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토머스 소여(Thomas "Tom" Sawyer.) - 노자와 마사코/안정현, 이미자[20](MBC)/최덕희(애니원)/한인숙(KBS)
이야기의 주인공으로 마을의 악동. 보통은 '톰'이라고 불린다.[21] 다만 때에 따라 개념 있는 행동도 한다.
허클베리 핀(Huckleberry "Huck" Finn.) - 아오키 카즈요/김영옥, 우문희(MBC)/장미(애니원)/김채린(극장판)
톰의 절친한 친구로 애칭은 '헉'. 부모가 없어[22] 홀로 마을에서 떨어진 큰 나무 위에 손수 지은 오두막집에서 살아가고 있다. 헉과 만나서 놀았다는 사실만으로 학교에서 체벌을 당할 정도로 동네에서 불량 소년으로 찍혀 있다. 하지만 알고 보면 막장 술주정뱅이인 아버지 때문에 어린 시절부터 학대를 일상적으로 당하며 지내온 듯.[23]
리베카 대처(Rebecca "Becky" Thatcher.) - 한 케이코/송도영(MBC)/1988년 재더빙판 : 박소현(초반 한정), 이선호(중반 이후)[24]/이다은(애니원)/신나리(극장판)
톰 소여의 여자친구로 보통 애칭인 '베키'로 불린다. 대처 판사의 딸이다. 톰이 실수로 예전에 에이미[25] 와 사귀었다고 이야기하여 톰에게 실망하여 톰을 무시했지만 톰이 자신이 혼날 일을 거짓말로 감싸주고 동굴에서도 구출해 주자 완전히 톰에게 마음을 빼앗긴다.
마을의 치안 판사. 베키의 아버지. 마을의 유력자로 동생[27] 은 변호사인 법조계 집안. 주일 학교에서 성경을 다 외웠다고 당당하게 거짓말[28]을 한 소여를 꽤 마음에 들어 한다. 소여가 폴리 이모와 함께 존경해 마다 않는 몇 안 되는 인물.장인어른
톰 소여의 이모. 톰 소여를 부양하고 있다.[29][30]겉으로는 엄격하고 딱딱해 보이지만[31] 사실은 조카에 대한 사랑이 지극하다. 게다가 진짜 화가 나서 혼낼 분위기를 잡더라도 죽은 동생(톰의 어머니)이 눈에 밟혀서 실제로는 톰을 그렇게 마구 야단치지는 못한다. 실제로 톰 일당이 미시시피강 무인도로 가출했을 때 물에 빠져 죽은 줄 알고 좀 더 자상하게 대해주지 못했다며 자책하기도 한다. 이는 톰이 더욱 자유분방하게 놀아재끼는 한 가지 원인이기도 하다.
톰 소여의 사촌 누나로 폴리의 딸. 전체적으로 등장은 그리 많지 않았다.[32] 간호사 지망생이고 이후 학업을 마치고 본가로 돌아옸다. 폴리와 함께 톰과 시드를 키우고 있다. 이후 폴리의 주치의이자 동네 의사인 미첼 의사 선생님의 보조 간호사로 취업하여 미첼 의사를 도와주고 있다.
시드니 소여 (Sidney "Sid" Sawyer.) - 시라카와 스미코/김진숙/장예나(애니원)/이주은(극장판)
보통 '시드'. 톰 소여의 이부동생. 즉 아버지가 다른 동생으로 전형적인 현실 형제얄미운 남동생상이다. 껄렁껄렁한 톰과 달리 모범생이다.[33] 톰과 달리 안경을 쓰고 있다. 그러나 톰이 폴리 이모에게 혼날 상황에서 거짓말로 빠져나가려고 하면 얄밉게 한마디씩 해서 들키게 만든다. 거기에 따르는 톰의 장난 보복은 덤. 거침없이 하이킥의 이민호가 생각난다. 그러나 폴리 역시 이를 알면서도 톰이 불쌍해 화를 잘 내지 못하기 때문에 결국 실패한다.
인전 조 (Injun Joe.) - 카니에 에이지(38화 이전), 우츠미 켄지/김기현(MBC)/서반석(애니원)/박준원(극장판)[34]
아메리카 원주민 출신의 체격이 큰 혼혈 남성, 살인을 하고 그 혐의를 머프 포터에게 뒤집어씌우려는데[35] 문제는 톰 소여가 인디언 조의 살인 사건 현장을 목격한 것. 증거 인멸을 위해 톰 소여를 추격하지만 역관광당한다. 이후 변장하여 다니다가 멕시코로 가기 위해 숨겼던 거액의 금화 상자를 동굴에 숨겼다. [36] 이후 톰과 헉이 동굴에 숨긴 인디언 조의 금화를 가지고 돌아왔다. 참고로 조는 결말에서 헉을 양자로 삼는 더글러스 부인에게도 원한이 있다. 정확히는 지금은 고인인 그녀의 남편에게 원한이 있는 것인데, 대처 판사의 전임자였던 그가 자신을 몇 번 감옥에 보낸 것으로 원한을 품었다. 조인전 씨
동네 주당 할배. 괜히 사건에 연루되어 인디언 조가 저지른 살인 사건의 누명을 쓴다. 중증 알코올 중독자로 항상 술에 만취되어 있을 뿐 술꼬장을 부리지도 않고 톰 소여와 친구들에게 서로 이야기를 나눌 정도로 성격이 나쁜 사람은 아니지만 인디언 조는 머프 영감이 항상 자신이 뭘 하고 다니는지 모르는 알딸딸한 상태라는 것을 이용해서 살인죄 누명을 뒤집어씌웠고, 그 때문에 자신이 살인을 했다고 믿게 된다. 다행히 톰이 법정에서 인디언 조의 범죄를 증언하여 풀려났다.
조지프 하퍼 (Joseph "Joe" Harper)
보통 애칭인 '조'로 불린다. 톰과 헉이 무인도에서 해적단 흉내를 낼 때 합류한 친구이다. 어머니에게 크림을 훔쳐 먹었다는 누명을 쓰고 홧김에 가출했다.[37] 이 에피소드 이외에는 비중 있게 등장하지 않는다. 톰과 헉에 이은 작중 3인자 이미지의 소년 캐릭터로, '조 하퍼의 모험'이라는 팬메이드 작품이 발간된 바 있다. 애니판에서 아버지에게 크림을 훔쳐 먹었다는 누명으로 바뀌었다.
미첼 (Dr. Michel.) - 후타미 타다오/김민주(애니원)
마을의 의사이자 폴리와 톰소여 가족의 주치의.
로빈슨과 경쟁 관계였으나 로빈슨이 갑작스럽게 살해당하였다. 한때 금 채취 열풍에 불었을때 의사 일을 중단하고 마을 사람들을 따라 금 채취하려 떠나기도 하였다. 폴리 이모의 딸 메리가 학업을 마치고 보조 간호사로서 미첼 의사를 도와주고 있다.
마을의 의사 양반. 조와 포터 영감에게 돈을 주고는 죽은 지 얼마 안 된 시신을 동네 묘지에서 도굴해 해부 실습용으로 쓰려고 했다. 하지만 과거에 그에게 원한이 있어서 복수 기회를 노리던 조에게 결국 살해당한다.[38]
톰이 다니는 학교의 교사로 대머리에 가발을 쓰고 있다. 본래 의사를 꿈꾸었으나 시험에서 낙방하고 교사로 재직하며 틈틈이 의학 시험 준비를 한다. 성격이 깐깐하고 속이 좁으며 화를 잘 내는 데다가 술까지 자주 마셔서 학생들은 일치단결하여 도빈스를 싫어한다. 베키는 도빈스가 가끔씩 보는 책(시험 준비용 의학 서적)이 무엇인지 궁금해 훔쳐봤다가 책 일부를 찢어먹었는데 자신이 혼날 일을 톰이 거짓말로 감싸주자 그때부터 톰에게 호감을 가지기 시작한다. 학예회 때에는 술을 마시고 강의하다가 학생들의 장난으로 금빛 페인트를 칠한 대머리가 학생들과 학부모들의 눈앞에 공개되는 수모를 겪는다. 톰이 방학 날에 이래서 좋아라 모자 벗고 신나라 기뻐했는데 결국 다른 학교로 전근 갔다. 마지막 화에 나온 새로운 담임인 여선생은 꽤 예쁘게 생긴 거랑 달리 성격이 도빈스 선생 못지않게 깐깐하여 부임한 지 첫째 날에 톰과 헉을 신나게 매타작해 버리고 매를 맞으면서 둘이 비명 지르면서 톰은 매 맞는 장면에서[39] 끝나게 되어 아쉽지만 나머지 이야기는 허클베리 핀의 모험의 헉에게 들어주라고 하여 애니는 끝났다.
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The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
Front piece of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, 1876, 1st edition | |
Author | Mark Twain |
Language | English |
Genre | Bildungsroman, picaresque novel, satire, folk, children's literature |
Publisher | American Publishing Company |
Publication date | June 9, 1876[1] |
Publication place | United States |
OCLC | 47052486 |
Dewey Decimal | 813.4 |
LC Class | PZ7.T88 Ad 2001 |
Followed by | Adventures of Huckleberry Finn |
Text | The Adventures of Tom Sawyer at Wikisource |
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (also simply known as Tom Sawyer) is a novel by Mark Twain published on 9 June 1876 about a boy, Tom Sawyer, growing up along the Mississippi River. It is set in the 1840s in the town of St. Petersburg, which is based on Hannibal, Missouri, where Twain lived as a boy.[2] In the novel, Sawyer has several adventures, often with his friend Huckleberry Finn. Originally a commercial failure, the book ended up being the best-selling of Twain's works during his lifetime.[3][4] Though overshadowed by its 1885 sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the book is considered by many to be a masterpiece of American literature.[5] It is alleged by Mark Twain to be one of the first novels to be written on a typewriter.[6]
Summary
Tom Sawyer, 1972 US commemorative stamp showing the whitewashed fence
Tom and Becky lost in the caves. Illustration from the 1876 edition by artist True Williams.
Orphan Tom Sawyer lives with his Aunt Polly and his half-brother Sid in the town of St. Petersburg, Missouri, sometime in the 1840s. He frequently skips school to play or go swimming. When Polly catches him sneaking home late on a Friday evening and discovers that he has been in a fight, she makes him whitewash her fence the next day as punishment.
Tom persuades several neighborhood children to trade him small trinkets and treasures for the "privilege" of doing his work, using reverse psychology to convince them of its enjoyable nature. Later, Tom trades the trinkets with students in his Sunday school class for tickets given out for memorizing verses of Scripture. He collects enough tickets to earn a prized Bible from the teacher, despite being one of the worst students in the class and knowing almost nothing of Scripture, eliciting envy from the students and a mixture of pride and shock from the adults.
Tom falls in love with Becky Thatcher, a girl who is new in town. Tom wins the admiration of her father, the prominent Judge Thatcher, in the church by obtaining the Bible as a prize, but reveals his ignorance when he cannot answer basic questions about Scripture. Tom pursues Becky, eventually persuading her to get "engaged" by kissing her. Their romance soon collapses when she discovers that Tom was "engaged" to another schoolgirl, Amy Lawrence.
Becky spurns Tom, who accompanies Huckleberry Finn, a vagrant boy whom all the other boys admire, to a graveyard at midnight to perform a ritual intended to heal warts. At the graveyard, they witness three body snatchers, Dr. Robinson, Muff Potter and Injun Joe, robbing a grave. A fight breaks out, during which Robinson knocks Potter unconscious and is then murdered by Injun Joe. When Potter wakes up, Injun Joe puts the weapon in his hand and tells him that he killed Robinson while drunk. Tom and Huck swear a blood oath not to tell anyone about the murder, fearing that Injun Joe will find out and kill them for revenge. Potter is arrested and jailed to await trial, not disputing Injun Joe's claim.
Tom grows bored with school, and he, his friend/classmate Joe Harper, and Huck run away to Jackson's Island in the Mississippi River to begin life as "pirates". While enjoying their freedom, they notice the community is scouring the river for their bodies, as the boys are missing and presumed dead. Tom sneaks back home one night to observe the commotion and, after a moment of remorse at his loved ones' suffering, conceives a plan to attend his own funeral. The three carry out this scheme, appearing at church in the middle of their joint funeral service and winning the respect of their classmates for the stunt. Back in school, Becky rips a page in the school master's anatomy book after Tom startles her, but Tom regains her admiration by claiming responsibility for the damage and accepting the punishment that would have been hers.
During Potter's murder trial, Tom breaks his oath with Huck and testifies for the defense, identifying Injun Joe as the actual culprit. Injun Joe flees the courtroom before he can be apprehended; Potter is acquitted, but Tom and Huck now live in fear for their lives.
Once school lets out for the summer, Tom and Huck decide to hunt for buried treasure in the area. While investigating an abandoned house, they are interrupted by the arrival of two men; one of them is a Spaniard, supposedly deaf-mute, who is actually Injun Joe in disguise. He and his partner plan to bury some stolen treasure in the house, but inadvertently discover a hoard of gold coins while doing so. They decide to move it to a new hiding place, which Tom and Huck are determined to find. One night, Huck follows the men, who plan to break into the home of the wealthy Widow Douglas so Injun Joe can mutilate her face in revenge for being publicly whipped for vagrancy − a punishment handed down by her late husband, a justice of the peace. Huck summons help and prevents the break-in, but asks that his name not be made public for fear of retaliation by Injun Joe.
Shortly before Huck stops the crime, Tom goes on a picnic to a local cave with Becky and their classmates. Tom and Becky become lost and wander in the cave for days, facing starvation and dehydration. Becky becomes dehydrated and weak, and Tom's search for a way out grows more desperate. He encounters Injun Joe by chance, but is not seen. He eventually finds an exit, and he and Becky are joyfully welcomed back to town, learning that they have been missing for three days and traveled five miles (eight kilometers) from the entrance. Judge Thatcher has the cave's entrance door reinforced and locked. When Tom hears of this action two weeks later, he is horror-stricken, knowing that Injun Joe is still inside. He directs a posse to the cave, where they find Injun Joe dead of starvation just inside the entrance.
A week later, having deduced from Injun Joe's presence that the stolen gold must be hidden in the cave, Tom takes Huck there in search of it. They find the gold, which totals over $12,000 (equivalent to $392,000 in 2023) and is invested on their behalf. The Widow Douglas adopts Huck, who finds the restrictions of a civilized home life painful, attempting to escape back to his vagrant life. He reluctantly returns to the widow, persuaded by Tom's offer to form a high-class robber gang.
Significance
The novel has elements of humor, satire and social criticism – features that later made Mark Twain one of the most important authors of American literature. Mark Twain describes some autobiographical events in the book. The novel's setting of St. Petersburg is based on Twain's actual boyhood home of Hannibal, near St. Louis, and many of the places in it are real and today support a tourist industry as a result.[7]
The concept of boyhood is developed through Tom's actions, including his runaway adventure with Joe and Huckleberry. To help show how mischievous and messy boyhood was, The Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs shows a picture of a young boy smoking a pipe, sawing furniture, climbing all over the place, and sleeping. In Twain's novel, Tom and his friend are young when they decide they want to learn how to smoke a pipe. Tom and Joe do this to show just how cool they are to the other boys.[8]
Inception
Tom Sawyer was Twain's first attempt to write a novel. He had previously written contemporary autobiographical narratives (The Innocents Abroad or The New Pilgrims' Progress, Roughing It) and two short texts called sketches which parody the youth literature of the time. These are The Story of the Good Boy and The Story of the Wicked Little Boy which are satirical texts of a few pages. In the first, a model child is never rewarded and ends up dying before he can declaim his last words which he has carefully prepared. In the second story, an evil little boy steals and lies, like Tom Sawyer, but finishes rich and successful. Tom appears as a mixture of these little boys since he is at the same time a scamp and a boy endowed with a certain generosity.
By the time he wrote Tom Sawyer, Twain was already a successful author based on the popularity of The Innocents Abroad. He owned a large house in Hartford, Connecticut, but needed another success to support himself, with a wife and two daughters. He had collaborated on a novel with Charles Dudley Warner, The Gilded Age, published in 1874.[9]
He had earlier written an unpublished memoir of his own life on the Mississippi and had corresponded with a boyhood friend, Will Bowen, both of which had evoked many memories and were used as source material.
Twain named his fictional character after a San Francisco fireman whom he met in June 1863. The real Tom Sawyer was a local hero, famous for rescuing 90 passengers after a shipwreck. The two remained friendly during Twain's three-year stay in San Francisco, often drinking and gambling together.[10]
Publication
Frontispiece and title page of the first American edition
In November 1875, Twain gave the manuscript to Elisha Bliss of the American Publishing Company, who sent it to True Williams for the illustrations. A little later, Twain had the text also quickly published at Chatto and Windus of London, in June 1876, but without illustration. Pirate editions appeared very quickly in Canada and Germany. The American Publishing Company finally published its edition in December 1876, which was the first illustrated edition of Tom Sawyer.[11]
Criticism
A third person narrator describes the experiences of the boys, interspersed with occasional social commentary. In its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain changes to a first person narrative.[12] The two other subsequent books, Tom Sawyer Abroad and Tom Sawyer, Detective, are similarly in the first person narrative from the perspective of Huckleberry Finn.
The book has raised controversy for its use of the racial epithet "nigger"; a bowdlerized version aroused indignation among some literary critics.[13]
The book has been criticized for its caricature-like portrayal of Native Americans through the character Injun Joe. He is depicted as malevolent for the sake of malevolence, is not allowed to redeem himself in any way by Twain, dies a pitiful and despairing death in a cave and upon his death is treated as a tourist attraction. Revard suggests that the adults in the novel blame the character's Indian blood as the cause of his evil.[14]
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