, et al., “U.S. is Reluctant to Upset Flawed, Fragile Saudi Ties,” New York Times, October 25, 2001.

FAHRENHEIT 9/11: “In 1997, while George W. Bush was governor of Texas, a delegation of Taliban leaders from Afghanistan flew to Houston to meet with Unocal executives to discuss the building of a pipeline through Afghanistan.”  

• “A senior delegation from the Taleban movement in Afghanistan is in the United States for talks with an international energy company that wants to construct a gas pipeline from Turkmenistan across Afghanistan to Pakistan. A spokesman for the company, Unocal, said the Taleban were expected to spend several days at the company's headquarters in Sugarland, Texas.” “Taleban in Texas for Talks on Gas Pipeline,” BBC News, December 4, 1997 (Sugarland is 22 miles outside Houston.)

• “The Taliban ministers and their advisers stayed in a five-star hotel and were chauffeured in a company minibus. Their only requests were to visit Houston's zoo, the NASA space centre and Omaha's Super Target discount store to buy stockings, toothpaste, combs and soap. The Taliban, which controls two-thirds of Afghanistan and is still fighting for the last third, was also given an insight into how the other half lives. The men, who are accustomed to life without heating, electricity or running water, were amazed by the luxurious homes of Texan oil barons. Invited to dinner at the palatial home of Martin Miller, a vice-president of Unocal, they marvelled at his swimming pool, views of the golf course and six bathrooms. After a meal of specially prepared halal meat, rice and Coca-Cola, the hardline fundamentalists - who have banned women from working and girls from going to school - asked Mr. Miller about his Christmas tree.” Caroline Lees, “Oil Barons Court Taliban in Texas,” The Telegraph (London), December 14, 1997.

FAHRENHEIT 9/11: “And who got a Caspian Sea drilling contract the same day Unocal signed the pipeline deal?  A company headed by a man named Dick Cheney, Halliburton.”

• On October 27, 1997, both Unocal and Halliburton issued press releases about their energy work in Turkmenistan.  “Halliburton Energy Services has been providing a variety of services in Turkmenistan for the past five years.” Press Release, “Halliburton Alliance Awarded Integrated Service Contract Offshore Caspian Sea In Turkmenistan,” October 27, 1997. http://www.halliburton.com/news/archive/
  1997/hesnws_102797.jsp; “ASHGABAT, Turkmenistan, Oct. 27, 1997 - Six international companies and the Government of Turkmenistan formed Central Asia Gas Pipeline, Ltd. (CentGas) in formal signing ceremonies here Saturday.” Press Release, “Consortium Formed to Build Central Asia Gas Pipeline,” October 27, 1997.

FAHRENHEIT 9/11: Enron stood to benefit from the pipeline. 

• Dr. Zaher Wahab of Afghanistan, a professor in the US speaking at International Human Rights Day event, “explained that Delta, Unocal as well as Russian, Pakistani and Japanese oil and gas companies have signed agreements with the Turkmenistan government, immediately north of Afghanistan, which has the fourth largest gas reserve in the world. Agreements also have been signed with the Taliban, allowing these oil and gas giants to pump Turkmenistan gas and oil through western Afghanistan to Pakistan, from which it then will be shipped all over the world. The energy consortium Enron plans to be one of the builders of the pipeline.” Elaine Kelly, “Northwest Groups Discuss Afghan, Iranian and Turkish Rights Violations,” Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, March 31, 1997.  

FAHRENHEIT 9/11: Kenneth Lay of Enron was Bush’s number one campaign contributor.

• Mr. Lay, also a friend to former President George Bush, was the top campaign contributor to Mr. Bush’s 2000 presidential election.” Jerry Seper, “Colossal Collapse: Enron Bankruptcy Scandal Carves a Wide Swath,” The Washington Times, January 13, 2002; “Although Enron is George W. Bush’s No. 1 career donor, the president also is heavily indebted to the professional firms that aided and abetted the greatest bankruptcy and shareholder meltdown in U.S. history.” Texans for Public Justice, “Bush Is Indebted To Enron’s  Professional Abettors, Too,” January 17, 2002 http://www.tpj.org/
  page_view.jsp?pageid=255

FAHRENHEIT 9/11: “Then in 2001, just five and a half months before 9/11, the Bush administration welcomed a special Taliban envoy to tour the United States to help improve the image of the Taliban government.” 

• “A Taliban envoy appealed to the Bush administration Monday to overlook his group's support of extremist Osama bin Laden and the destruction of priceless centuries-old Buddhist sculptures and lift sanctions on Afghanistan to help alleviate a humanitarian crisis threatening the lives of a million people.  Sayed Rahmatullah Hashemi delivered a letter from the Taliban for President Bush that called for better U.S.-Afghan relations and negotiations to solve the dispute over the Saudi-born Bin Laden. Robin Wright, “Taliban Asks US to Lift its Economic Sanctions,” Los Angeles Times, March 20, 2001.

• “The Town Hall forum was Hashemi's final meeting in a weeklong visit to California, where he spoke at several universities, including USC, UCLA and UC Berkeley. Later Thursday, he left for New York for another stop on his public relations tour before going to Washington, where he is scheduled to deliver a letter from his party to the Bush administration.” Teresa Watanabe, “Overture By Taliban Hits Resistance," Los Angeles Times, March 16, 2001.

FAHRENHEIT 9/11: The Taliban were harboring the man who bombed the USS Cole and our African embassies.

• “Osama bin Laden has claimed credit for the attack on U.S. soldiers in Somalia in October 1993, which killed 18; for the attack on the U.S. Embassies in Kenya and Tanzania in August 1998, which killed 224 and injured nearly 5,000; and were linked to the attack on the U.S.S. Cole on 12 October 2000, in which 17 crew members were killed and 40 others injured. They have sought to acquire nuclear and chemical materials for use as terrorist weapons.” “Britain's Bill of Particulars” New York Times, October 5, 2001.

• “Osama bin Laden, in recent years, has been America's most wanted terrorism suspect, with a $5 million reward on his head for his alleged role in the August 1998 truck bombings of two American embassies in East Africa that killed more than 200 people, as well as a string of other terrorist attacks… Most recently, the F.B.I. has named Mr. bin Laden as a prime suspect in the suicide bombing of the American destroyer Cole, which was attacked in Aden harbor, 350 miles by road southwest of here, on Oct. 12, with the loss of 17 sailors' lives." John F. Burns, “Where bin Laden Has Roots, His Mystique Grows,” New York Times,  December 31, 2000.

FAHRENHEIT 9/11: Hamid Karzai was a former Unocal advisor.

• “Cool and worldly, Karzai is a former employee of US oil company Unocal -- one of two main oil companies that was bidding for the lucrative contract to build an oil pipeline from Uzbekistan through Afghanistan to seaports in Pakistan -- and the son of a former Afghan parliament speaker.”  Ilene R. Prusher, Scott Baldauf, and Edward Girardet, “Afghan power brokers,” Christian Science Monitor, June 10, 2002.  http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0610/
  p01s03e-wosc.html.

• Afghan President Hamid Karzai, a former Unocal adviser, signed a treaty with Pakistani leader Pervez Musharraf and the Turkmen dictator Saparmurat Niyazov to authorize construction of a $3.2 billion gas pipeline through the Heart-Kandahar corridor in Afghanistan.” Lutz Kleveman, “Oil and the New ‘Great Game," The Nation, February 16, 2004.  

• TRANSLATED FROM FRENCH: “He was a consultant for the American oil company Unocal, while they studied the construction of a pipeline in Afghanistan." Chipaux Francoise, “Hamid Karzaï, Une Large Connaissance Du Monde Occidental,” Le Monde, December 6, 2001.en minutes

FAHRENHEIT 9/11: "On March 19th, 2003, George W. Bush and the United States military invaded Iraq, which had never attacked or threatened to attack the United States. A nation that had never murdered a single American citizen." 

• "Iraq has never threatened nor been implicated in any attack against U.S. territory and the CIA has reported no Iraqi-sponsored attacks against American interests since 1991." Stephen Zunes, "An Annotated Overview of the Foreign Policy Segments of President George W. Bush’s State of the Union Address," Foreign Policy In Focus, January 29, 2003. Segments of President George W. Bush’s State of the Union Address," Foreign Policy In Focus, January 29, 2003

• "Iraq never threatened U.S.security. Bush officials cynically attacked a villainous country because they knew it was easier than finding the real 9/11 villain, who had no country. And now they're hoist on their own canard." Maureen Dowd, "We’re Not Happy Campers," The New York Times, September 11, 2003. 

• "Iraq never threatened the US, let alone Australia. The basic consideration was and remains the perception of America's wider strategic interest in the Middle East." Richard Woolcott, "Thread bare Basis To The Homespun Yarn That Led Us Into Iraq," Sydney Morning Herald, November 26, 2003—(Woolcott was Australia’s Secretary of the Department of Foreign Affairs And Trade during the first Gulf War.)

• For definition of murder of civilians (as opposed to combatants), see Article 3 of the Geneva Convention . ("For persons taking no active part in the hostilities, the following acts are and shall remain prohibited at any time (a) Violence to life and person, in particular murder of all kinds.")

[카이사르씨]

방대한 분량이군요. 하지만 한가지 의문이 드는군요. 라덴을 위시한 사우디 일가의 후원하에 알카에다와 사우디가 9/11의 배후라고 한다면 왜 그랬을까 하는 점입니다.여러 정황으로 볼때 사우디와 부시가문은 비지니스로 연을 맺었습니다. 사우디의 대미투자액도 상당했고요. 이런 상태에서 테러가 발생하면 제일 피해를

[카이사르씨]

보는 것이 자신들 일텐데 어째서 테러의 배후가 됐을까 하는 궁금증이 가시질 않는군요.

[멀티하고파ㅜ.ㅠ]

1) 사우디의 800여명에 이르는 왕자들중 알카에다및 이슬람 근본주의 무장세력에게 동정을 가지는 왕자들이 있습니다. 2)부시 일가및 측근세력의 금전적인 이득, 지지율 향상 (아프간전/이라크전 추기 부시 지지율 대단했죠)을 위해서간 가설을 들 수 있겠죠.

[멀티하고파ㅜ.ㅠ]

뭐 칠레의 민주적인 아옌데 정권을 폭격으로 무너뜨렸다던지 하이티에서 민주적으로 뽑힌 흑인 대통령을 협박해서 하야시켰다던지 남한 독재정권들을 묵인했다던지 일본의 한국지배를 묵인했다던지 베트남/2차 이라크전 동기를 조작했다던지... 무슨 경찰국가라구...-_-+

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심지어 과거 사담 후세인이 쿠르트 족을 학살 했을 때 사용했던 화학무기를 우방이었던 미국으로부터 지원받았다고 하더군요. 한가지 기억할것은 이라크와 미국 그리고 탈레반과 미국은 한 때 우방이었다는 점입니다. 지금 미국이 무슨 민주주의 수호자인양 설치지만 그들의 과거와 내면을 보면 결코 민주주의 수호자가 아

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니라는 것은 잘 알 수 있습니다. 네오콘들이 미국에 이익에 부합하지 않는 나라를 가리키는 대표적인 용어인 '악정의 전초기지?'는 한마디로 우스운 소리라고 할 수 있습니다. 바티스타를 지원했던 것도 미국이었고 탈레반을 지원했던 것도 미국이었고 사담을 지원했던 나라도 미국입니다. 미국은 그런 나라입니다.

[멀티하고파ㅜ.ㅠ]

수보타이님의 도덕관념은 범인의 범주를 넘어가는군요. 한쪽의 테러는 영리한 거고 다른쪽의 테러는 무조건 악이다, 라는 식의... "우리나라는 이라크나 탈레반처럼 독재도 아니고 공산국가도 아니니 책잡혀서 공격 당할일없는 "->압권. 독재(예,사우디)나 공산국가라도 미국에게 공격당하지 않은 경우도 많아요

[멀티하고파ㅜ.ㅠ]

심지어 미국이 독재정권(예를 들면 남한이나 이라크!)을 지지한 적도 많아요. 독재도 아니고 공산국가도 아니니 책잡혀서 공격 당할일없는 -> 아무리 주권국이라도 공산국가나 독재국가는 미국한테 공격당해도 싸다는 식(유엔은 어따 두고...)의 허무황당한 논리같군요.

[멀티하고파ㅜ.ㅠ]

이라크의 독재정권, 북한의 독재정권과 거기에 신음하는 사람들을 그렇게 걱정하시고 이라크에서 민주정치가 이루어 지길 간절히 바라고 타 공산주의를 외치실 정도로 도덕개념이 확실한 수보타이님 답지 않군요. "현실"과 "국익"이란 단어는 "타공산주의"란 약빨이 냉전이 끝나 별로 먹히지 않자 써먹는 핑계인 것 같군요.

[멀티하고파ㅜ.ㅠ]

알카에다의 무수한 테러도 나쁘듯이 미국의 무수한 테러도 나쁜 것입니다. 수보타이님의 "머리를 상당히 잘굴리는 나라" 라던가, "이익이 될 만한하면 지원하고 너무 강해지면 싸움붙이고 이이제이를 아주 잘 활용하고 있는 나라"라며 미국을 변호하는 식은 절대 타당한 것이 아닙니다.

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그리 놀랄것도 아니에요. 네오콘성향의 저명한 칼럼리스트인 아무개는 '이라크 전쟁의 진정한 목적은 석유전쟁이지만 그것은 국익을 위한 자연스러운 것으로 전혀 비난 대상이 되는 것은 아니다'라고 주장했죠. 힘이 곧 정의라고 생각하는 자들에게 무슨 이야기를 하겠습니까? 쇠귀에 경 읽기라고 하나....

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일본의 정한론도 같은 맥락이었지요.

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..... -_-ㅋ 이거 몇십년대를 사시는 분인지...

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정책보고 정당 고르는데 뭐가 이상하죠? 뭐, 전 좌파인 녹색당 당원이긴 합니다만 여긴 제가 세금 덜내려고 우파(한나라당같은 극우는 제외) 찍는다고 뭐라할 사람 없어요. 남한 극우의 행각들을 보면 남북평화, 평등, 민주주의에 반대대는 일들을 엄청 해 왔죠.... -_-ㅋ 이거 정말 몇십년대를 사시는 분인지...

[초절세미소년*^^*]

우리나라에 진정한 우파가 있기나 합니까ㅡㅡ;; 하긴 진정한 좌파도 없지만ㅠ.ㅠ 완전 수구꼴통이냐 그나마 덜 꼴통이냐 차이져 뭐...

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허허헛... 정말 정치적 사고방식은 냉전시대 것이군요. 좌/우파는 원수지간이 아닙니다. 국민의 지지당은 정책에 따라 바뀌고 그에 따라 집권당도 변하는 것이지요. 윈스턴 처칠은 "25살까지 진보파이지 않으면 정열이 없는 거고 35살까지 보수파이지 않으면 두뇌가 없는 것이다" 라고 말했죠.

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뭐, 이 말도실제로 들은 사람은 없고 윈스턴 처칠은 사실 15살때 보수였고 35살때부터는 진보였으니 가짜겠지요... 정책위주의 정당정치엔 정책에 따라 표수가 바뀌는 건 너무나 당연한 것입니다. 여기는 학생이 대다수 좌파(이유는 학비/생활비 적게 든다고)이고, 보수파는 왕따당하는 등, 좌파세력이 꽉 잡았지만

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그럼 졸업하고 다 진보 좌파로 남느냐? 아니죠. 뭐 사실 대학생 수가 적긴 하지만 일하고 몇년 있으면 많이 보수 우파로 탈바꿈합니다. 좌/우파, 제일 중요한 건 대체로 세법, 복지, 고용법, 교육법 등이죠. 도대체 좌/우파가 무슨 자본주의vs공산주의의 싸움이라고 착각하시는 거 아닙니까? 하는거 같지만..

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뭐, 한나라당의 정책을 보면 1가구 1주택시 비과세를 없애는 대신 주택양도소득세의 공제 혜택을 확대하는 법안의 입안등 중산층들에게 혜택을 줄 만한 소득세법 개정안들을 극렬히 반대하며 오히려 양도세율를 낮추자고 하는 등 1%의 초고소득층을 위한 한나라당이 30~40%의 지지율을 가지는 것도

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세법이나 고용법, 복지정책같은 정말로 중요한 정책은 별로 고려하지 않고 수보타이님처럼 생각없이 우파니까 한나라당에 "배신"하면 안되고 지지당을 바꾸는 건 표리부통한 일이다... 라는 것이기 때문이겠죠. 거기다 한나라당은 "반공"과 "박통시대 향수" 두 카드로 표를 유지하고 있는 형국입니다.

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자신에게 맞는 정책에 따라 지지정당을 바꾸어서 집권당의 변화가 오니까 정당들도 국민을 생각해서 정책을 내는, 유동성 있는 정당체제가 선진국의 민주정치입니다. 수보타이님의 정치적 사고방식은, 미국식처럼 좌파가 부재한 대서 오는 정당 지지의 근거를 정책 대신 "충성"이나 "이념"으로 메꿀려고 하죠.

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착각하지 마세요. 정당은, 국민을 위해 존재하는 국민의 대변인입니다. 특정 정당이나 정파를 위해 국민이 존재하는 게 아닙니다. 적화 통일을 목표로 전쟁을 일으켰던 넘들이나 반공을 외치며 몇십년동안(625전부터였죠) 무고한 반대파나 노조운동을 국보법이나 연좌제로 탄압하는 넘들이나 다를 바 없습니다.

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핵무기요? 님이 한편이라 믿는 일본의 자민당이 헌법 개정안을 내놓고 군대를 단지 방어용이 아닌 국제정세에도 쓰겠다는 안건이 7월말에 올랐습니다(대놓고 무력시위 하겠다는 거죠). 남한요? 솔직히 말하면 쌈이 안되고, 한반도를 중/일로부터 확실히 보호할 무기는 핵미사일밖에 없다는게 제 생각입니다.

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그리고, 수보타이님의 논리대로면 "좌파"인 열우당의 국적법,군역법 개정반대 때문에 "우파"인 한나라당으로 지지당을 옮기는 유권자들도 표리부동한 거 아닙니까? 정책에 따라 지지당이 바뀔 수도 있는 당연한 사실 가지고 지금 글의 토픽과는 전혀 다른 주제로 트집 잡는 것밖엔 보이지 않습니다.

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한마디로 "너는 신념도 없고 지지당도 바꾸는 박쥐면서 괜히 도덕군자인 체하며 미국 탓하냐" 는 것이지요.

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초 절세미소년님: 좌파라면 민노당이 있어요. 정당중 그나마 제일 교과서적이고 도덕적인 정치를 펼치고, 의원들의 의식수준도 높은 편이며, 중산층을 위한 세법개정안인 "부유세법" 등 정말로 대다수의 국민을 위한 법을 내놓는 당입니다. 유럽 좌파 정당들과 비교해도 전혀 손색 없습니다. 강추.

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허헛... "적어도 일본은 같은 진영이지만"과 "남한이 공격 받는다면 일본은 우리나라와 미국을 도울 나라"라고 말씀하셨죠. "북한과 손잡고 일본본토를 공격해야한다고 주장" 그건 심했군요. 허허...속아서 열우당 지지한 거라... 정책에 따라 지지자가 바뀌는 선진국식의 정당정치를 전혀 이해하지 못하는 분...

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하긴 뉴질랜드 우파 국민당과 남한 극우파 한나라당의 차이점을 모르기 때문에 제가 뉴질랜드 선거에서 우파에 표를 주는 걸 전혀 이해하지 못하시고 마치 한나라당에 표를 주는 걸로 착각하시는 듯하군요. 남한에서 투표한데도 중도우파까진 수용해도 극우파 한나라당까지 지지할 생각은 없습니다.

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이제 물귀신 작전은 그만두시죠. 님의 의견엔 정책 정당정치를 이해하지 못하는 상황에서 좌파 당원이 정책에 따라 우파 정당(극우는 제외)을 찍어줄 수도 있다는 당연한 사실을 용납못한다는 태도에서 나오죠. 사실 세금만큼 민감하고 중요한 정책은 없습니다. 유럽에 가셔서 직접 정당정치를 보면 이해하실 겁니다.

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전 말과 행동이 항상 같은데요? 좌파당원이지만 나중에 (중도)우파 지지할 거라고 솔직히 말했는데요? 열우당이 "좌파"라고 한건 님이고 전 열우당은 항상 중도우파라고 주장했는데요? 제가 반대하는 파는 꼴통 극우파, 군소정당이 되야 마땅한 데도 불구하고 삼사십대의 지지율을 가지고 있는 한나라당인데요?

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아직도 냉전시대의 정치적 사고방식을 가지고 있으니 좌/우파의 대립이 단지 "이념"에 의한 것이라고 착각하시는군요. 좌/우파의 가장 큰 차이점은 세법, 복지법, 교육법, 고용법등입니다. 학생때나 저소득층은 자신에게 유리한 좌파 지지하고, 중고소득 직장인들은 자신에게 유리한 우파를 지지하는 건 이상할 거 없어요.

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안그렇다면 사회에서 우파는 숫자가 줄어들 수 밖에 없잖아요? 하지만 그게 아니고 유럽사회에서 우파/좌파의 대립체제는 몇십년을 걸쳐서 계속 일어나고 있어요. 그건 좌파<->우파지지층이 유동성이 있다고밖에 설명할 수 없어요. 어느 한파가 꼴통짓을 하거나 아주 잘된 정책을 내놓으면 표가 몰릴 수밖에 없어요.

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현재 좌파인 민노당의 지지층은 어디서 왔을까요? 기존 남한내 좌파정당이 부재했던 상황에서, 민노당의 지지층은 기존 우파 지지층이나 비투표층에서 왔다고밖에 설명할 수 없어요. 즉, 정책으로 상대방 정당의 지지자를 끌어모으는 거, 이상할 게 없고 수보타이님처럼 무조건 한우물 파는게 바람직하지 못해요.

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남한의 문제점은 바로 비교적 깨끗한 중도우파의 부재라는 것에 있어요. 남한에 그런 중도우파가 있다면 좌파래도 저도 아마 투표할 거예요. 무엇보다, 좌파/우파의 대립은 국민들에게 유리하니까요. 좌/우파의 정권독점은 역대 남/북한 정권을 봐도 국민들에게 바람직한 게 아니예요.

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그리고, 우파를 지지한다고 해서 계속 우파에게만 표를 주는 게 아니예요. 우파정당이 이라크 추가파병같은 꼴통짓을 추진할 경우에는 지체없이 좌파 정권를 지지해서 국민의 의견을 수용하게 만들어야죠. 좌파도 마찬가지구요. 투표를 그냥 생각없이 지역/이념 따져서(쟨 좌파니 찍지 마~) 찍고 쉽게 용서해 주니

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한나라당/열우당이 비리에도 불구하고 아직까지 다수의 의원석을 차지할 수 있는 거죠. 공식석상에서 거짓말을 해서 장관자리에서 물러난다거나 공금횡령 (1억정도...)등 물의를 빚어서 당(극우당이었습니다)에서 쫓겨나고 의원직 박탈당하는 정치환경에서 성장한 저로선 우리나라 국민들의 정치수준은 탄식할 만해요

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그리고, 이라크전을 일으키고 9-11 테러를 방조한 미국 부시정권을 비판하는 데 좌/우파가 무슨 상관 있습니까? 단지 우파니까 이라크 침략을 지지하고 이라크 추가파병에 동의한다란 거의 수동적인 의식을 가지고선 주권을 가진 시민이라고 할 수 없습니다. 지지당 의원이라고 비리를 감싸줄 수는 없는 것처럼 말입니다.

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정당은 충성을 바쳐야 할 단체가 아닙니다. 국민의 이권을 위한 대표단체일 뿐입니다. 사실, 좌파/우파 어느쪽이 더 옳다란 것을 판단하긴 엄청 힘드니까요 (뭐, 사실 유럽쪽은 서서히 사회주의 사회로 변모되고 있습니다만). 단지 극소수의 기득권층을 위해 부정을 행하는 극우는 정파를 떠나서 비판받아야죠

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김희선, 김대중전대통령같은 사람은 비판받아(아들들의 비리도 마찬가지로) 마땅하죠. 단지 주변인물들의 이권을 위해 9-11 테러의 방조를 통해 일으킨 아프간 전쟁과 허위 증거(WMD는 못 찾았고 알 카에다와 이라크와의 관련성도 못 찾았죠)로 2차 이라크전을 벌인 부시정권을 비판하는게 마땅한 것처럼요.

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... 졌어요 ㅠ.ㅜ; 참고로, 뉴질랜드 중도우파 국민당은, 정책을 보면 한나라당이 보면 얄짤없이 좌파정당이라고 매도할 정도예요(우리당원들도 제가 나중에 국민당 찍을거래도 별로 뭐라하지 않는데는...). 20여년의 정당정치와 150여년의 정당정치의 차이, 냉전시대 정치의 여파가 이렇게 큰 줄은 몰랐어요.

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오호~ 이해해주니 감사할 따름이군요. 이제 님도 분단을 핑계로 괜한 좌파/우파 원수 만들려 하지 말고 냉전시대 방식의 정치인식을 업그레이드 하시는 게 어떠실지?

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평소부터 수보타이님의 정치성향은 다른 분들과 많이 다륻고 느꼈습니다만 굳이 분류하면 온건적 보수파가 아닐지

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전 개인적으로 중도좌파를 지향하지만 열린우리당은 제가 봤을때 결코 중도좌파가 아닌 것 같군요. 뭔가 이렇다 할 정책이 부재하니... 한나라당을 지역주의로 득세한 세력이라 비판하며 이제는 정책정당을 지향하자고 하죠. 딴나라 비난하는 건

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문제없지만 정작 자신들은 정책으로 승부하는 정당인지 생각좀 해봐야 할 것입니다. 선거때마다 정책이 아니라 한나라당을 비판하고 , 야당이 자초한 바보같은 짓에 반사이익이나 봤던 정당인 주제이면서 말이죠. 결국 자기들이 비난하는 정당과 별반 차이가 없어보입니다. 차라리 민주노동당에 손이 가는군요.

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그리고 부유세... 그거 유럽의 좌파정당에서도 채택되지 못한 세제법안입니다. 그다지 실효성도 없으니까요.

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유럽국가는 부유층은 일정 이상의 수익엔 40~50%의 세금을 때려 버리니까요. 예로, 미국이나 호주(웃기게, 둘다 우파정권)같은 경우 거의 50% 가까운 세금을 물리지요. 그리고 합법적인 세금감면책을 최대한 활용하는 편이지요. 남한은... 불법적인 탈세가 너무 빈번하게 일어나니...-_-ㅋ

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전 여기서 일하는데 이리 저리 안보이는 세금 다 합치면 여기선 거의 60% 정도는 뜯긴다고 봐야 해요. 하긴 그정도니 무상 교육이니 (1년에 약 7마넌, 게다가 교과서도 대여해 줍니다) 무상 진료니 가능하겠지만요 (대학 병원에서 대수술은 거의 공짜인데, 대기 시간이 좀 길져)...

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소득세, 부가가치세, 재산세(차, 집, 요트 등등), 지방세(웃기게, 여기에 부가가치세가 붙습니다), 거기다가 휘발유와 담배, 주류에 붙는 각종 세(담배 20개비 1갑이 7000~8000원 정도!) '공산주의'국가만큼의 국가통제는 없지만 세금으로 뜯기는 건 장난 아니예요ㅠ.ㅜ; 남한, 부자들이 살기 진짜 좋은 나라예요.