2005. 5. 1. 일요일-메이데이의 유래와 노동자,노동조합 등에 관한 단어를

[anarchist]

2005. 5. 1. 일요일~

1. 메이데이의 유래와 노동자,노동조합 등에 관한 단어를

메이데이

May Day

매년 5월 1일로 세계적으로 채택된 국제적 노동절.

1889년 국제사회주의회의(International Socialist Congress)는 메이데이를 세계노동절로 지정했다. 소련을 비롯한 여러 사회주의 국가에서는 메이데이를 기념해 휴일로 지키며 그밖의 나라에서는 이 날을 계기로 중요한 정치적 시위들이 전개된다. → 근로자의 날

근로자의 날 勤勞者 ── 한국의 노동자 기념일(매년 5.1). 매년 5월 1일은 메이데이라 불리는 국제적 노동절이기도 하다. 근로자의 날은 그 명칭과 날짜에 있어서 변경을 거듭하며 오늘에 이르렀다. 한국은 1958년 이래 대한노동조합총연맹(약칭 대한노총) 창립일인 3월 10일을 노동절로 정해 행사를 치러오다가 1963년 4월 17일 단행된 노동법 개정 과정에서 명칭을 근로자의 날로 바꾸고 유급휴일로 정했으며, 1994년에 이르러서는 근로자의 날을 메이데이와 일치하는 5월 1일로 변경했던 것이다. 오늘날 국제적으로 기념되고 있는 노동절의 기원은 자본주의가 급격한 발전을 거듭하던 1800년대 중반으로 거슬러 올라간다. 1866년 마르크스가 제1차 인터내셔널 강령에서 8시간 노동제의 법제화를 요구한 이래 8시간 노동제의 문제는 자본주의가 제국주의 단계로 이행하던 19세기 후반 세계 노동운동의 중심적 문제였다. 한편 이러한 요구가 미국의 노동운동에도 수용되어 광범위한 운동으로 전개되었다. 1884년 5월 1일 미국의 방직노동자가 8시간 노동제를 요구하며 쟁의를 시작하고 각 노조가 이에 호응하여 총파업을 단행했다. 이어 1886년 5월 1일 시카고의 '노동조합연합회'를 중심으로 8시간노동·8시간휴식·8시간교육을 요구하는 총파업을 단행했다. 이 과정에서 많은 노동자들이 죽거나 부상당하고 체포되었다. 미국 노동자의 시위는 1889년 파리에서 열린 제2차 인터내셔널 대회에 보고되었다. 이 대회는 미국 노동자의 5월 1일 시위를 기념하여 이날을 국제적인 시위운동의 날로 결정했다. 한국의 노동계급은 일제강점기에는 각 노동조합을 중심으로, 그리고 해방 이후에는 조선노동조합전국평의회(약칭 전평)를 중심으로 5월 1일을 노동절로 정하여 행사를 치러왔다. 그러나 전평이 미군정의 좌익 탄압에 의해 와해됨에 따라 형식적 행사만 치러져왔으며, 군사정권이 등장하면서 그 명칭마저도 '근로자의 날'로 변경되었다. 이는 1961년 5·16군사정변으로 등장한 군사정권이 민정으로 이양하기 위한 체제정비를 하는 가운데 이루어졌다. 1963년 4월 17일 군사정권은 노동조합법·노동쟁의조정법·노동위원회법 등의 개정을 통해 노동통제의 기반을 마련함과 동시에 '노동', '노동자'라는 개념 속에 내포되어 있는 계급의식을 희석시키기 위해 '근로자'라는 개념으로 바꾸었는데 이때 '근로자의 날' 제정에 관한 법률도 공포되었다. 그러나 1980년대 이후 노동계급의 진출이 확대되고 노동운동이 급격히 활성화되면서 대한노총이 주도하는 종전의 근로자의 날(3.10) 행사와 의미는 형식화되고 5월 1일 메이데이가 복원되어 행사가 이루어지는 이원화 양상을 보였다. 1994년 1월 25일 정부는 근로자의 날을 5월 1일로 변경했으나 명칭은 그대로 두었다.

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내용을 인용하시려면 인용 부분에 다음과 같은 주를 달아야 합니다.
"근로자의 날" 한국 브리태니커 온라인
<http://members.britannica.co.kr/bol/topic.asp?article_id=b03g0078a>
[2005. 5. 1자 기사]

COPYRIGHT (C)한국브리태니커회사, 1999-2003

Labor Day / May Day

The observation of Labor Day on the first Monday in September is usually attributed to the Knights of Labor who held their first parade on September 5, 1882. But far more important is the Haymarket Riot/Massacre of 1886. (See also graveyards.com and kentlaw.edu. There are several interpretations of what occurred, and monuments have been constructed to both the demonstrators and the police. A reasonable summary is that the labor organizers were peacefully demonstrating for an eight hour day, an anarchist threw a bomb in to the crowd, which killed a policeman, the police killed several demonstrators and some policemen, the powers that be arrested the labor leaders.

It was in 1887 that Oregon became the first state to establish Labor Day as a holiday, which it put on the first Saturday in June. Colorado, Massachusetts, New Jersey, and New York observed Labor Day on the first Monday in September that year. Then in 1889, the First (Paris) Congress of the Second Socialist International selected May First as a day for international celebration of the working man, no matter what day of the week it fell on. May first was chosen in commemoration of the Haymarket Massacre which occured in Chicago in 1886. In 1894, the first Monday in September was established as a federal holiday in the United States.

Why should the American working man celebrate Labor Day in September when the workers of the world are celebrating it on May first in commemoration of American Martyrs to the labor movement? This question is clarified by the fact that May first is observed unilaterally by workers (not by management), while the September holiday is enjoyed by all, perpetuating the myth that Labor and Management are both working together. The proclamation of Labor Day in September in the United States can only be interpreted as an effort to isolate the working American from his colleagues around the world, and obscure the history of what Management did to Labor in Chicago in 1886. Labor Day in the United States is better described as mocking than celebrating the working man in America.

[The immediate cause of the establishment of Labor Day as a holiday in September was to appease the working man after the Crushing of the Pullman strike in 1894.]

July 1996

원전 : http://www.cs.uni.edu/~campbell/gened/labour.html

wokker

1. sb who works in a cmpany or organization

worker

employee

member of staff

worker

sb who works in a job, esp. a job thar does not invove managing people and that does not pay a lot of money(/n C)

We want better  communication between workers and management.

skilled/unskilled worker

manual worker

2. all the people who work in a company, organization, or country

staff : all the people who work in a company, organization, school,etc

The school has a staff of fifty-two teachers.

workforce : al the people that work in a counrty, indusrty, or large organization

Women make up 41% of hte workforce.

personnel

labor 임노동자

skilled/unskilled labour

cheap labour

labour force

manpower

she runs a service advising manpower to patrol the area.

personnel

a word used in official or business contexts meaning the people employed by a particular company, organizatio, etc

In the event of a fire, all personnel must report to the reception area.

2005. 5. 3. 아침 06:55

3. ways of saying waht type of people work in a particular company or organizing

be staffed by

The corporation is owned by American bisiness, but staffed by Koreans.

be manned by

if a factory,mine,farm etc is manned by a particular group of people, they are the people who work there.

All that time the mines an d factories were largely manned by immigrant labours.

4. sb that you work with

collegue

workmate

co-work

collegue : a word meaning sb you work with, used professional people or managers

I'd like you to meet a collegue of mine, Jean Michel. 

workmate : sb that work with,esp.sb who works closely with you or does a similar job

co-worker: q word used esp. in American English Englishmeaning sb that you work with

I enjoyed my job and liked my co-workers.

5. ways of saying that a company or organization does not have enough people working in it

be understaffed

be short-staffed

be shart-handed

be understaffed ; a company or organization that is understaffed does not have enugh people working in it because it cannot or will not employ more people

It's crazy that unemployment is sky-high while so many companies are still understtaffed.

be short-staffed : to not have as many workers as usual, for example because some are away on holiday and there is no one to replace them

If they're so short-staffed, why don'y they simply hire more staff?

be shart-handed : if a company or team of workers is short-handed, they do not have the number of people they need to do a job properly or on time

Let me know if you're short-handed- I'll get a couple of the boys to help out. 

6. ways of sying that a company or organization has too many people working in it

be overstaffed

overmanning

be overstaffed

Workers'organizations are disputing management claims that the industry is overstaffed.

overmanning

a situation in which company or organization employs too many people for the work that needs doing and so makes less profit than it could make it

The company says that last year's losses aere due to overmanning in their distributition department.

-Lonman Languge Activator

노동조합

trade union(BrE)

labor union(AmE)

shop steward 노조위원장

open shop  : 클로즈드 숍(closed shop)의 반대개념이다. 종업원 자격과 조합원 자격과는 서로 관계가 없기 때문에 조합원 ·비조합원을 불문하고 똑같이 고용의 기회가 부여된다. 따라서 사용자측에서 비조합원인 노동자만을 고용하여 노동조합을 배제하는 데 악용하기도 하였다.

한국에서는 공무원을 제외한 모든 근로자에게 오픈숍을 적용하고 있으며(노동조합법 8조), 이를 이유로 해고 등 근로자에게 불이익을 주는 사용자의 행위를 ‘부당노동행위’로 규제하고 있다(39조).

closed shop : 클로즈드숍은 "노동자를 고용할 때, 노동조합원임을 고용조건으로 내세우는 제도로서, 사용자자는 조합에 가입한 사람 이외는 고용할 수 없게 되고, 조합을 탈퇴하거나 제명된 사람은 해고"해야 하는 것입니다.

노사간에 협정이 있으면, 고용자는 조합에 가입한 사람 이외는 고용할 수 없게 되고, 조합을 탈퇴하거나 제명된 사람은 해고해야 한다. 이는 직업별 조합이 노동시장을 완전히 지배하기 위하여 채택한 제도이다. 그러나 기계화의 진행에 따라 직종의 변화가 심해지고 다량의 미숙련근로자가 유입(流入)하는 현상이 생겼기 때문에, 숙련공의 직업별 조합이 만든 클로즈드숍 제도는 유지하기가 어렵다.

union shop : 유니언숍이란 "사용자가 종업원을 고용할 때는 자유이나, 일단 채용이 되면 반드시 노동조합에 가입해야 하며 조합으로부터 제명·탈퇴한 자는 회사가 해고해야만 한다는 것을 정한 노동협약상의 조항"을 말합니다.

즉, 근로자가 노동조합원의 자격을 취득하지 않거나 자격을 상실하였을 때 사용자로 하여금 당해 노동자와의 고용관계를 종식하도록 함으로써 간접적으로 노동조합의 유지·확대를 기하려는 제도이다. 이 제도는 일본에서 많이 채용되었다.

irregular job.

비정규직(非正規職)이란 말 그대로 ‘정규직이 아닌 자’를 말한다. 영어로는 atypical, irregular, non-standard, precarious 등 다양한 용어가 사용되고 있다

). 비정규노동센터 (2000) 의 보고서는 비정규직 을 영어의 contingent work 개념에 일치시켜 사용하면서 , atypical employment 라는 개념에는 고액연봉의 계약직근로자나

www.naver.com

노동자  

노동자 勞動者
[단칭] a laborer; a worker; a workman; a workingman; a wage earner; [총칭] the laboring [working] population; work people; labor(집단).
자본가와 ~ capital and labor
~측과 회사측 labor and management
~의 생활을 개선하다 improve the life of the workingmen; better the life of labor.
◆ 계절 ━ a seasonal (migrant) laborer.
미숙련 ━ an unskilled laborer.
숙련 ━ a skilled laborer.
육체 ━ a muscular laborer.
임금 ━ a wage earner; a wageworker.
임시 ━ a temparary [casual] laborer.
정신 ━ a mental [brain] worker.
조직 ━ organized workers [labor].
━ 계급 the laboring [working] classes.
━ 귀족 a labor aristocrat.
━ 모집 labor recruitment.
━ 보호 protection of laborers.
━ 부족 labor famine; a shortage of labor.
━ 수용소 a labor camp.
━ 재해 workmen's [workers'] accident.
━ 재해 보상 compensation for workmen's accident.
━ 재해 보상 보험 workmen's (accident) compensation insurance.
━ 주택 계획 a labor housing project.
━ 합숙소 a labor boarding house.

노동조합

-http://www.yahoo.co.kr

노동조합 勞動組合

a labor union; ((英)) a trade(s) union.
~의 운영 management [operation] of a labor [trade] union.
◆ 어용 ━ a company-dominated union.
━ 간부 a union leader.
━ 규약 the constitution of a labor [trade] union; a union constitution.
━ 법 the Labor [Trade] Union Act.
━ 원 a member of a labor union; a (trade) unionist; a union man.
━ 주의 unionism; laborism.
국제 자유 ━ 연맹 the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions(略: ICFTU).
세계 ━ 연맹 the World Federation of Trade Union(略: WFTU).
전국 민주 ━ 총연맹 the Korean Confederation of Trade Unions(민주 노총).
한국 ━ 총연맹 the Federation of Korean Trade Unions(한국 노총).

-http://www.yahoo.co.kr

The union leader said that they would take industrial action it htey did not get more pay.

(didustrial)dispute

The men are all on strike.

The country has had a lot of strikes lately.

The strike leader met their employers.

stoppage

There has been another stoppage at the factory.

work-to-rule(BrE) a form of working which slows down activity, because attention is paid to every point in the rules, even when unnecessary

go-slow(BrE), slow-down(strike)

AmE the attention of refusing to put more than the least effort into work, as a form of industrial action

The workers are on a go-slow today.

picket

He did not cross the picket liines.

workman : a person who does  heavy manusl work, esp.on building sites.

white-collar worker

the working class

experienced

enexperienced

qulified

unqualified

They are rather inexperienced for this kind of work.

He's had a lot of experience of this kind of problem.

All these mistakes are because of his relative inexperience in this area.

a qualified accountant

picket line

-be continued

WSWS : Workers Struggles Around the World Workers Struggles: The Americas 3 May 2005 Use this version to print | Send this link by email | Email the author The World Socialist Web Site invites workers and other readers to contribute to this regular feature. Latin America Mexican sweatshop workers threaten to strike Five hundred workers at the “Peace Industries” plant in Chihuahua, Mexico are threatening to strike over the unjustified firing of eight workers at this maquiladora. The discharged workers were union organizers. Hunger strike in Chile Five female union workers at La Ideal industrial laundry in Calama, Chile went on hunger strike April 27 and are threatening to go without liquids this Monday unless their demand for a 10 percent raise is addressed. Management has offered 0.8 percent. Under Chilean regulations, management’s offer represented an insufficient counterproposal, leading to a government fine. The women resorted to a hunger strike after repeatedly trying unsuccessfully to meet with management. In response, management reprimanded them for attempting to negotiate. resort to/vt. to do sth that you do not want to do They mayhave to resort ot court action. resort to sth phrasal verb to do something that you do not want to do because you cannot find any other way of achieving something: I had to resort to violence/threats to get my money. [+ ing form of verb] When she didn't answer the telephone, I resorted to standing outside her window and calling up to her. Argentine health workers to strike The Union of Health Workers (SITRASA) in Argentina’s northern Formosa province announced a 48-hour strike to begin May 2. SITRASA leaders said this is the third strike to demand wage increases to compensate for the rising cost of living. Workers are fighting the wage freeze currently in effect and low family stipends. Health workers in the Provinces of Neuquen and Buenos Aires are also on strike over wages. stipend n. money paid regularly for professional duties, esp. to apriest, or to someone on a low income Strike by dairy workers in Chile Over 300 workers at the SOPROLE Dairy near Santiago are on strike demanding higher wages in an action that began April 5. Workers say that management is violating a contract signed with maintenance workers at the dairy. For its part the company holds that wages are now tied to productivity increases and that workers have not met their targets. The new payment procedures were first agreed to in 2003. Workers are expected to meet “key performance indicators.” In return bonuses were handed out every three months. The biggest bonuses were given to team managers. This year management raised the bar and workers found that they could not meet the goals. For maintenance workers the problem was compounded by the fact that management stopped buying sufficient spare parts to keep machines in proper functioning order. More than half the strikers earn less than US$345 a month. It is difficult for them to predict what their wages will be from month to month, since this depends on the productivity formula. Many of the workers are forced to labor seven days a week and more than four Sundays in a row; something against the law in Chile. Argentine auto workers to begin job actions The Mechanics Union (SMATA) announced that beginning May 2 it would stage protest strikes in plants operated by Daimler-Chrysler, Volkswagen, Ford and General Motors. Each day the strike will increase by one hour. On May 11 the strike will be all day. SMATA is demanding a US$700 monthly wage for the lower job categories. to stage : to organize an event or performance. United States Waste Management workers strike over company harassment Empire Waste Management workers at sites in Santa Rosa and Sacramento, California went out on strike April 28 charging management with harassment and withholding wages and tool allowances. Operating Engineers Local 3, which represents about 130 truck drivers, mechanics dispatchers and sorters, labeled the action an unfair labor practice strike. In 2004, the National Labor Relations Board ruled in favor of the union and Empire Waste Management signed an agreement pledging to end harassment and bad faith bargaining. But the company’s campaign resumed within a short period of time. Management is accused of interrogating workers suspected of supporting the union. It also seeks to approach workers on an individual basis to deal with wage increases and has sabotaged union negotiations for two years. The company also refuses to allow the union to post messages on a bulletin board. The president of Local 3, Frank Herrera, assailed the company’s tactics, saying, “These are nineteenth century union-busting tactics being used by a $21 billion company, in 2005, right here in our own community.” Sickout by bus drivers in Philadelphia Forty bus drivers for Council Rock in suburban Philadelphia called in sick April 29 over conflicts with the Ohio-based contractor First Student. The action affected some 155 daily runs that provide transportation to about 14,000 students at both public and private schools. First Student compelled both mechanics and office personnel to fill in during the sickout. Teamsters Local 115, which represents the drivers, has made no comment. The Council Rock school district will pay First Student some $7.2 million during the 2004-2005 school year to transport students. Labor report highlights job-related deaths among workers The AFL-CIO released a report covering the year 2003 that cites Wyoming as ranking first in worker death rates on the job and Texas as ranking number one for deaths among Hispanics. The report, “Death on the Job: The Toll of Neglect, a National State-by-State Profile of Worker Safety and Health in the United States,” found Wyoming had a death toll of 33 workers or a death rate of 13.9 per 100,000 workers. Following Wyoming were Montana and Alaska. The fatalities involved mining, construction and exposure to harmful substances. Texas, which ranked 24th among the 50 states in worker fatalities, was singled out for having the highest death toll among Hispanics in 2003. Texas had 491 deaths out of the nationwide total of 5,559, with 163 of them representing workers of Hispanic origin. It marked a 48 percent increase from 1992 and reflects the growing oppression of immigrant workers who toil in the most dangerous industries. California and Florida ranked second and third respectively behind Texas in Hispanic deaths. Canada Quebec teachers stage one-day strike Quebec teachers at most of the province’s CEGEP (Collège d’Enseignement Général et Professionnel) schools—public schools at the senior high school level—walked out on April 25 in a one-day strike. The main issue is reduced funding, which causes many problems, including low salaries, insufficient money for renovations, and oversized classes. While the typical class size used to be about 30 students, now it can be over 40, sometimes up to 45. Negotiations with the province have been continuing for three years. The walkout is part of a union strategy of rotating strikes affecting elementary and high schools and CEGEPs across the province. French-language teachers walked out on April 14 and teachers of Quebec’s English-language system went on a strike on April 19. A one-day general strike of the province’s teachers is scheduled for May 6. The CEGEP system includes 48 pre-university and vocational schools across the province. Ottawa high school teachers vote to strike Over 1,700 teachers with the Ottawa-Carleton District School Board voted 86 percent in favor of a strike on April 28. The teachers are represented by Ontario Secondary School Teachers Federation (OSSTF), whose previous contract expired last year in August. The strike vote comes after 12 days of negotiations failed to resolve the issues of workload and compensation. 교사들도 파업을 할수 있다니 Top of page The WSWS invites your comments. Copyright 1998-2005 World Socialist Web Site All rights reserved