부정사

[류재수]

제2장 부정사(infinitives)

Ⅰ. to 부정사(to-infinitives)

1. 부정상의 3가지 기능

⑴ 명사

It’s difficult to get a handle on exactly how this law will affect us.

get [have] a handle on ~을 조작·관리하다. 해결하다.

To know good from evil is difficult. (주어)

= To know right from wrong is difficult.

= It is difficult to know good from evil.

= It is difficult to tell the good from the bad.

= To distinguish good from evil is difficult.

= To discern good from [and ] bad is difficult.

It was difficult to discern which of them was telling the truth.

To be, or not to be: that is the question.

To make yourself clear without using facial expressions can be very difficult.

His duty was to bring criminals to justice.(보어)

bring ~ to justice ~을 법에 비추어 처단하다

This medal is to honor the winner.

The problem is not when to go but how to go there.

I know him to be honest.

It is your civic duty to vote in the local elections.

The government aims to educate everyone about Covid –19.(목적어)

Poverty taught us to appreciate the little thing in life.

I know how to drive.

Don’t forget to lock the door!

Teenage mothers often have no option [choice. alternative, resouce] but to live with their parents.

= Teenage mothers often can not choose but live with their parents.

⑵ 형용사

I find going to the supermarket once a month the most convenient way to shop.

What with school and (what with) work to earn his living, he had little time to play.

I have to hurry. I have a bus to catch[make, nick. pick].

catch[make, nick, pick] a bus [train, plane] 버스[기차, 비행기] 시간에 대다, 버스[기차, 비행기]를 잡아타다 ↔ miss [lose] catch[make, nick] a bus [train, plane] 버스[기차, 비행기]를 놓치다.

hurry = make haste, hasten, make speed 서두르다

The child is eager to have the plaything.

This is an easy question to answer.

There are a lot of chairs to sit on.

Is your chair comfortable to sit on?

I have no one but you to turn to. 나는 믿을 사람이 너밖에 없다.

turn to ① ~에 참조하다 ② ~를 믿다, 의지하다 I don’t know who tirn to. Paul turned to drink to try to forget his problems at work. turn to a friend for a loan. ③ ~에 착수하다 We’ll have turn to in order to finish this on time. ④ ~으로 돌리다, 방향을 바꾸다 turn to crime. ⑤ (책장을 넘겨 페이지를) 열다

Turn to page 655 for more information on this subject.

I’ve got letters to write.

l need something to write on.

l need something to write with.

Royal Ascot is the place to be seen.(가능)

Sodiers are expected to obey orders.(명령)

You’ll have to obey the rules if you want to live here.

We’re destined never to meet again.(운명)

I’m not sure he has the determination to succeed as an actor.(가능한 목적)

⑶ 부사

The military and civil authorities are working together to quell the unrest.(목적)

Fans waited at the airport hoping to catch a glimpse of Gloria Estefan.

catch [get] a glimpse of = give [take ] a glance at. take a gander at ~를 흘끗보다.

Crowds of people turned out to watch the filming of the final scene of the Rocky.

It’s really nice to see you again.(감정표현)

If you act like a child, you’re going to be treated like a child.(이유)

It takes a couple of minutes for the drug to act.(조건)

State police have launched a massive operation to catch the murderer.

He lived to see his grandchildren.(결과)

He lived to be 90.

He grew to be a refined gentleman.

Horribly wounded he lingered on to die two years later. 끔직하게 부상을 입었지만 그는 생명을 이어가 2년후 죽었다.

linger on ① (떠나지 않고) 꾸물거리다, (아쉬운 듯이) 남아 있다 ② (겨울·눈·의심 등이) 좀처럼 사라지지 않다, (습관이) 버려지지 않다 ③ (숙환인 환자가) 목숨을 이어가다 ④ 즐거움을 맛보고 있다.

Edmund Hillary was the first man to climb Mount Everest.

Are the instructions easy to follow?(형용사수식)

Soldiers are trained to kill.

Dogs are trained to attack any stranger that comes near.

Children are taught to treat other people with respect.

Just to satisfy my curiosity, how much did it cost?

It began to rain, and what is worse, we lost our way in the dark.

It’s too cold for orchids to grow.

2. 독립부정사(절대부정사. absolute infinitive)

strange to say [tell] 이상한 이야기지만

to say the least (of it) 아무리 줄잡아 말하더라도

to be exact = to be precise, strictly speaking = speaking strictly. in the strict sense 엄밀히 말하면

to be accurate 정확히 말해서

not to put to fine a point on it = to put it boldly 노골적으로 말하면

to be (quite [perfectly] candid (with you) = to be frank with you, to be plain with you, in plain words [terms], frankly speaking, speaking frankly 솔직히 말하면

to make [cut ] a long story short = to make short of a long story, to be short. to put it shortly, the long and (the) short of it 요건대, 간단히 말하면

The long and (the) short of it is that the plan was a failure. 요건대 그 계획은 실패였다.

to give an example 예를 들면

to tell the truth = truth to tell 사실대로 말하면

to be quite honest (with you) 정직하게 말해서

To be quite honest, I’ve never even heard of him.

to do ~ justice = in justice to ~ 공평하게 평가하면

to begin with = to start with 우선, 먼저

To begin with, let’s look at Chaper 3.

to be sure = for sure, for certain, for [to] a certainty 확실히

to make matters worse = what is worse, worse than all 설상가상으로

to judge by appearances 외모로 판단하면

to put it another way = in other words 바꾸어 말하면, 다르게 표현하면

To put it another way, the greater the investment, the greater the profit.

to put it bluntly 까놓고 말하면, 솔직히 말하면

= not to mince matters [one’s words] 꾸미지 않고 솔직히 말하면

To put it bluntly, Robert’s just good enough for the job.

To put it bluntly, she is not up to the job.

to put it mildly 조심스럽게 말하면, 줄잡아 말하면(to the least (of it))

We are, to put it mildly, in a mess.

bluntly 까놓고 말하면, 솔직히 말하면

to resume 이야기를 계속하자면

to say nothing of = not to speak of, not to mention, let alone, never mind ~은 말할 것도 없고

to say the least (of it) 아무리 줄잡아 말하더라도

so to speak = as it were, in other words 말하자면

to speak properly = properly speaking, speaking properly 정확히 말하면

to return the coutesy 답례로서

to return [get] to our muttons = to return (to the subject) 본론으로 돌아가서

to top it all = to crown (it) all 게다가

not to put too fine a point on it = to put it boldly [plainly], in so many words 노골적으로 말하면

She was being a real pain in the ass, not to put too fine a point on it. 노골적으로 말하면 그녀는 지겹게 하는 사람이었다.

a pain in the neck [ass, butt] ① 불쾌감, 안달 ② 불쾌하게 [안달나게] 하는 것 [사람]

needless to say [add] 말할 나위도 없이

3. 시제

It seems (to me) that he likes mountain climbing.

= He seems to like mountain climbing.

It seems to me you don’t have much choice.

She seems glad to see us.

He seems (to be ) a man of fortune.

Larry seemed pretty angry to me.

I seem to have lost my car keys.

It seemed that he did himself in.

= He seemed to do himself in.

It seems that he has done [did] himself in.

= He seemed to have done himself in.

It seemed that he had done himself in.

= He seemed to have done himself in.

It appears that he is rich.

= He appears to be rich.

It appears that he has been rich.

=He appears to have been rich.

4. 기타

⑴ 원형부정사(bare infinitive. root infinitive)

① 조동사 뒤

will, shall, can, may

What time will she arrive?

Shall I open the window?

What shall I get for dinner?

He’s so tall he can touch the ceiling.

I can’t remember where I piu it.

I could wait for him no longer.

= I could not wait for him any longer. 나는 더 이상 그를 기다릴 수 없었다.

It is feared that many workers may lose their jobs.

lose one’s job 실직하다

I told him not to go, but he just wouldn’t listen.

had better = would do well to ~하는 것이 좋다

She’d better see a doctor if it gets any worse.

would [had] rather ~ than ~

=would [had] sooner ~ than ~

= would [had] as soon ~ as ~

= would [had] liefer ~ than ~

= would [had] as soon ~ as ~

하느니 차라리 ~ 하고 싶다

I would rather die than ask him for his autograph.

I would sooner die than do it. 그것을 하느니 차라리 죽는 것이 낫다.

= I would as die as do it. 그것을 하느니 차라리 죽는 것이 낫다.

I would sooner stay at home than go.

= I would just as stay at home (as go).

나는 (가느니보다는) 차라리 집에 있고 싶다.

I would [had] liefer cut my throat than do it.

= I would [had] as soon cut my throat as do it. 그것을 하느니 차라리 내목을 베는 것이 낫겠다.

My anxiety that my parents might leave me made it impossible to sleep.

= My anxiety that my parents might leave me made me have a sleepless night.

양친이 나를 두고 가지 않을까 하는 불안이 잠을 이루지 못하게 했다.

I did not sleep a wink last night.

= I did not get a wink of sleep last night.

= I never batted an eyelid last night. 어젯밤 한잠도 자지 않았다.

He could not sleep a wink and tossed and turned all night long.

= He had a sleepless night, rolling [tossing] about on his bed. 그는 잠을 못이루고 밤새도록 뒤척거렸다[전전했다].

turn [roll] over in one’s sleep 자면서 몸을 뒤척이다

toss rolling [tossing] about on one’s bed 잠자리에서 자주 뒤척이다

would [had] best ~하는 것이 상책이다

② 지각동사 see, watch, hear, feel, find, observe, notice, overhear, look at, listen to

I saw her make time with him.

= She was seen to make time with him(수동형).

make time with= go out with, date 교제하다

I saw her knitting wool stockings.

I could see the neighbors trying to light their barbecues.

Jack watched them slowly climb the wall.

climb = ascend, make a ascent of ~에 오르다

I heard him say so.

Terry felt the snake touch his foot.

He observed the thief open [opening] the lock of the door.

Benn knew that someone had observed him meeting Ryan.

I noticed him steal into the room.

= He was noticed to steal into the room. 나는 그가 방으로 몰래 들어가는 것을 눈치챘다.

steal into 몰래 들어가다

steal into the house 집으로 몰래 들어가다

steal out of 몰래 빠져 나오다

I tried to steal out of the room without waking Stefan. 나는 Stefan을 깨우지 않고 방을 빠져 나가려고 했다..

She stole out of the room. 그녀는 살그머니 방에서 빠져 나왔다.

by stealth = stealthily 살그머니, 몰래

They are trying to carry out their aims by stealth, after failing to impose them by law.

I overheard her saying [say] that she would divorce her husband.

나는 그녀가 남편과 이혼하겠다고 한 것을 우연이 들었다.

divorce = divorce oneself from, be divorced from ~와 이혼하다

He divorced his wife. 그는 아내와 이혼했다.

get a divorce = divorce 이혼하다.

Why doesn’t she get a divorce?

David’s parents divorced when he was six.

separate ① 헤어지다 ② 별거하다

It’s the children who suffer when their parents separate.

David and I have been separated for six months but we’re not

divorced yet.

be separated from one’s wife 아내와 별거하다

separate oneself from one’s family 가족과 헤어지다

His parents separated when Lennon was four years old, and his mother was unable to raise him on her own.

raise = bring up, rear, nurse 기르다

on her own = all alone ① 스스로, 혼자힘으로, 독립하여(on one’s own account, on one’s own hook, off one’s own bat, under one’s own steam) ② 단독으로, 혼자서(alone, solely)

I made this wardrobe all on my own. 나는 이 옷장을 혼자힘으로 만들었다.

I’ve been living on my own for four years now.

나는 이제 4년째 독립하여 살고 있다.

She was on her own at 17.

by oneself ① 혼자힘으로, 혼자서 ② 자기를 위하여(for oneself)

split up ① 분할하다, 분열하다 ② 헤어지다, 이혼하다

Steve’s parents split up when he was four.

Jackie’s splitting up with her boyfriend.

The teacher split up the class into three groups.

Please don’t split up when we get to the museum.

The party split (up) over [on] the question.

The party split over segregation.

bust up ① 파산하다(go[become] bankrupt, go into bankruptcy, liquidate, go broke, burst up, bust up, go bust, play smash, come[go] to smash) ② 헤어지다(split, separate) ③ 이혼하다(divorce) ④ 부수다(smash, destroy)

The company bust up. 그 회사는 파산했다.

break up 헤어지다, 이혼하다

If a parent dies, the family may break up.

break (off) with ~= break off from ~와 절교하다.

We overheard the teacher say there would be a pop quiz today.

Christie overheard the men saying they were going to rob the bank.

③ 사역동사

make, let, have, help(원형 또는 to)

This photo makes her look much older than she really is.

She won’t let her children play by the river.

Let me just take your blood pressure.

take one’s blood pressure 혈압을 측정하다

feel [take ] one’s pulse 맥을 집다

high blood pressure =hypertension 고협압

normal blood pressure = normotension 정상혈압

low blood pressure = hypotension 저혈압

That tune makes me want to dance.

He had them wait for a full [clean] hour in a taxi.

for a full [clean] hour 꼬박 한시간 동안

Have him come here right off.

Help me get the boat afloat.

④ 관용어구

cannot choose but = can not help ~, have no choice [option, alternative] but to ~하지 않을 수 없다.

I could not choose but admire her.

I can’t help thinking that we’ve made a big mistake.

make a mistake = commit [make] an error 실수하다. 잘못을 저지르다

have no other resource but to ~하는 것 밖에 다른 방법이 없다

We had no other resource but to wait and see.

기다리면서 관망하는 것 밖에 다른 방법이 없다.

wait and see = see[watch] which way the cat will jump, wait for the cat to jump 경과[형세]를 관망하다

You’ll have to wait and see what Father Christmas brings you.

hardly [scarecely] ever = rarely or never 좀처럼 ~하지 않다

have no other resource but

He hardly ever smiles.

He rarely or never laughs.

do nothing but ~만 하다

⑵ 부정사의 부정(negation)

You had better not go to a movie.

go to a movie=go to the movies, go to the cinema, go (to) see motion pictures, see [watch] 영화보러 가다

You’re wrong not to inform the police.

She decided not to see him any more.

He took off his shoes so as not to make any noise.

take off = remove 벗다. make a noise 떠들다

⑶ 분리부정사(split infinitive)

He prepared to silently to keep her company.

keep [bear] a person company ① ~와 동행하다(go with) ② ~의 동반 [상대]가 되다

What is important is to carefully deal with it.

deal with ① 다루다, 처리하다(handle, manage) ② ~를 대우하다, 대하다(treat, do with) ③ ~와 거래하다( ④ ~와 교제하다

He failed to entirely understand it.

He likes to half close his eyes.

close his eyes ① 눈을 감다(shut one’s eyes) ② 죽다(die)

He was too ill to really carry out his duty

carry out = perform, put into practice, execute 실행하다, 성취하다

⑷ 대부정사(pro- infinitive)

He told them not to.

You can even swim in the lake – if you feel inclined to.

⑸ so ~ that, too ~ to

Madeline is such a caring woman that everybody likes her.

It’s such a tiny kitchen that I don’t have to do much to keep it clean.

It was such a lovely day (that) we went on a picnic.

= It was so lovely a day (that) we went on a picnic.

He is so wealthy that he can afford a car.

= He is so wealthy as to afford a car.

= He is wealthy enough to afford a car.

He had a fright that he fell into a swoon.

= He was so frightened that he fell into a swoon.

= His fright was such that he fell into a swoon.

fall into a swoon= fall into a faint, swoon, faint, go into fits, hear the birdie sing 기절하다, 졸도하다.

have a fit ① 발작 [경련]을 일으키다, 졸도하다 ② throw a fit 깜짝 놀라다, 노발대발하다, (어린이가) 발작적으로 울부짓다

It is never too late to mend. 잘못을 고치는데 늦다는 것은 없다.

My coffee is too hot for me to drink.

= My coffee is so hot that I can’t drink it.

By this time the disease was too far advanced to be treated.

Problems are so easy that they could solve them easily.

= Problems are easy enough for them to solve easily.

A free cruise to Apaculpo – that’s too good an opportunity to miss.

Amanda is much too young to get married.

The sleeping girl was too heavy for him to lift.

= The sleeping girl was so heavy that he could not lift her.

She had the impudence to answer her teacher back.

= She was impudent enough to answer her teacher back.

= She was so impudent as to answer her teacher back.

= She was impudent enough that she answered her teacher back.

= She was so impudent that she answered her teacher back.

= She was very [extremely] impudent that she answered her teacher back.

= She impudently answered her teacher back. 그녀는 건방지게도 선생님께 말대꾸를 했다.

enough

Will you be kind enough to write this letter for me. 저를 위해서 이 편지를 좀 써 주시겠습니까?

Would you be kind enough to let us know when you are arriving?

He said he would never see her again and I was gullible enough to believe him.

gull 속이다, 갈매기. gullible 잘 속는. credulous 잘 믿는, 속기 쉬운. trusting 믿고 있는, 잘 믿는

Is your tea sweet enough?

Is it warm enough for you?

of

It is careless of you to make such a mistake.

It was careless of me to leave the window unlock.

compassionate.

It was careless of her to leave her mobile phone at home.

compassionate

It was foolish of him to waste his money on such trifles. 그런 사소한 일에 돈을 낭비하다니 그는 어리석었다.

It was very generous of you to lend me lots of money.

It is good of you to ask me out. 초대해 주셔서 감사합니다.

It is very kind of you to lend me the book. 책을 빌려 주셔서 고맙습니다.

It is very kind of you to give us a ride to the station.

= It is very kind of you to run us to [as far as] the station.

give a person a ride [a lift] = ~를 태워주다

A man gave me a ride back to Harrisburg.

get a (free) ride = hitch [thumb] a ride [a lift] 편승하다, 얻어타다

I managed to get a free ride down to the station.

She hitched a ride into town.

hitch [hitchhike, thumb] one’s way = (to the next station, to Seoul) (다음 마을까지, 서울까지) 얻어타고 가다.

She thumbed her way to Chicago. 그녀는 시카고까지 얻어타고 갔다.

It was very kind of her to help the old lady.

It is nice of you to buy me a lunch.

It was polite of him to see his guest home.

see [escort] a person home 집까지 바래다 주다

see [show] a person in 안으로 안내하다

see [show] a person out 현관까지 배웅하다

He saw[escorted] her to the station. 그는 그녀를 역까지 바래다 주었다.

It was very rude of him to do such a thing.

It’s silly of you to trust her. 그여자를 믿다니 너는 어리석구나.

It was silly of you to go by taxi.

= You’re very silly to go by taxi.

It was stupid of me to lose my temper.

lose one’s temper = get out of temper ① 화내다(get [become) angry, take offense), 울화통을 터뜨리다(get [fly] into a temper. get[have, take] a miff) ② 참을성을 잊다

fly into a fury = fly into a rage 벌컥 화내다, 격노하다

show temper 노기를 나타내다

keep [control] one’s temper = contain one’s anger 화를 참다

recover one’s temper 냉정을 되찾다

It was really thoughtful of you to remember my birthday.

It’s so thoughtless of John to smoke when there’s a baby around.

ugly

It was wise of her to give him a flat refusal.

It was wise of you to make a fresh start.