3. 칼빈주의의 형성(Formation of Calvinism)

Ⅲ. Formation of Calvinism (Calvinists) Calvinism was not formed by Calvin only. It was formed by numerous theologians and churches who succeeded Calvin's theology. Today it is called Reformed Theology rather than Calvinism. Let's take a look at the various theologians who shaped Calvinism. 1. Ulrich Zwingli (January, 1, 1484 ~ October, 11, 1531)  Ulrich Zwingli was one of the leaders of the Swiss Reformation.  He was born on January 1, 1484, seven weeks after Luther, in Bildhaus, in the county of Toggenburg.  Along with Luther and John Calvin, he is regarded as one of the leaders of the Reformation.  The core of Zwingli's theology is that the Bible is the inspired Word of God, and its authority is higher than the claims of any religious council or church fathers. He studied at the University of Vienna and the University of Basel, the academic center of Renaissance humanism.  He continued his studies by working as a pastor in Glarus and Einsiedeln, where he was influenced by the ideas of Erasmus.  In 1519 he became Röt Frister (People's Priest) of Gross Münster in Zurich, where he began preaching his ideas that the Catholic Church should be reformed. In his 67 Creeds, written in 1522, he condemned the practice of fasting during Lent, and in later writings he pointed out the corruption of the church hierarchy, encouraged clerical marriage, and attacked the use of pictures and images in worship.  One of his most notable contributions to the Reformation was his discourse on the entire New Testament beginning with Matthew's Gospel from 1519, later publishing a commentary.  He also criticized the Anabaptists, creating an opportunity for them to be persecuted.  There are several opinions in the historical community as to whether Zwingli made Zurich a theocracy. The Reformation spread to other cantons of the Swiss Confederation, but some supported Catholicism and resisted aginst refomation. Zwingli formed a reformed cantonal confederation that divided the federation along religious lines. In 1529, both sides reached the tipping point, but war was barely averted.  Meanwhile, Zwingli's ideas came to the attention of other reformers, including Martin Luther.  They met at the Marburg Conference and agreed on many doctrines, but could not agree on the doctrine of the realism of the Eucharist. In 1531 Zwingli's allies tried unsuccessfully to impose a food blockade on the Catholic cantons.  After Zwingli died on the battlefield, the Catholic canton went on the offensive.  His legacy lives on in the confessions and liturgies of the Reformed churches today. 2. Jean Calvin - We have already learned in detail earlier, so we omit it. 3. John Knox, (1513? ~ November, 24, 1572) John Knox was a Scottish religious reformer, theologian, and founder of the Presbyterian Church of Scotland.  He was originally a priest of the Roman Catholic Church, but after learning from John Calvin in Geneva, he struggled with Mary Stuart and introduced reformism.  He studied theology under John Major at the University of St Andrews and, under the influence of Calvin, served as pastor of the Church of the English Refugees in Geneva.  Upon returning to his homeland, he established the Presbyterian Church system by establishing Protestant ideas. 4.          Théodore de Bèze (June, 24, 1519 ~ October, 13, 1605) Theodore de Beze was a religious reformer, commonly referred to as Beza.  He was born on June 24, 1519 in Vezelay, in the Burgundy region of France, and died in Geneva on October 13, 1605.  He was a humanist, Protestant theologian, Bible translator, professor, diplomat, and poet.  During the Congress of Poissy and the Guerres de Religion, he acted as a spokesman for the Reformed faction.  He was an unparalleled master of reform principles throughout Europe and headed the University of Geneva after Jean Calvin. 5.   Francis Turretin (October, 17, 1623 –September, 28, 1687) Francis Turretin was an Italian-born Swiss Reformed theologian.  Turretin is especially known for being a strong opponent of the theology of the School of Saumur, initiated by Moise Amyraut.  He defended Calvinistic orthodoxy, was one of the authors of the Helvetic Consensus, defended predestination in the Dort Confession, and defended the literal inspiration of the Bible.  Under the influence of Franciscus Junius, he used theological divisions. 6.   Petrus van Mastricht (1630 – February, 9, 1706) Petrus van Mastricht is a Reformed theologian.  He was an outstanding Dutch theologian of the era of Reformed orthodoxy, where he studied under Gisvertus Puccius and Johannes Hornbeck.  Mastricht pastored several churches in the Netherlands, and he taught at universities in Duisburg and Utrecht.  His representative work, Theoretical-Practical Theology, was praised by many as an excellent systematic theology book.  In particular, Jonathan Edwards confessed that this book is the first book in the list of books that changed his life.  This masterpiece deals with each theological theme with four approaches, starting with exegesis of the text of the Bible, going through doctrine formation and apologetic process, and moving to practical application, presenting an excellent model for edifying believers. He used the theological distinction of Franciscus Junius. 7.   John Owen, (1616 year ~August, 23, 1683) John Owen was a nonconformist church leader in England, England, theologian, and dean of Oxford University. John Owen was born in Stadham, Oxford, England, in 1616, the son of Henry Owen, a Puritan and Welshman who was a vicar there. He was admitted to Queen's College (Oxford University) in 1628 (at the age of 15), left the university in 1632 and received a Bachelor of Arts degree, and by the time he graduated with a Master's degree in 1635, he had already mastered numerous classics, while learning Greek and Latin. made it fluent. He had a conversion experience at the age of 25 and after he slowly came to trust in Christ, he became committed. After leaving the university in 1637 for opposing the Catholic rites imposed by Archbishop William Lord and the new statue, in 1651, after Archbishop Lord's death, he was appointed rector of Oxford University. At that time, the university was in a financial state of bankruptcy and was experiencing extreme chaos due to the war. Owen undertook his reorganization and made remarkable progress. He also refused an invitation to attend Harvard University as a professor, and died in 1683 after suffering from asthma and gallstones. He was greatly influenced by theologians like J.I. Packer. 8.   William Perkins, (1558 year ~ 1602 year) William Perkins was an influential English clergyman and Cambridge theologian. In 1577 he entered Christ's College (Cambridge University), where he received a B.A. and M.A. got a degree He was one of the prominent leaders of the Puritan movement within the Church of England during Elizabeth's reign. He was a supporter of the Pre-Fall election theory of Jean Calvin and Theodore de Vez. He was Five Sola's defender. 9.   George Whitefield (December, 16, 1714 ∼September, 30, 1770) George Whitefield was an English theologian and outstanding preacher. In the 18th century, he started the Methodist movement with John Wesley in England, and became the head of the Calvinist Methodist Church, laying the groundwork for it. 10.             Charles Haddon Spurgeon (June, 19, 1834 ~ January, 31, 1892) Charles Haddon Spurgeon was an English Baptist minister. He was a Protestant radical reformist, and a theologian with a very conservative orientation in his perception of church and social relations. Spurgeon had a great influence on preaching, and later people called him "The King of Preachers.“ Standing firmly in the Reformed Baptist tradition, he agreed to and defended the London Baptist Confession of 1689, but opposed the liberal pragmatic theological tendencies. He is famous for his puritanical sermons, and the one he quoted the most was John Bunyan, and he cited John Bunyan's work, The Pilgrim's Progress the most. 11.             Benjamin Breckinridge Warfield (November, 5, 1851 ~ February, 16, 1921) Benjamin B. Warfield is one of the world's three major Calvinist theologians, along with Abraham Kuyper and Hermann Bavinck of the Netherlands, and a theologian who served as a professor at Princeton Theological Seminary from 1887 to 1921. He approached theology with a thoroughly Calvinistic attitude. Among his words, we can find his clear theological attitude. He said, "A Calvinist is one who sees the presence of God behind every phenomenon, recognizes the hand of God in exercising His will in everything that happens, has a spiritual attitude toward God in prayer, and is involved in all works of salvation.  It is a person who excludes the attitude of relying on himself and entrusts himself only to the grace of God.” Warfield is the most influential theologian with the theory that established the authority of the Bible. He revealed the inerrancy of the Bible against the papal inerrancy of the Roman Catholic Church. He saw that the fact that the Bible is inspired gives it a unique authority. He said, “Inspiration is the extraordinary and supernatural influence exerted by the Holy Spirit upon the authors of our holy books. Because of this inspiration, the words recorded in these holy books are the words of God, and, being the words of God, there is no error whatsoever. Of course, it was carefully emphasized that just because the Bible was inspired did not remove the humanity and individuality of its authors. But he insisted that the humanity of those writers was "controlled by the Holy Spirit, so that the words they wrote became the Word of God as soon as they were written, and that is why they are infallible in any case." 12.             John Gresham Machen (July, 28, 1881 ~ January, 1, 1937) John Gresham Machen was an American Presbyterian theologian in the early 20th century. From 1906 to 1929 he was Professor of New Testament at Princeton Theological Seminary. He resigned as a professor and founded Westminster Theological Seminary when Princeton Seminary accepted the theological trends of the day, including higher criticism, and departed from the existing tradition. He also founded the Orthodox Presbyterian Church (OPC) in 1936. Machen studied at Johns Hopkins University and Princeton Theological Seminary, then at the University of Marburg and Göttingen in Germany. While learning from Wilhelm Hermann, a famous liberal theologian at the time, he had a period of contemplation about his theological identity, but eventually returned to orthodox theology. After returning to the United States, he served as a professor of New Testament at Princeton Theological Seminary, where she published important monographs and monographs on "The Origin of Christianity" and "The Virgin Birth of Christ", where she was recognized for her academic excellence. In addition, 『New Testament Greek Grammar』, which he wrote, was used as a standard book for studying Greek for nearly a century. Above all, his representative work is 『Christianity and Liberalism』, which was selected as '100 books that moved the church in the 20th century' by CT, a representative Christian magazine in the United States. Since its publication as "The Classical Argument on Orthodox Christianity," it has had a profound impact on Christian thinking, and a dedication edition was recently published in commemoration of the 90th anniversary of the founding of Westminster Theological Seminary. Eighteen articles of dedication written by the Westminster Seminary Faculty Association have been added, and the influence of Machen thought on "Christianity and Liberalism" and Westminter's history, apologetics, hermeneutics, and preaching is discussed in depth. 13. Charles Hodge (December, 27, 1797 – June 19, 1878) Charles Hodge was a Presbyterian theologian and president of Princeton Theological Seminary from 1851 to 1878. He was a leading figure in Princeton Theology and the orthodox Calvinist theological tradition in the United States during the 19th century. He strongly asserted the authority of the Bible as the Word of God. Many of his ideas were embraced in the 20th century by fundamentalists and evangelicals. His son too was Archibald Alexander Hodge, who was the principal of the same school and professor of systematic theology. 14. Geerhardus Johannes Vos (March, 14, 1862 – August, 13, 1949) Geerhardus Johannes Vos or Geerhardus Vos was born in Heerenveen, Netherlands, and emigrated to Michigan, USA at the age of 19 with his father, a pastor of the Christian Reformed Church (North America). He studied at Calvin Theological Seminary, an American Christian Reformed Church (North America) denomination, then at Princeton Theological Seminary, and at the University of Strasbourg, where he received a Ph.D in Arabic studies in 1888. He is an American Calvinist theologian and the most prominent theologian at Princeton Seminary in the field of biblical theology. Abraham Kuyper and Hermann Bavinck applied for professorships at the Free University of Amsterdam, but returned to teach at the Calvin Seminary. From 1893 to 1932 he taught biblical theology and systematic theology at Princeton Theological Seminary. He was faithful to the principles of Bible-centered theology based on Reformed theology while carefully observing the study of historical criticism, which had begun in Germany at the time. He greatly influenced many of his junior scholars, such as John Gresham Machen, Cornelius Van Til, John Murray, Edward J. Young, and Richard Geffin, as well as Louis Berkop of Calvin Theological Seminary. He is called the father of Reformed biblical theology.  15. Herman Bavinck (December 13, 1854 – July 29, 1921) Hermann Bavinck is a Dutch Orthodox Reformed theologian and pastor. Bavinck was born in the Dutch town of Hoheveen. Bavinck attended his first seminary at Campeon, then went to Leiden for further theological studies. Bavinck's contemporary theologians include Abraham Kuyper and Benjamin Warfield. Bavinck graduated from the University of Leiden in 1880 and his graduate thesis was a dissertation on the ethics of Zwingli (De ethiek van Ulrich Zwingli). A year later, he received a call as a professor of dogmatics at the Protestant Theological University in Campeon. Later, in Amsterdam, Bavinck wrote more articles. In these writings, the aspect of an orthodox Calvinist theologian is revealed without fail. Bavinck argued for the organic inspiration of the Bible. Although Bavinck died in 1921, his theological influence was enormous. For example, Cornelius Van Til and Louis Berkoff did much of their theological work under Bavinck's theological light. 16. Abraham Kuyper (1837 year ~ 1920 year) Abraham Kuyper was a Dutch Prime Minister and theologian. Neo-Calvinism is the movement started by him. He founded the Free University of Amsterdam and founded the Anti-Revolutionary Party, a Christian political party. Ernst Troelch eval‎uated him as a major figure in modern Calvinist thought in his book 'Social Consideration of the Christian Church'. Kuyper is known as one of the world's three major Calvinist theologians along with Hermann Bavinck of the Netherlands and Benjamin Warfield of the United States. There is a Kuiper Institute at Princeton Theological Seminary in the United States. He emphasized the transition from a human-centered worldview to a God-centered theism. He insisted on the idea of sphere sovereignty that Christianity should be expanded from the level of personal faith to all areas of life and the entire universe.  17. David Martyn Lloyd-Jones, December, 20, 1899 ~ March, 1, 1981) David Martin Lloyd-Jones was an English physician and evangelical preacher. Along with John Stott, he was the most influential pastor in the Korean church. Lloyd Jones, a young doctor, became a preacher at Westminster Chapel in London at the age of 40. "Pastor and Sermon", which published the contents of his lectures at Westminster Theological Seminary in Philadelphia, USA, is known as a masterpiece. Lloyd-Jones was a pastor of the representative Congregational Church of the Welsh School. 18. Jonathan Edwards (October 5, 1703 – March 22, 1758) Jonathan Edwards was a Puritan, especially Congregationalist, Calvinist theologian, and Native American missionary during the colonial era of America. Edwards is widely recognized as one of the most important and original philosophical theologians in American history. He was the maternal grandfather of Aaron Burr, who served as the 3rd Vice President of the United States. He left writings on a wide variety of fields, but he is mainly known for his works on the theoretical basis of Reformed theology, theological determinism, and the Puritan tradition. The Story of the Wonderful Works of the Spirit of God (or Wonderful Revival Story), published in 1737, also inspired John Wesley. The book titled 'The Life of the Late David Brainerd' had such an impact on him that gospel missionary William Carey called it the second Bible. His famous sermon, "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God," is credited with starting the Great Awakening. The son of his daughter Esther Edwards was Aaron Burr Jr. (1756 – 1836), who served as Vice President of the United States. 19. John H. Gerstner: (November 22, 1914 - March 24, 1996) John Gerstner was born to a Methodist mother and a Lutheran father. The incident that made him convert was when he was a senior in high school, he met a pastor of the United Presbyterian Church of North America (UPNA), whom he knew through a female classmate. He went to Westminster Seminary in 1932 with ten dollars in his pocket. There he learned the meaning of the blood of Christ like the scarlet thread hanging in the Bible. The second experience was what Professor John Orr said when he was in the second year of seminary. It was the saying that 'regeneration precedes faith'. It was only after that that he broke away from Arminianism. He was a mentor to R. C. Sproul and preached Reformed theology. His study of Jonathan Edwards, in particular, is regarded as the most masterpiece from a Reformed point of view. He approached his critique of dispensationalism most biblically, and his writings are still widely read.  20. R.C. sprawl (February 13, 1939 - December 14, 2017) R. C. Sproul was an American Calvinist theologian, author, and pastor. He is the founder of Ligonier Ministries outside of Pittsburgh and an American radio preacher. Since 1975 he has been a pastor in the Presbyterian Church in America (PCA). He attended Westminster College (Pennsylvania, BA, 1961), Pittsburgh Theological Seminary (now Pittsburgh-Xenia Theological Seminary, M.Div, 1964), and Free University of Amsterdam (Doctorandus| Drs., 1969), and finally at Whitefield Theological Seminary (Fliorida, PhD, 2001). Beginning with Cornelius Van Til, Reformed theologians generally use the method of presuppositionalism, but he preferred evidentialism. He uses the Thomistic (classical) approaches of Thomas Aquinas. He has taught at Reformed Theological Seminary and Knox Theological Seminary in the United States. He had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for a long time. On December 2, 2017, breathing problems worsened with a cold, and he was hospitalized, and died on the 14th of the same month at the age of 78. 1. Nicholas Wolter Stoff (born January 21, 1932) Nicholas Paul Wolterstorff is an American Christian philosopher. He was born in 1932 in Bigelow, Minnesota, to a family of Dutch immigrants. He was born to fathers Matthew (a carpenter) and Agnes (Feenstra). Wolterstorff married Claire Kingma (writer and public speaker) on June 25, 1955, and they had three children: Amy, Eric (deceased), Robert, Nicholas, and Christopher. According to his autobiography In a Wonderful World (Blessed Man), Bigelow was in the countryside and every Sunday Dutch immigrants worshiped according to a religious tradition, the Reformed Liturgy. After majoring in philosophy at Calvin College (B.A.) and Harvard University (Ph.D.), he lectured at Calvin College for 30 years and contributed greatly to establishing 'Christian Epistemology' with Alvin Plantinga, another master of Christian philosophy. He has held visiting professorships at Princeton University, the University of Michigan, the University of Chicago, and the University of Notre Dame, Abraham Kuyper Distinguished Professor at the Free University of the Netherlands, and Noah Porter Distinguished Professor at Yale University. He has been invited to speak at the Wilde Lectures (1993) at Oxford University and the Gifford Lectures (1995) at St Andrews University, Scotland. A writer with broad philosophical and theological interests, he has written many books on theology, aesthetics, ontology, epistemology, political philosophy, philosophy of religion, metaphysics, and philosophy of education. In his Faith and Reason, Walter Stoff, along with Alvin Plantinga and William Allston, developed and expanded the religious epistemological perspective known as Reformed epistemology. He also helped found the journal 'Faith and Philosophy' and the Society for Christian Philosophy. His translations include Till Justice and Peace Kiss (IVP) and I Lost a Loved One (The Good Seed). His wife Claire (Claire Kingma Wolterstorff) is an Anglican priest who was ordained a priest in 1986. 22. Louis Berkhof (October 13, 1873 – May 18, 1957) Louis Berkhof was a Dutch-American Reformed theologian whose works on systematic theology have been influential in seminaries and Bible colleges in the United States, Canada, Korea and with individual Christians in general throughout the 20th century. Berkhof was born in 1873 in Emmen in the Netherlands and moved in 1882 with his family to Grand Rapids (Michigan).  About the time he graduated from the seminary he married Reka Dijkhuis.  They had four children before her death in 1928.  He then married Dena Heyns-Joldersma who had two daughters. Berkhof was not known for being original or speculative but for being very good at organizing and explaining basic theological ideas following in the tradition of John Calvin, Abraham Kuyper and Herman Bavinck.  Theologian Wayne Grudem has called Berkhof's Systematic Theology "a great treasure-house of information and analysis [...] probably the most useful one-volume systematic theology available from any theological perspective."  Berkhof's writings continue to serve as systematic presentations of Reformed theology. They are organized for use in seminaries and religious education as well as individual reference, though his systematics works are demanding reads. One of the prominent students of Berkhof is Cornelius Van Til, whose thoughts became the major position of the tradition of Westminster Theological Seminary in the areas of apologetics and epistemology.