|
|
8:0 |
10:0 |
12:0 |
14:0 |
16:0 |
18:0 |
18:1 n-9 |
18:2 n-6 |
18:3 n-3 |
20:1+22:1 |
Total |
Coconut (3.4) |
8 |
7 |
48 |
18 |
9 |
3 |
6 |
2 |
|
|
99 |
Corn (1.9) |
|
|
|
|
13 |
3 |
31 |
52 |
1 |
|
100 |
Cottonseed (4.0) |
|
|
|
1 |
24 |
3 |
19 |
53 |
|
|
100 |
Groundnut1) (4.2) |
|
|
|
|
13 |
3 |
37 |
41 |
|
2 |
96 |
Olive (2.7) |
|
|
|
|
10 |
2 |
78 |
7 |
1 |
|
98 |
Palm (17.6) |
|
|
|
1 |
43 |
4 |
41 |
10 |
|
|
99 |
Palm kernel (2.2) |
4 |
4 |
45 |
18 |
9 |
3 |
15 |
2 |
|
|
100 |
Rape (Canola) (11.8) |
|
|
|
|
4 |
2 |
56 |
26 |
10 |
2 |
100 |
Rape (high erucic) |
|
|
|
|
3 |
1 |
16 |
14 |
10 |
55 |
99 |
Sesame (0.8) |
|
|
|
|
9 |
6 |
38 |
45 |
1 |
1 |
100 |
Soybean (20.8) |
|
|
|
|
11 |
4 |
22 |
53 |
8 |
1 |
99 |
Sunflower (9.3) |
|
|
|
|
6 |
6 |
18 |
69 |
|
|
99 |
Castor2) (0.5) |
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
3 |
4 |
|
|
98b |
Linseed (0.7) |
|
|
|
|
6 |
3 |
17 |
14 |
60 |
|
100 |
Safflower (high oleic) |
|
|
|
|
6 |
2 |
74 |
16 |
|
|
98 |
Safflower (high linoleic) |
|
|
|
|
7 |
3 |
14 |
75 |
|
|
99 |
1)The numbers in parentheses after each crop name represent world production in 1997 in millions of tonnes.
Source: Gurr et al. (2002).
2)Also called peanut.
3)Castor oil contains 90% of ricinoleic acid.
Table 2. Melting point depending on saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
No. of carbon atoms |
No. of double bond |
Systematic name |
Common name |
Melting point (℃) |
12 |
0 |
n-Dodecanoic |
Lauric |
42.2 |
14 |
0 |
n-Tetradecanoic |
Myristic |
52.1 |
16 |
0 |
n-Hexadecanoic |
Palmitic |
60.7 |
18 |
0 |
n-Octadecanoic |
Stearic |
69.6 |
20 |
0 |
n-Eicosanoic |
Arachidic |
75.4 |
22 |
0 |
n-Docosanoic |
Behenic |
80.0 |
24 |
0 |
n-Tetracosanoic |
Lignoceric |
84.2 |
26 |
0 |
n-Hexacosanoic |
Cerotic |
87.7 |
28 |
0 |
n-Octacosanoic |
Montanic |
90.9 |
16 |
1 |
cis-9-hexadecenoic |
Palmitoleic |
1 |
18 |
1 |
cis-9-octadecenoic |
Oleic |
16 |
20 |
1 |
cis-11-eicosenoic |
Gondoic |
24 |
22 |
1 |
cis-13-docosenoic |
Erucic |
24 |
18 |
2 |
cis,cis-9,12-octadeca dienoic |
Linoleic |
-5 |
18 |
3 |
All-cis-9,12,15-octadecatriehexadecatrienoic |
α-Linolenic |
-11 |
20 |
4 |
All-cis-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic |
Arachidonic |
-49.5 |
Table 3. Iodine values of selected unsaturated acids
Fatty acid |
Iodine value |
16:1(n-9)cis |
99 |
18:1(n-9)cis |
89 |
18:2(n-6) |
181 |
18:3(n-3) |
273 |
Figure 1. Relative oxidative stability of some major vegetable oils. Scale is based on inherent oxidative stability, calculated by multiplying the decimal fraction of each unsaturated fatty acid present in a lipid by its relative oxidation rate and then summing these (Erickson and List, 1985)
Table 4. Specifications of ENs (European Standards) approved by CEN (European Committee for Standardization) for the biodiesel standard. EN 14214 is standard of the pure Biodiesel for vehicles. EN 14213 is for heating. EN 590 is of BD 5 (blending up to 5% Biodiesel with 'conventional' diesel) for vehicles
Property |
EN 14214 ('03) |
EN 14213 ('01) |
EN 590 ('04) |
Test method |
Ester content, %(m/m) |
>96.5 |
>96.5 |
<5 |
prEN 14103a |
Density at 15℃, (㎏/㎥) |
860~900 |
860~900 |
820~845 |
EN ISO 3676, EN ISO 12185 |
Viscosity at 40℃, (㎟/s) |
3.5~5.0 |
3.5~5.0 |
2.0~4.5 |
EN ISO 3104 |
Flash point, (℃) |
>120 |
>101 |
>55 |
ISO/CD 3679b |
Sulfur content, (㎎/㎏)c |
<10 |
- |
<10 or <50 |
|
Tar remnant (at 10% distillation remnant), %(m/m)d |
<0.3 |
0.3 |
<0.3 |
EN ISO 10370 |
Cetane number |
>51.0 |
- |
>51.0 |
EN ISO 5165 |
Sulfated ash content, %(m/m) |
<0.02 |
<0.01 |
- |
ISO 3987 |
Water content (㎎/㎏) |
<500 |
<500 |
<200 |
EN ISO 12937 |
Total contamination (㎎/㎏)e |
<24 |
<24 |
<24 |
EN 12662 |
Copper band corrosion (3 hours at 50℃) |
Class 1 |
- |
Class 1 |
EN ISO 2160 |
Thermal stabilityf |
|
|
|
|
Oxidation stability (110℃, hours) |
>6.0 |
- |
- |
prEN14112g |
Acid value (㎎ KOH/g) |
<0.5 |
<0.5 |
- |
prEN14104 |
Iodine value |
<120 |
- |
- |
prEN14111 |
Linolenic acid Methylester, %(m/m) |
<12 |
- |
- |
prEN14103a |
Polyunsaturated (>=4 Double bonds) Methylester, %(m/m)l |
<1 |
- |
- |
|
Methanol content, %(m/m) |
<0.2 |
- |
- |
prEN 14110h |
Monoglyceride content, %(m/m) |
<0.8 |
<0.8 |
- |
prEN 14105i |
Diglyceride content, %(m/m) |
<0.2 |
<0.2 |
- |
prEN 14105i |
Triglyceride content, %(m/m) |
<0.2 |
<0.2 |
- |
prEN 14105i |
Free glycerine, %(m/m)d |
<0.02 |
<0.2 |
- |
prEN 14105i, prEN 14106 |
Total glycerol, %(m/m) |
<0.25 |
- |
- |
prEN 14105i |
Alkali metals (Na+K), (㎎/㎏)j |
<5.0 |
- |
- |
prEN 14108, prEN 14109 |
Phosphorus content, (㎎/㎏) |
<10 |
- |
- |
prEN 14107k |
Cold filter plugging point, (℃) |
-20~5, -20~-44 (arctic) |
equal to Mineral oil |
-20~5, -20~-44 (arctic) |
|
aCEN/TC 307 publication of NF T 60-703: 1997.
bApparatus equipped with a thermal detection device shall be used.
cSuitable test methods to be proposed by CEN/TC 19.
dASTM D 1160 shall be used to obtain the 10% distillation residue.
ePending development of a suitable method by CEN/TC 19, EN 12662 shall be used. The precision of EN 12662 is however poor for FAME products.
fSuitable test method and limit to be proposed by CEN/TC 19.
gCEN/TC 307 publication of ISO 6886 modified.
hCEN/TC 307 publication of NF T 60-701 (procedure A) and DIN 51608 (procedure B).
iCEN/TC 307 publication of NF T 60-704: 1997.
jExtension of this limit to cover additional elements, e.g. Ca and Mg to be considered.
kCEN/TC 307 publication of NF T 60-705: 1997.
lSuitable test method to be developed.
Table 5. Effects of limit transgression in the case of biodiesel
Property (DIN EN 14214) |
Effect/ Comment |
Kinematic viscosity at 40℃ |
Fuel conveyance problems(fuel pump, injection pump) |
Flash point |
A flash point of less than 100℃ renders the product hazardous |
CFPP(filtration limit) |
Machine standstill through crystallization of fuel in the pipes and the fuel filter at low temperature |
Residual coke |
Coke deposits on the injection pump and position rings. Problematic in the case of FAME with a high content of multiple bonds or glycerine/glycerides |
Ash content |
Damage to exhaust-gas re-treatment systmes |
Water content |
Corrosion problems, turbidity of DK/FAME mixtures (resulting in separation of the water phase in the worst case) |
Total contamination |
Machine standstill through filter backfill, potential consequential damage to the injection pump as a result of insufficient lubrication/ cooling by circulating fuel |
Oxidation stability (induction period) |
Filter backfill, precipitation of polymers in diesel/ biodiesel mixtures throughout the fuel supply system |
Acid number |
Corrosion problems |
Glycerine and glycerides |
Coke deposition on the injection pump and position rings; possible reason for increased coke residue |
Iodine number |
Indicates unfavourable fatty acid properties, deviations can affect oxidation stability and CFPP |
Alkaline content (Na + K) Alkaline earth content (Ca + Mg) |
Machine standstill through filter backfill; possible reason for increased ash content |
Source: Bio-Diesel Quality Management Work Group
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