<P>하실번호 댓글로 남겨주시면 감사하겠습니다.</P>
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<P>151번<BR>\n\nThese veterans of the American War of Independence possess hard-earned battle experience. Light and fast, they can quickly reach areas of the battlefield where they are most needed, cutting down the enemy with their curved sabres. Their speed makes them especially effective against units such as artillery and skirmishers, as they can close before taking too much fire. Heavier cavalry units or line infantry in square will overmatch the Hussards, as their mounts are chosen for speed, not strength.\n\nThe 5e Regiment de Hussards has its roots in the Légion de Lauzun, which was formed in 1778 and saw action during the American War of Independence. The regiment earned itself a reputation for bravery and stoic resolve at the Battle of Yorktown where it chased down a unit of light horse commanded by the famous British commander Banastre Tarleton. The Légion de Lauzun was renamed in 1793 and became the 5e Regiment de Hussards, seeing service in several key battles of the Napoleonic Wars before eventually being disbanded in November 1815.</P>
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<P>152번<BR>\n\nThey are also equal to the job of quelling troublesome civilians, but their lack of training means that they should not be expected to fight as well as regular soldiers. These are the people-in-arms, not a hardened force of veterans. Against well-handled and disciplined soldiers, they will suffer heavy losses. They are, however, a useful force of garrison troops, and can help keep order at relatively low cost.\n\nIn 1812 Prussia had been compelled to aid Napoleon’s invasion of Russia. General Yorck, the officer in charge of the Prussian Auxiliary Corps, was a well-respected patriot, and an experienced soldier. It was obvious to him that the French were going to be defeated, so he declared his corps neutral and aided the Russians in taking East Prussia. As East Prussia, if not the whole country, was at war with France, an army was needed to defend it and the result was the recruitment of a large body of Landwehr militia. Yorck’s decision to defy the French produced the Russo-Prussian alliance of 1813, a significant bloc against Napoleon’s France.</P>
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<P>153번<BR>\n\nThey are an extremely versatile force, and can be relied on to give a good account of themselves in most circumstances. Cavalry will have an extremely hard time breaking any Brunswick square. However, like other line infantry they cannot be left exposed to punishing cannon fire: their bravery and skills are of little use against an artillery bombardment. Like other musket-armed infantry they are vulnerable to skirmishers if their attackers keep under cover and at long range.\n\nBrunswick Infantry fought alongside British troops in the Peninsular War (1810-14). They were organised, armed and equipped in a largely British fashion, as might have been expected: the men came from the “Black Band”, a Brunswicker force that had been evacuated from Germany by the Royal Navy just ahead of an advancing French army. Once reformed and retrained, and then despatched to Spain, the Brunswickers proved their worth time and again as troops who could be relied on to fight, and fight hard. They kept this reputation, and were in the Anglo-Allied army at Waterloo (18 June 1815), gallantly defending the farmhouse of La Haye Sainte against repeated French attacks.</P>
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<P>154번<BR>\n\nThis 24-gun ship is not a ship-of-the-line, and would not last long in combat against such an opponent. Rather than heavy firepower, it is built for speed and easy handling; the guns on board are much lighter than those used by even the smallest battle ship. A frigate is not suited to close combat, its hull and masts would not survive a heavy enemy broadside. Instead, their advantage lies in the long range qualities of their relatively accurate 9-pounder guns, and their manoeuvrability against lumbering ships. They can, quite simply, outmanoeuvre larger opponents, and choose to run if the odds are against them.\n\nHistorically, a frigate’s guns were all mounted together on a single deck well above the waterline. Warships often had their guns split between the upper and lower decks, and during rough weather would have to close the lower gun ports to prevent swamping. A frigate had no guns close to the waterline, so was not handicapped by this problem and could deploy all its guns all the time. A frigate was seen as a desirable posting for a young officer, as it offered the chance of prize money and the chance to be noticed as a dashing and brave commander.</P>
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<P>155번<BR>\n\nThis commander’s presence alone is enough to inspire battle-weary troops to fight on, even in the bleakest of situations. A general who carries the respect and adoration of his troops is a valuable asset and should be treasured. It is advisable to keep this man away from the thick of battle, not only for his protection but to allow him to keep a cool head and make the necessary decisions to win a decisive victory.\n\nCount von Bennigsen started his military career in the Hanoverian army but soon retired and then joined the Russian army as a field officer. Although Bennigsen led a distinguished career in the Russian army, rising quickly through the ranks, he was removed from military service due to his involvement in the plot to assassinate Tsar Paul I. This seemed of little consequence to the Tsar’s heir, Alexander I, who reinstated Bennigsen immediately after his father’s death and made him a general of cavalry in 1802. His was later awarded the Order of St. Andrew, the highest order bestowed by the Russian empire.</P>
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<P>156번<BR>\n\nThis elite artillery unit is capable causing a swathe of devastation and chaos in the enemy. Though very precise, it does have the disadvantage of being vulnerable to fast moving cavalry and melee attacks. The soldiers who man these guns should not be expected to defend themselves in melee for very long: they are gunners, not warriors. Their power lies in the cannons, so placing them at a safe distance from the fray is advisable.\n\nHistorically, the French army owed the success of its artillery to Jean-Baptiste Vaquette de Gribeauval. The son of a magistrate, he entered the French Royal Artillery as a volunteer, and quickly rose through the ranks. After becoming lieutenant-general and commander of the order of St Louis in 1765, he fell out of favour with the royal court and only returned in 1776, when he obtained the position of first inspector of artillery. It was during this time that he began a series of reforms that revolutionised French cannon production. His Gribeauval System of standardised components was adopted by other nations, including the United States.</P>
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<P>157번<BR>\n\nThis elite unit is precise and deadly, but it does have the disadvantage of being vulnerable to fast moving cavalry and melee attacks. The soldiers who man these guns, although armed with swords, are not trained to defend themselves effectively. The power here lies in the cannons, and placing them at a discreet distance from the fray is always advisable.\n\nFormed in 1808, the Artillerie à Pied consisted of six companies of gunners and a company of ouvriers-pontonniers. These ouvriers-pontonniers were responsible for building bridges, allowing the artillery to pass swiftly and safely to their positions. There was some argument amongst the engineers and the artillery over who had command of these men but it was eventually decided that they should be assigned to the artillery. Ouvriers-pontonniers could construct a bridge of sixty to eighty pontoons, some 500 feet or 150 metres long, in just seven hours. They were also known to improvise if supplies were short, creating bridges from any materials that were to hand.</P>
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<P>158번<BR>\n\nThis frigate is the largest design of the type, and the relatively heavy 18-pounders it carries balance both firepower and reasonable accuracy. Against another frigate, the 38 is a dangerous opponent, but in close combat against a ship-of-the-line it is outmatched: like all frigates, it has been built for speed, not hull strength. In battle against a powerful enemy the best strategy is to keep out of range, and choose when and where to engage, taking advantage of the fact that the crew can reload the 18-pounders relatively quickly.\n\nHistorically, frigates were usually involved in single-ship actions, against other frigates rather than set-piece fleet battles involving ships-of-the-line. In fact, it was seen as ungentlemanly for a ship-of-the-line to fire upon a frigate, unless the frigate fired first. In such a case, the frigate captain had shown that he was ready for a fight that he was unlikely to win. This was not the only quirky rule of naval combat in the period. It was common to “clear for action” and put the captain’s furniture in a ship’s boat that was towed during any fight. It was considered very unsporting for an enemy to shoot at a captain’s private property!</P>
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<P>159번<BR>\n\nThis impressive piece of artillery, named for the unicorn traditionally engraved on the barrel, has fantastic range capabilities and fires a wide array of shot types. A howitzer and cannon hybrid, the unicorn is operated by skilled artillerymen who, although expertly trained in the firing of cannons, lack skills required for effective defence in melee. However, the power and versatility of the unicorn guns on the battlefield more than make up for this weakness.\n\nThe first unicorn was cast by Andrey Chokhov, a Russian gun founder who began his career during the reign of Ivan the Terrible (1547-84). He supervised the creation of many of Russia’s most famous artillery pieces including the behemoth “Tsar Pushka”, or Tsar Cannon. This masterpiece was commissioned by Tsar Feodor and weighed a whopping 38 metric tons. It originally sat on a wooden carriage that was later destroyed during Napoleon’s attack on Moscow in 1812. It now sits in the Kremlin next to the “Tsar Bell”, the biggest bell ever made but never rung.</P>
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<P>160번<BR>\n\nThis light infantry unit is used to harass and disrupt the enemy during battle. Like other skirmishers, grenzers consider themselves a cut above most infantrymen. They are expected to show individual aggression, initiative and soldiering skills, not just blindly obey and fight in formation. Their inability to form an effective square formation does leave them vulnerable to cavalry, but their fire accuracy is adequate compensation.\n\nHistorically, the Austrians had a tradition of creating high-quality light forces such as hussars and skirmishers. The grenzers were part of this tradition, recruited from among the Croat and Transylvania population of the Austrian Empire’s domains as frontier guards against the Turks. As frontiersmen, they had a certain air of lawlessness and even banditry, but they proved extremely able light troops. Over time, they became a hybrid type between line infantry and skirmishers: often deployed in battle in the line, but with the ability to skirmish when necessary. As an identifiable infantry nomenclature, grenzers remained in Austrian service until the end of the First World War in 1918.</P>
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<P>161번<BR>\n\nThis man’s presence alone is enough to inspire the battle-weary rank and file great efforts, even in their bleakest moments. A general who carries the respect of his troops is a valuable asset and should be protected in battle. Apart from anything else, it is not wise to expose the Tsar to the cut and thrust of battle. He should have his mind on command, not dodging bullets.\n\nThe circumstances that surrounded Alexander I’s death were intriguing, even in comparison to his interesting life. In 1825, his wife’s doctors recommended a trip to the Russian southern city of Taganrog, as the Tsarina had been sick for some time. During their stay, Alexander developed typhus and died. The sudden and unexpected nature of his death led many to speculate that he had faked his own death and left the country to begin a new life in peace and solitude. Some even believed that he took the name Feodor Kozmich and became a hermit, although this was never proven. Regardless of rumour or truth, when Tsar Alexander’s tomb was opened by the later Soviet government it was found to be completely empty.</P>
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<P>162번<BR>\n\nThis man’s presence alone is enough to inspire the battle-weary rank and file great efforts, even in their bleakest moments. A general who carries the respect of his troops is a valuable asset and should be protected in battle. He should be kept away from the cut and thrust of battle, as he should have his mind on command, not dodging bullets.\n\nSwedish by birth, Gebhard von Blücher transferred his allegiance to Prussia after he was captured in 1760. However, a slight tendency towards excess often meant he was passed over for promotion, leading him to resign his commission in 1773. Upon receiving this resignation Fredrick the Great was reported to say “Captain Blücher can take himself to the devil.” He was blacklisted, and Blücher was unable to rejoin the army until after the death of Fredrick. Once back, he distinguished himself, going on to play one of the key roles in the Allied victory at Waterloo.</P>
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<P>163번<BR>\n\nThis square-rigged ship is armed with 12-pounders on the only gun deck. The cannons it carries do not have the same punch as the guns found on larger ships, but they are more than capable of damaging smaller ships. The speed and handling characteristics of a 32-gun frigate allow it to choose when and where to engage a slower enemy. Whereas most ships must blast away at close range, this frigate can pepper an enemy at a distance.\n\nThe first 32-gun frigates were introduced in 1756 and classed as “fifth rates” by the Royal Navy. The Southampton-class of frigates were British built and had more headroom on the lower deck than the French frigate models. British frigates had been derived from the French designs: the British were impressed with the French design, and copied captured examples for their own fleet. Although not usually commanded by a full captain, a frigate was a desirable ship for an ambitious officer as it gave him a taste of independent command.</P>
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<P>164번<BR>\n\nThis three-deck warship is a design compromise between wanting the firepower of a “first rate” battleship with the sea-keeping qualities of a 74-gun ship. Like many compromises, the result is not perfect, but the extra weight of fire in the broadside does compensate for poor sailing qualities. The design does have one unexpected benefit: enemy captains are often quick to identify this ship as a much larger vessel and run from a superior enemy!\n\nThe lower gun deck houses 32-pounders, and this explains the “tumblehome” shape: the bulge at water level and just above in the hull allows more room on the lower decks for the recoil of large cannons. Lighter guns on the higher decks did not recoil to the same extent.\n\nHistorically, only the British Royal Navy commissioned ships of this “second rate” class; other nations built large “first rates” instead. This was probably due to the Royal Navy’s need for large ships to act as flagships on foreign stations, an assignment that would have been wasteful and expensive for a very large ship. The second rate did retain some of the more favourable qualities of a first rate, including a robust hull. During the Battle of Cape Saint Vincent (1780) HMS Blenheim fought the Santissima Trinidad and took 105 hits to the hull, but only 13 crew members were killed and 48 wounded.</P>
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<P>165번<BR>\n\nThis three-deck warship is a modified “second rate” ship, and the addition of extra guns alters the balance of the vessel and consequently its handling. While a normal second rate is somewhat lumbering, this ship is even less handy and responsive to the helm. The benefits in terms of additional firepower do, however, handsomely compensate for a loss of manoeuvrability.\n\nHistorically, the 98-gun ship was created by simply adding extra guns to the quarterdeck and increasing the weight of some of the other cannon. However, few nations chose to commission original ships of this type, preferring to build normal “first rates” instead. Only the Royal Navy bothered, as it needed large ships to act as flagships on overseas postings. Nine 98-gun ships were ordered during the French Revolutionary Wars, including HMS Boyne and HMS Union, both ship names emphasising loyalty to the British Crown.<BR></P>
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미국의 독립전쟁의 베테랑인 이들은 힘들게 얻은 전쟁경험을 가지고 있다. 가볍고 빠른 그 들은 그들을 가장 필요로 하는 곳으로 그들의 휘어진 사브레를 가지고 적들을 제압하며 재빠르게 도달할 수 있다. 그들의 속도는 너무 많은 포격을 당하기 전에 근접할 수 있으므로 포병과 척후병같은 유닛들에 효과적으로 대응할 수 있게 만든다. 경기병의 승마 목적이 힘에 둔 것이 아니라 스피드에 둔 것이기 때문에 방진의 중갑기병이나 전열보병은 경기병을 압도할 것이다. \n\n제 5경기병 연대는 그것의 뿌리를 1778년에 형성되고 미국의 독립전쟁 때 활약을 보인 L?gion de Lauzun에 둔다. 이 연대는 영국의 유명한 Banastre Tarleton 장군의 경
경기병 유닛을 추격하였던 요크타운 전쟁에서 용맹함과 냉정한 결심력을 가졌다고 평가 받았다. The L?gion de Lauzun는 1793년 재편성되었고 제 5연대 경기병이 되었다. 이 경기병연대는 1815년 11월 해체되기 전까지 나폴레옹 전쟁에서 여러번 전쟁의 열쇠가 되었다.
152 그들은 또한 성가신 시민들을 제압하는 역할을 하였다. 그러나 그들의 훈련부족은 그들이 정규군만큼의 전투력을 가지지 않는 다는 것을 의미한다. 이러한 무장된 시민병은 베테랑들의 굳어진 군대가 아니다. 잘 훈련되고 관리가 잘된 군인들에 비해 그들은 큰 손실을 두려워 할 것이다. 그러나 그들은 수비부대에서 유용한 군대이다 또한 상대적으로 낮은 유지비를 유지하는데 도움을 줄 수 있다.\n\n 1812년 프러시아는 러시아로의 나폴레옹 침략을 돕도록 강요당하였다. 프러시아 보조군의 사령관인 Yorck 장군은 애국심과 경험이 많은 군인으로 존경받았다. 그는 프랑스가 패해할 것이라고 확신을 가졌다. 그래서 그는 그의 군대의 중립
중립을 거절하였고 프러시아의 동쪽에 있는 러시아를 도왔다. 전체 국가가 아니라 프러시아의 동쪽만 프랑스전쟁에 참여했기 때문에 그것을 지키기 위한 군대고 필요했고 예비군의 많은 부분을 신병으로 채우는 결과를 가져왔다. 프랑스에 도전하는 Yorck의 결정은 1813년 Russo-Prussian동맹을 가져왔고 이 상당한 연합은 나폴레옹의 프랑스에 대적하였다.
153 그들은 극적이게 다재다능한 군대이고, 대부분의 상황에서도 잘해낼 수 있을 것이라고 기대되어진다. 기병은 Brunswick 방진을 깨는데 대단히 어려움을 갖는다. 반면 전열보병은 그들의 용맹함과 기술이 포병에 대항해서는 효과가 작기 때문에 포병을 처벌하기 위해 왼편에 노출되어질 수 없다. 머스켓 총병과 같이 그들은 만약 그들의 공격자들이 엄폐를 유지하고 긴 사정거리에 있다면 척후병에게 매우 약하다. \n\n Brunswick 보병은 영국 군대와 같은 편으로 Peninsular 전쟁(1810-14)에 참여하였다. 그들은 조직되고 무장되고 영국군처럼 장비를 갖췄다. 역시 예상대로 전진하는 프랑스 군을 앞둔 Royal Navy에 의해 독일로부터 철수했
철수했던 어느 Brunswick 부대인 “Black Band"로부터 온 남자들이었다. 한때 개편되고 재훈련되었던 그들은 그 후 스페인으로 발송되었다. Brunswicker들은 그들의 가치와 전쟁에서 의존할 수 있는 군대인 것을 증명하였다. 그들은 이 평판을 지켰고 Waterloo(1815년 6월 18일) 전쟁에서 Anglo-Allied(연합군)에 참여하였다. 반복된 프랑스의 공격에 대항하여 La Haye Sainte의 농장을 용감하게 지켜냈다.
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미국의 독립전쟁의 베테랑인 이들은 힘들게 얻은 전쟁경험을 가지고 있다. 가볍고 빠른 그 들은 그들을 가장 필요로 하는 곳으로 그들의 휘어진 사브레를 가지고 적들을 제압하며 재빠르게 도달할 수 있다. 그들의 속도는 너무 많은 포격을 당하기 전에 근접할 수 있으므로 포병과 척후병같은 유닛들에 효과적으로 대응할 수 있게 만든다. 경기병의 승마 목적이 힘에 둔 것이 아니라 스피드에 둔 것이기 때문에 방진의 중갑기병이나 전열보병은 경기병을 압도할 것이다. \n\n제 5경기병 연대는 그것의 뿌리를 1778년에 형성되고 미국의 독립전쟁 때 활약을 보인 L?gion de Lauzun에 둔다. 이 연대는 영국의 유명한 Banastre Tarleton 장군의 경
경기병 유닛을 추격하였던 요크타운 전쟁에서 용맹함과 냉정한 결심력을 가졌다고 평가 받았다. The L?gion de Lauzun는 1793년 재편성되었고 제 5연대 경기병이 되었다. 이 경기병연대는 1815년 11월 해체되기 전까지 나폴레옹 전쟁에서 여러번 전쟁의 열쇠가 되었다.
152 그들은 또한 성가신 시민들을 제압하는 역할을 하였다. 그러나 그들의 훈련부족은 그들이 정규군만큼의 전투력을 가지지 않는 다는 것을 의미한다. 이러한 무장된 시민병은 베테랑들의 굳어진 군대가 아니다. 잘 훈련되고 관리가 잘된 군인들에 비해 그들은 큰 손실을 두려워 할 것이다. 그러나 그들은 수비부대에서 유용한 군대이다 또한 상대적으로 낮은 유지비를 유지하는데 도움을 줄 수 있다.\n\n 1812년 프러시아는 러시아로의 나폴레옹 침략을 돕도록 강요당하였다. 프러시아 보조군의 사령관인 Yorck 장군은 애국심과 경험이 많은 군인으로 존경받았다. 그는 프랑스가 패해할 것이라고 확신을 가졌다. 그래서 그는 그의 군대의 중립
중립을 거절하였고 프러시아의 동쪽에 있는 러시아를 도왔다. 전체 국가가 아니라 프러시아의 동쪽만 프랑스전쟁에 참여했기 때문에 그것을 지키기 위한 군대고 필요했고 예비군의 많은 부분을 신병으로 채우는 결과를 가져왔다. 프랑스에 도전하는 Yorck의 결정은 1813년 Russo-Prussian동맹을 가져왔고 이 상당한 연합은 나폴레옹의 프랑스에 대적하였다.
153 그들은 극적이게 다재다능한 군대이고, 대부분의 상황에서도 잘해낼 수 있을 것이라고 기대되어진다. 기병은 Brunswick 방진을 깨는데 대단히 어려움을 갖는다. 반면 전열보병은 그들의 용맹함과 기술이 포병에 대항해서는 효과가 작기 때문에 포병을 처벌하기 위해 왼편에 노출되어질 수 없다. 머스켓 총병과 같이 그들은 만약 그들의 공격자들이 엄폐를 유지하고 긴 사정거리에 있다면 척후병에게 매우 약하다. \n\n Brunswick 보병은 영국 군대와 같은 편으로 Peninsular 전쟁(1810-14)에 참여하였다. 그들은 조직되고 무장되고 영국군처럼 장비를 갖췄다. 역시 예상대로 전진하는 프랑스 군을 앞둔 Royal Navy에 의해 독일로부터 철수했
철수했던 어느 Brunswick 부대인 “Black Band"로부터 온 남자들이었다. 한때 개편되고 재훈련되었던 그들은 그 후 스페인으로 발송되었다. Brunswicker들은 그들의 가치와 전쟁에서 의존할 수 있는 군대인 것을 증명하였다. 그들은 이 평판을 지켰고 Waterloo(1815년 6월 18일) 전쟁에서 Anglo-Allied(연합군)에 참여하였다. 반복된 프랑스의 공격에 대항하여 La Haye Sainte의 농장을 용감하게 지켜냈다.
오역남발, 자유로이 제발 수정해주세요.ㅋㅋ
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