[고전 이야기] 몬테크리스토 백작(The Count Of Monte Cristo) - 누명 쓰고 감옥에 갇힌 젊은 선원, 탈옥한 뒤 보

[정승남세기영어교육연구회장]

[고전 이야기] 몬테크리스토 백작(The Count Of Monte Cristo)

누명 쓰고 감옥에 갇힌 젊은 선원, 탈옥한 뒤 보물 찾아 복수해요

몬테크리스토 백작(The Count Of Monte Cristo)

저자 : 프랑스 작가 알렉상드르 뒤마(Alexandre Dumas 1802~1870)

몬테크리스토는 이탈리아와 코르시카 사이의 섬으로, 알렉상드르 뒤마의 소설인 『몽테크리스토 백작』의 주인공 이름이 이로부터 나왔다. 소설이 유명해지면서 이 소설 주인공의 이름 몬테크리스토를 따라한 각종 파생 상품들이 생겨났다.

소설이 지어진 당시 몬테크리스토 땅은 프랑스 땅이었으나 이후 이탈리아의 영토가 되었다.

몬테(Monte-)는 로망스어로 '산'을 뜻하고, 크리스토(cristo)는 '그리스도'를 뜻한다. 즉, 몬테크리스토(Monte cristo)는 '그리스도 산'을 의미한다.

장동석 출판도시문화재단 사무처장 입력 2024.03.05. 03:00 조선일보

주인공 에드몽 당테스를 그린 1888년판 삽화. /위키피디아

“당테스는 감옥에 갇혀 잊히고 만 온갖 죄수들이 당해야 하는 불행의 단계를 모두 경험했다. 처음에 그는 오만하게 그것을 감당해 나갔다. 그것은 희망의 연속이며 또한 무죄를 믿고 있는 마음으로 가능했다. 이윽고 얼마 후에 자기가 정말 무죄인지 의심하게 되었다. 그것은 정신착란이라고 하던 소장의 생각에 꼭 들어맞은 셈이었다.”

프랑스 작가 알렉상드르 뒤마(1802~1870)가 1845년 발표한 소설 ‘몬테크리스토 백작’은 역사와 허구를 넘나들며 장대한 이야기를 펼쳐낸 명작이라는 평가를 받아요.

이 작품은 대표작 ‘삼총사’로 이미 엄청난 명성을 얻고 있던 알렉상드르 뒤마에게 더욱 명성을 높여줬어요. 같은 시대를 살았던 위대한 작가 빅토르 위고는 그를 일러 “읽고자 하는 욕구를 창조해 내는 작가”라고 평가한 바 있어요. 출간 이후 지난 180년 가까이 전 세계 독자들의 사랑을 받으면서 연극과 영화, 뮤지컬 등 다양한 콘텐츠로 제작되기도 했어요.

에드몽 당테스(Edmond Dantes)는 파라옹호에서 일하는 젊고 유능한 선원이에요. 바다 한가운데를 항해하던 중 선장이 갑자기 세상을 떠나요. 에드몽은 어두운 분위기에 빠진 파라옹호 사람들을 도와 무사히 귀항에 성공해요. 배의 주인인 모렐씨는 귀항에 공헌한 에드몽을 선장에 임명했어요. 그런데 스물한 살 젊은 에드몽이 선장이 되자 주변 몇몇 사람들이 시기했어요. 결국 그들은 에드몽이 나폴레옹의 첩자라는 누명을 씌워 당국에 고발해요. 아름다운 아가씨 메르세데스와 결혼을 앞두고 있던 에드몽은 그 길로 프랑스 남부 항구도시 마르세유 앞바다에 있는 깊은 감옥에 갇히고 말아요.

죄도 없이 감옥에 갇힌 에드몽에게 유일한 위안은 공부였어요. 그는 사람들이 ‘미친 신부’라고 부르는 파리아에게서 정치와 역사를 비롯해 철학, 과학, 외국어 등을 배웠어요. 고령이었던 파리아 신부는 죽기 직전 에드몽에게 엄청난 재물이 숨겨진 몬테크리스토섬의 위치를 알려줘요. 14년 동안 절치부심(切齒腐心)하며 탈옥을 시도하던 에드몽은 폭풍우가 몰아치던 어느 날 밤, 시신을 담는 자루에 몸을 숨기고 극적으로 탈출에 성공해요. 에드몽은 먼저 몬테크리스토섬에서 보물을 찾은 후 ‘몬테크리스토 백작’이라는 이름으로 신분을 바꾸고 프랑스 수도 파리로 돌아가요.​

깊이 있는 교양에 부유한 재산까지 갖춘 에드몽은 파리의 귀족들 사이에서 인정받으면서 안정된 삶을 되찾아요. 그러나 남은 일은 자신을 모함했던 사람들을 철저히 응징하는 것이었어요. 자신을 모함하는 일을 주도한 당글라르, 정치적 야심 때문에 당테스를= 기소했던 비열한 검사장 빌포르, 메르세데스를 짝사랑한 나머지 모함 모의에 동참했던 페르낭 등을 향해 치밀한 복수를 시작하죠. ‘몬테크리스토 백작’은 복수를 기본 소재로 삼고 있지만, 다양한 인물을 통해 인간 본성과 사회정의에 대한 다양한 물음을 던져주는 고전이라고 할 수 있어요.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The Count of Monte Cristo (1934 film)

몬테크리스토 백작

The Count of Monte Cristo
Theatrical release poster
Directed by	Rowland V. Lee
Screenplay by	Philip Dunne Rowland V. Lee Dan Totheroh
Based on	The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexandre Dumas
Produced by	Edward Small
Starring	Robert Donat Elissa Landi
Cinematography	J. Peverell Marley
Edited by	Grant Whytock
Music by	Alfred Newman
Production company	Reliance Pictures
Distributed by	United Artists
Release date	September 7, 1934 (USA) [1]
Running time	113 minutes
Country	United States
Language	English
Box office	$1.5 million[2]

The Count of Monte Cristo is a 1934 American adventure film directed by Rowland V. Lee and starring Robert Donat and Elissa Landi. Based on the 1844 novel The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexandre Dumas, the story concerns a man who is unjustly imprisoned for 20 years for innocently delivering a letter entrusted to him. When he finally escapes, he seeks revenge against the greedy men who conspired to put him in prison.[3][4]

This is the first sound film adaptation of Dumas' novel; five silent films preceded it.

Plot[edit]

Robert Donat and Elissa Landi in The Count of Monte Cristo

In 1815, a French merchant ship stops at the island of Elba. A letter from the exiled Napoleon is given to the ship's captain to deliver to a man in Marseille. Before he dies of a sickness, the captain entrusts the task to his first officer, Edmond Dantès (Donat). However, the city magistrate, Raymond de Villefort, Jr. (Calhern), is tipped off by an informer, the second officer, Danglars (Raymond Walburn), and has Dantès arrested after the exchange.

Dantès' friend Fernand Mondego (Sidney Blackmer) accompanies him to the jail, but he, Danglars, and de Villefort all stand to gain from keeping Dantès imprisoned: Mondego is in love with Dantès' fiancée, Mercedes (Landi); Danglars wants to be promoted captain in Dantès' place; and the man who accepted the letter turns out to be de Villefort's father (Lawrence Grant). De Villefort consigns Dantès without trial to a notorious prison, the Château d'If, on the false testimony of Danglars.

When Napoleon returns to France, giving Dantès' friends hope for his release, de Villefort signs a false statement that he was killed trying to escape, which Mondego shows to Mercedes. Deceived, she gives in to her mother's deathbed wish and marries Mondego.

Eight years of solitary confinement follow for Dantès. Then one day, the aged Abbé Faria (O. P. Heggie), a fellow prisoner, breaks into his cell through a tunnel he has been digging. The two join forces; Faria calculates it will take five more years to finish. In the meantime, he starts educating Dantès.

As they near their goal, a cave-in fatally injures the old man. Before he dies, he bequeaths a vast hidden treasure to his protégé (Faria's enemies had tortured and imprisoned him in an unsuccessful attempt to extract its location). The body is sewn into a shroud, but while the undertaker is away, Dantès substitutes himself for the corpse undetected. He is cast into the sea. He frees himself and is picked up by a smuggling ship.

Dantès later follows Faria's directions and finds the treasure on the uninhabited island of Monte Cristo. With a fortune at his command, he sets in motion his plans for revenge. To begin, he arranges to have Albert (Mercedes and Mondego's son) kidnapped and held for ransom. Dantès "rescues" the younger man in order to gain entry into Paris society, using his purchased title of Count of Monte Cristo.

First to be brought to justice is Mondego. While the French ambassador to Albania, Mondego gained renown for his bravery in an unsuccessful defense of Ali Pasha. Dantès arranges a ball to "honour" his enemy, then arranges to have him exposed publicly as the one who betrayed Ali Pasha to his death at the hands of the Turks. Unaware of the count's role in his disgrace, Mondego goes to him for advice. Dantès reveals his identity and they engage in a duel; Dantès wins, but spares Mondego, who returns home and commits suicide.

Next is Danglars, now the most influential banker in Paris. Dantès uses his services to buy and sell shares, sharing tips he receives from his informants. When these turn out to be infallibly profitable, Danglars bribes a man to send him copies of messages to Dantès. Greed leads him to invest all of his money on the next report, just as Dantès had planned. When the tip proves to be false, Danglars is bankrupted. Dantès reveals his true identity to Danglars, who is left penniless and insane.

However, there are unexpected complications that threaten Dantès' carefully conceived plans. Albert Mondego learns of his involvement in his father's downfall and challenges him to a duel. Mercedes, who had recognized her former lover upon their first meeting, begs him not to kill her son. He agrees. Albert deliberately changes his aim because his mother has told him who Monte Cristo really is, and the duel ends without injury.

De Villefort has risen to the high office of State Attorney. Dantès sends him information about his true identity and activities, which leads to his arrest and trial. At first, Dantès refuses to testify, in order to shield de Villefort's daughter Valentine (Irene Hervey), who is in love with Albert. When she learns of it, she urges him to defend himself. Dantès does so, providing evidence of de Villefort's longstanding corruption.

At last, with all of his enemies destroyed, Dantès is reunited with Mercedes.

Cast[edit]

• Robert Donat as Edmond Dantes / The Count of Monte Cristo

• Elissa Landi as Mercedes de Rosas

• Louis Calhern as Raymond de Villefort Jr.

• Sidney Blackmer as Fernand Mondego, Count de Mondego

• Raymond Walburn as Baron Danglars

• O. P. Heggie as the Abbé Faria

• Irene Hervey as Valentine de Villefort

• Georgia Caine as Madame de Rosas, Mercedes' mother

• Lawrence Grant as de Villefort Sr.

• Luis Alberni as Jacopo, Dantes' assistant

• Douglas Walton as Albert Mondego

• Paul Irving as Napoleon

• Juliette Compton as Clothilde

• Holmes Herbert as Judge

• Clarence Muse as Ali

• Lionel Belmore as Prison Governor

• William Farnum as Captain Leclere

• Paul Fix as Angry Citizen

• Ferdinand Munier as Louis XVIII

• Eric Wilton as Dantes Servant (uncredited)

Production[edit]

This was the third film producer Edward Small made for United Artists. Fredric March was the original choice for the title role.[5] Eventually Robert Donat was cast under an international star loan agreement negotiated by Joseph Schenck of United Artists.[6]

Director Rowland V. Lee and playwright Dan Totheroh had written a treatment based on the novel. Totheroh had to go to New York so Edward Small hired Philip Dunne, then an emerging screenwriter, to compose the dialogue. According to Dunne there were only seven words of Dumas in the final dialogue: "the world is mine!" spoken by Edmund Dantes when he gets his treasure, and "one, two, three" when he disposes of his enemies.[7]

Dunne added: "I told the director, Rowland Lee, I'd never read the novel. He said he'd act it out for me and he did such a good job I've never read it. In fact, I used all his dialogue, I just wrote it down.... But I got my first credit".[8]

Filming started in May 1934.[6]

Differences from the novel[edit]

The film changes some major details of the story. Prominent characters from the novel such as Bertuccio, Caderousse, Franz D'Épinay, Andrea Cavalcanti, Louise d'Armilly, Eugénie Danglars, Maximilian Morrel, Edouard de Villefort and Heloise de Villefort are all omitted. Haydee's role is reduced to two brief appearances, and her romantic involvement with Monte Cristo is not referred to.

In the novel, Dantes and Mercedes did not rekindle their relationship. Danglars and Fernand betrayed Dantes anonymously via a letter rather than in person, and Dantes only discovered their betrayal once in prison. Mercedes was the daughter of a fisherman, not from a wealthy family as suggested in the film, and there was no indication that her mother was opposed to the Dantes marriage. Monte Cristo and Fernand did not engage in a sword fight. Monte Cristo was not put on trial, as he is in the movie's finale. It was Villefort rather than Danglars who went insane.

Reception, sequels and remakes[edit]

The film was very popular — Philip Dunne said it "provided Eddie Small with a fortune almost as great as the Treasure of Spada".[7] A sequel, The Son of Monte Cristo, was announced almost immediately, but took several years to be made.[9]

The Count of Monte Cristo was voted one of the ten best pictures of 1934 by Film Daily's annual poll of critics.[10]

The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

• 2001: AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills – Nominated[11]

• 2003: AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains:

• Edmond Dantes – Nominated Hero[12]

The film had two sequels, The Son of Monte Cristo (1940) and The Return of Monte Cristo (1946). The Count of Monte Cristo was named one of the top ten films of 1934 by the National Board of Review of Motion Pictures.[13] Subsequent adaptations of the novel were made in 1943, 1954, 1961, 1975, and 2002.

In the 2006 political thriller film V for Vendetta, an adaptation of the graphic novel of the same name, the titular anarchist refers to The Count of Monte Cristo as his favorite film.[14] Snippets of t

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The Count of Monte Cristo

몬테크리스토 백작

For other uses, see The Count of Monte Cristo (disambiguation).

The Count of Monte Cristo

Author	Alexandre Dumas in collaboration with Auguste Maquet
Original title	Le Comte de Monte-Cristo
Language	French
Genre	Historical novel Adventure
Publication date	1844–1846 (serialized)
Publication place	France
Original text	Le Comte de Monte-Cristo at French Wikisource
Translation	The Count of Monte Cristo at Wikisource

The Count of Monte Cristo (French: Le Comte de Monte-Cristo) is an adventure novel written by French author Alexandre Dumas (père) completed in 1844. It is one of the author's most popular works, along with The Three Musketeers. Like many of his novels, it was expanded from plot outlines suggested by his collaborating ghostwriter Auguste Maquet.[1]

The story takes place in France, Italy, and islands in the Mediterranean during the historical events of 1815–1839: the era of the Bourbon Restoration through the reign of Louis-Philippe of France. It begins on the day that Napoleon left his first island of exile, Elba, beginning the Hundred Days period of his return to power. The historical setting is a fundamental element of the book, an adventure story centrally concerned with themes of hope, justice, vengeance, mercy, and forgiveness.

Before he can marry his fiancée Mercédès, Edmond Dantès, a French nineteen-year-old first mate of the merchant ship Pharaon, is falsely accused of treason, arrested, and imprisoned without trial in the Château d'If, a grim island fortress off Marseille. A fellow prisoner, Abbé Faria, correctly deduces that romantic rival Fernand Mondego, envious crewmate Danglars, and double-dealing magistrate De Villefort are responsible for his imprisonment. Over the course of their long imprisonment, Faria educates Dantès and, knowing himself close to death, inspires him to retrieve for himself a cache of treasure Faria had discovered. After Faria dies, Dantès escapes and finds the treasure. As the fabulously wealthy, powerful and mysterious Count of Monte Cristo, he enters the fashionable Parisian world of the 1830s to avenge himself.

The book is considered a literary classic today. According to Lucy Sante, "The Count of Monte Cristo has become a fixture of Western civilization's literature."

Plot[edit]

The main character Edmond Dantès was a merchant sailor before his imprisonment. (Illustration by Pierre-Gustave Staal)

On the day in 1815 when Napoleon escapes from Elba, Edmond Dantès sails the Pharaon into Marseille after the death of the captain, Leclère. The ship's owner, Morrel, will make Dantès the next captain. On his deathbed, Leclère charged Dantès to deliver a package to General Bertrand (exiled with Napoleon), and a letter from Elba to a Bonapartist in Paris named Noirtier.

Crewmate Danglars is jealous of Dantès's rapid promotion. On the eve of Dantès's wedding to his Catalan fiancée Mercédès, Danglars meets Fernand Mondego, Mercédès's cousin and a rival for her affections, and Mondego and Danglars hatch a plot to anonymously accuse him of being a Bonapartist. Dantès's neighbor, Caderousse, is present; he too is jealous of Dantès, but although he objects to the plot, he becomes too drunk to prevent it.

On the day of his wedding, Dantès is arrested, but the cowardly Caderousse stays silent. Villefort, the deputy crown prosecutor in Marseille, is Noirtier's son. Knowing that it would destroy his political career for it to be known that his father is a Bonapartist, he destroys the letter and silences Dantès by sentencing him without trial to life imprisonment.

Château d'If (Marseille)

After six years of solitary imprisonment in the Château d'If, Dantès is on the verge of suicide when another prisoner, the Abbé Faria, an Italian scholarly priest, digs an escape tunnel that by mistake ends in Dantès's cell. The Abbé helps Dantès deduce the culprits of his imprisonment. Over the next eight years, Faria educates Dantès in languages, history, culture, mathematics, chemistry, medicine, and science. Knowing himself to be close to death from catalepsy and having grown fond of his pupil, Faria tells Dantès the location of a vast treasure hidden on the island of Monte Cristo.

On 28 February 1829, Faria dies. Dantès takes Faria's body to his cell and takes its place in the burial sack. When he is thrown into the sea, Dantès cuts through the sack and swims to a nearby island, where, claiming to be a shipwrecked sailor, he is rescued by Genoese smugglers. Some months later, he locates and retrieves the treasure; he later purchases the island of Monte Cristo and the title of count from the Tuscan government.

Having sworn vengeance on Danglars, Mondego and Villefort, Dantès returns to Marseille in search of information for his vengeance. Traveling as the Abbé Busoni, Dantès finds Caderousse, who regrets not intervening in Dantès's arrest. Caderousse informs him that Mercédès eventually resigned herself to marrying Fernand, that Dantès's father died of starvation, and that his old employer Morrel tried in vain to secure Dantès's release and tend after his father in his absence, but is now on the brink of bankruptcy. Both Danglars and Fernand have prospered greatly. Danglars became a speculator, amassed a fortune, married a wealthy widow, and became a baron. Fernand served in the French Army, rising to the rank of lieutenant-colonel. Dantès rewards Caderousse with a diamond. Later, Caderousse negotiates the sale of the diamond to a jeweler, but kills the jeweler to keep both the diamond and the money; he is eventually arrested and sentenced to the galleys.

To rescue Morrel from bankruptcy, Dantès poses as a banker, buys Morrel's debts, and gives him three months' reprieve. At the end of the three months, Morrel is about to commit suicide when he learns that they have been mysteriously paid and that one of his lost ships has returned with a full cargo, secretly rebuilt and laden by Dantès.

Revenge[edit]

Dantès reappears nine years later, in 1838, as the mysterious, fabulously wealthy Count of Monte Cristo. Fernand is now the Count de Morcerf, Danglars a baron and banker, and Villefort a procureur du roi ('royal prosecutor').

In Rome, at Carnival time, Dantès befriends Viscount Albert de Morcerf, the son of Mercédès and Fernand. He arranges for Albert to be captured by the bandit Luigi Vampa, and "rescues" the boy, earning his trust. Albert introduces the Count to Parisian high society. Dantès, in his guise as the Count, meets Mercédès for the first time in 23 years, and eventually makes the acquaintance of Danglars, Fernand, and Villefort.

Actor James O'Neill as the Abbé Busoni

The Count purchases a home in Auteuil, a suburb of Paris. He has learned from his servant Bertuccio that it is the home in which Villefort once had an extramarital affair with Danglars's wife, who gave birth to a child that Villefort buried alive in order to cover up the affair. The infant was rescued by Bertuccio, named Benedetto, and raised by Bertuccio's sister Assunta, but Benedetto turned to a life of crime as a young man, murdered Assunta, and was sentenced to the galleys himself.

Having impressed Parisian society with his wealth and air of mystery, the Count begins setting up the pieces for his revenge. He persuades Danglars to extend him a credit of six million francs. He discusses the properties of various poisons with Villefort's second wife Heloïse, and allows her to borrow some of his supply. He allows his ward, Haydée—the exiled daughter of Ali Pasha of Janina, whom Dantès purchased from slavery—to see Fernand, recognizing him as the man who betrayed and murdered her father and stole his fortune. Having freed Benedetto and Caderousse from the galleys (under the alias "Lord Wilmore"), he anonymously hires Benedetto to impersonate an Italian nobleman, "Viscount Andrea Cavalcanti", and introduces him to Parisian society. He manipulates the financial markets by bribing a telegraph operator to transmit a false message, causing Danglars to lose hundreds of thousands of francs.

Meanwhile, Villefort's daughter Valentine is engaged to marry Albert's friend Franz, but is secretly in love with Morrel's son Maximilien; Noirtier, her grandfather, induces Franz to break the engagement by revealing that Noirtier himself killed Franz's father in a duel. Benedetto ingratiates himself to Danglars, who betroths his daughter Eugénie to him after canceling her engagement to Albert. Caderousse blackmails Benedetto, threatening to reveal his past if he does not share his newfound wealth. Heloïse begins poisoning members of Villefort's family, intending to ensure that all of the family's wealth will be inherited by her son Édouard, rather than her stepdaughter Valentine; Noirtier secretly begins dosing Valentine with a drug that will give her limited resistance to the poison.

Caderousse attempts to rob the Count's house but is caught by "Abbé Busoni" and forced to write a letter to Danglars, exposing "Cavalcanti" as an impostor. When Caderousse leaves the estate, he is stabbed by Benedetto. Caderousse dictates a deathbed statement naming his killer, and the Count reveals his true identity to Caderousse before he dies.

The Count anonymously leaks to the newspapers Fernand's betrayal of Ali Pasha, and at the Chamber of Peers' inquiry into the accusations Haydée testifies against him as an eyewitness. Albert blames the Count for his father's downfall and challenges him to a duel. The Count is later visited by Mercédès, who had recognized him as Dantès upon their first meeting but chose not to say anything. Mercédès begs Dantès to spare her son. He tells her of the injustices inflicted on him, but agrees not to kill Albert. Realizing that Dantès intends to let Albert kill him, she reveals the truth to Albert, who makes a public apology to the Count. Albert and Mercédès disown Fernand, renounce their titles and wealth and depart to begin new lives. Albert enlists as a soldier, while Mercedes lives alone in Dantès's old house in Marseilles. Fernand confronts the Count of Monte Cristo, who reveals his identity. Fernand shoots himself.

At the party to celebrate "Cavalcanti"'s engagement to Eugénie Danglars, the police arrive to arrest Benedetto for Caderousse's murder. Benedetto flees, but is arrested and returned to Paris. Eugénie (who is implied to be a lesbian[2][3]) also takes the opportunity to flee Paris with her girlfriend.

Valentine barely survives Héloïse's first attempt to poison her, and Maximilien begs the Count to protect her from the unknown poisoner. He does so by faking her death, making it appear that the poisoner succeeded. Villefort, deducing that Héloïse is the murderer, gives her a choice between the shame of a public trial and committing suicide in private, before leaving to prosecute Benedetto's trial. At the trial, Benedetto reveals that he is Villefort's son and was rescued after Villefort buried him alive, having learned the truth from Bertuccio. Villefort admits his guilt and rushes home to prevent his wife's suicide but is too late; she is dead and has poisoned her son Édouard as well. The Count confronts Villefort, revealing his true identity, which drives Villefort insane. Dantès tries but fails to resuscitate Édouard, causing him to question if his revenge has gone too far.

As a result of the Count's financial manipulations, Danglars is left with a ruined reputation and 5,000,000 francs he has been holding in deposit for hospitals. The Count demands this sum to fulfill their credit agreement, and Danglars embezzles the hospital fund. He flees to Italy with the Count's receipt for the cash and 50,000 francs of his own, and is reimbursed the 5,000,000 francs from the Count's own bank account. While leaving Rome, he is kidnapped by Luigi Vampa. The bandits extort Danglars's ill-gotten gains out of him by forcing him to pay exorbitant prices for food and water; Dantès anonymously returns the money to the hospitals. Danglars finally repents of his crimes, and a softened Dantès forgives him and allows him to depart with his 50,000 francs.

Resolution and return to the Orient[edit]

Maximilien Morrel is driven to despair by Valentine's apparent death and considers suicide. Dantès reveals his true identity and persuades Maximilien to delay his suicide for one month. One month later, on the island of Monte Cristo, he reunites Valentine with Maximilien and reveals the true sequence of events. Having found peace, Dantès leaves the couple part of his fortune on the island and departs for the East to begin a new life with Haydée, who has declared her love for him. The reader is left with a final line: "l'humaine sagesse était tout entière dans ces deux mots: attendre et espérer!" ("all human wisdom is contained in these two words: 'Wait and Hope'").

Character relationships in The Count of Monte Cristo

Characters[edit]

Edmond Dantès and his aliases[edit]

• Edmond Dantès (born 1796): A sailor with good prospects, engaged (1815) to Mercédès. After his transformation into the Count of Monte Cristo (1830s), he reveals his true name to his enemies as each revenge is completed. During the course of the novel, he falls in love with Haydée.

• The Count of Monte Cristo: The identity Dantès assumes when he emerges from prison and acquires his vast fortune. As a result, the Count of Monte Cristo is usually associated with a coldness and bitterness that come from an existence based solely on revenge. This character thinks of Lord Wilmore as a rival.

• Chief Clerk of the banking firm Thomson & French, an Englishman.

• Lord Wilmore: An Englishman, and the persona in which Dantès performs random acts of generosity.

• Sinbad the Sailor: The persona that Dantès assumes when he saves the Morrel family and while conducting business with smugglers and brigands.

• Abbé Busoni: The persona of an Italian priest with religious authority.

• Monsieur Zaccone: Dantès, in the guise of the Abbé Busoni, and again as Lord Wilmore, tells an investigator that this is the Count of Monte Cristo's true name.

• Number 34: The name given to him by the new governor of Château d'If. Finding it too tedious to learn Dantès's real name, he was called by the number of his cell.

• The Maltese Sailor: The name he was known by after his rescue by smugglers from the island of Tiboulen.

Allies of Dantès[edit]

• Abbé Faria: Italian priest and sage, imprisoned (1815) in the Château d'If. Edmond's dearest friend, and his mentor and teacher while in prison. On his deathbed, he reveals to Edmond the secret treasure hidden on Monte Cristo. Partially based on the historical Abbé Faria.

• Giovanni Bertuccio: The Count of Monte Cristo's steward and loyal servant. The Count first meets him in his role as Abbé Busoni, the confessor to Bertuccio, whose past is tied with M. de Villefort. Bertuccio's sister-in-law Assunta was the adoptive mother of Benedetto.

• Luigi Vampa: Celebrated Italian bandit and fugitive.

• Peppino: Formerly a shepherd, becomes a member of Vampa's gang. The Count arranges for his public execution in Rome to be commuted, causing him to be loyal to the Count.

• Ali: Monte Cristo's mute Nubian slave.

• Baptistin: Monte Cristo's valet-de-chambre.

• Jacopo: A poor smuggler who helps Dantès survive after he escapes prison. When Jacopo proves his loyalty, Dantès rewards him with his own ship and crew. (Jacopo Manfredi is a separate character, the "bankrupt of Trieste", whose financial failure contributes to the depletion of Danglars's fortune.)

• Haydée (or Haidee): Monte Cristo's young, beautiful slave. She is the daughter of Ali Tebelen. Buying her, enslaved because her father was killed, is part of Dantès' plan to get revenge on Fernand. At the end, she and Monte Cristo got married.

Morcerf family[edit]

• Mercédès Mondego (née Herrera): A Catalan girl engaged (1815) to Edmond Dantès. She later marries Fernand and they have a son named Albert. She is consumed with guilt over Edmond's disappearance and is able to recognize him when (1830s) they meet again. In the end, she returns to Marseilles, living in a house provided by the Count and praying for Albert. She is portrayed as a compassionate, kind and caring woman who thinks of her loved ones more than of herself.

• Fernand Mondego: Count de Morcerf, Dantès's rival for the affections of his cousin Mercédès. A Catalan fisherman in the Spanish village near Marseilles (1815), Fernand helps Danglars ruin Edmond by sending the denunciation, in a desperate but successful attempt to separate him from Mercédès. He marries her, achieves the rank of general in the French army, and purchases a peerage in the Chambre des Pairs, keeping secret his betrayal of the Pasha Alì Tebelen and the selling into slavery of both his daughter Haydée and her mother Vasiliki. Through the book he shows a deep affection and care for his wife and son. He (1830s) meets his end by suicide, in the despair of having lost Mercédès and Albert, who disown him when they discover his hidden crimes.

• Albert de Morcerf: Son of Mercédès and Fernand. He is (1830s) described as a kind-hearted, joyful and carefree young man, and fond of Monte Cristo, whom he sees as a friend. After acknowledging the truth of his father's war crimes and the false accusation towards the sailor Edmond Dantès, he decides to leave his home with Mercédès and start a new life as a soldier under the name of "Herrera" (his mother's maiden name), leaving for Africa in search of fortune and to bring new honor to his family name.

Danglars family[edit]

• Baron Danglars: Dantès's jealous junior officer (1815) and mastermind behind his imprisonment, writing the letter of denunciation which Fernand mails. He is later (1830s) a wealthy banker, but goes bankrupt and is left with only 50,000 francs, after stealing 5,000,000 francs.

• Madame Hermine Danglars (formerly Baroness Hermine de Nargonne née de Servieux): Once a widow, she had an affair with Gérard de Villefort, a married man. They had an illegitimate son, Benedetto.

• Eugénie Danglars: Daughter of Baron Danglars and Hermine Danglars. She (1830s) is free-spirited and aspires to become an independent artist.

Villefort family[edit]

• Gérard de Villefort: The royal prosecutor who (1815) imprisons Dantès to protect his career. He goes insane (1830s) after his crimes are exposed.

• Renée de Villefort (née de Saint-Méran): Gérard de Villefort's first wife, mother of Valentine.

• The Marquis and Marquise de Saint-Méran: Renée's parents.

• Valentine de Villefort: The daughter of Gérard de Villefort and his first wife, Renée. She is (1830s) 19 years old with chestnut hair, dark blue eyes, and "long white hands". Though she is engaged to Baron Franz d'Épinay, she is in love with Maximilien Morrel.

• Monsieur Noirtier de Villefort: The father of Gérard de Villefort and grandfather of Valentine, Édouard, and, unknowingly, Benedetto. A committed anti-royalist, it is his plot to restore Napoleon in which (1815) Dantès becomes entangled. He is (1830s) paralyzed and only able to communicate with his eyes, but retains his mental faculties and acts as protector to Valentine.

• Héloïse de Villefort: The murderous second wife of Gérard de Villefort, mother of Édouard.

• Édouard (or Edward) de Villefort: The only legitimate son of de Villefort.

• Benedetto: The illegitimate son of de Villefort and Baroness Hermine Danglars (Hermine de Nargonne), raised by Bertuccio and his sister-in-law, Assunta, in Rogliano. While he and his loutish friends are torturing and trying to rob Assunta, they accidentally kill her. He runs away and later becomes "Andrea Cavalcanti" in Paris.

Morrel family[edit]

• Pierre Morrel: Dantès's employer, owner of Morrel & Son. He attempts (1815) to obtain Dantès's freedom, but is unsuccessful. Later, on the verge of bankruptcy (1830s), he and his family are saved from ruin by the Count.

• Maximilien Morrel: Son of Pierre Morrel, an army captain who becomes a friend of Dantès. In love (1830s) with Valentine de Villefort.

• Julie Herbault: Daughter of Pierre Morrel, wife of Emmanuel Herbault.

• Emmanuel Herbault: An employee of Morrel & Son, who marries Julie Morrel and succeeds to the business.

Other characters[edit]

• Gaspard Caderousse: A tailor in Marseilles, he was (1815) a neighbor and friend of Dantès who knew of Danglars and Fernand's plot but did not speak up out of cowardice. Having become an innkeeper (1830s), he is rewarded by "Abbé Busoni" with a valuable diamond for explaining the denunciation plot. He then turns to crime, spends time in prison, and ends up murdered by Andrea Cavalcanti.

• Madeleine Caderousse, née Radelle: Wife of Caderousse, who egged him on to murder a Jewish jeweler. Caderousse then killed her to gain ownership of the money.

• Louis Dantès: Edmond Dantès's father, who dies from starvation during his son's imprisonment.

• Baron Franz d'Épinay: A friend of Albert de Morcerf, (1830s) engaged to Valentine de Villefort. Originally, Dumas wrote part of the story, including the events in Rome and the return of Albert de Morcerf and Franz d'Épinay to Paris, in the first person from Franz d'Épinay's point of view.[4]

• Lucien Debray: Secretary to the Minister of the Interior, a friend of Albert de Morcerf, and a lover of Madame Danglars, whom he provides with inside investment information, which she then passes on to her husband.

• Beauchamp: Journalist and Chief Editor of l'Impartial, and friend of Albert de Morcerf.

• Raoul, Baron de Château-Renaud: Member of a noble family and friend of Albert de Morcerf.

• Louise d'Armilly: Eugénie Danglars's music instructor and her intimate friend.

• Monsieur de Boville: Originally an inspector of prisons, later a detective in the Paris force, and still later the Receiver-General of the charities.

• Barrois: Old, trusted servant of Monsieur Noirtier.

• Monsieur d'Avrigny: Family doctor treating the Villefort family.

• Major (also Marquis) Bartolomeo Cavalcanti: Old man who plays the role of Prince Andrea Cavalcanti's father.

• Ali Tebelen (or Ali Tepelini): An Albanian nationalist leader, Pasha of Yanina, whom Fernand Mondego betrays, leading to Ali Pasha's murder at the hands of the Turks and the seizure of his kingdom. His wife Vasiliki and daughter Haydée are sold into slavery by Fernand.

• Countess Teresa Guiccioli: Her name is not actually stated in the novel. She is referred to as "Countess G—".

Themes[edit]

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2023)

The Count of Monte Cristo explores key themes such as justice and vengeance, focusing on Edmond Dantès' quest for revenge against those who wronged him. This pursuit raises moral questions about the consequences of vengeance and its impact on both the avenger and the targets. The theme of hope is central, driving Dantès through his trials and symbolizing his belief in eventual redemption. Mercy and forgiveness are contrasted with vengeance, as Dantès grapples with the morality of his actions. Additionally, the novel touches on themes of fate, identity, and redemption, making it a complex exploration of human nature.

Background to elements of the plot[edit]

A short novel titled Georges by Dumas was published in 1843, before The Count of Monte Cristo was written. This novel is of particular interest to scholars because Dumas reused many of the ideas and plot devices in The Count of Monte Cristo.[5]

Dumas wrote that the germ of the idea of revenge as one theme in his novel The Count of Monte Cristo came from an anecdote (Le Diamant et la Vengeance[6]) published in a memoir of incidents in France in 1838, written by an archivist of the Paris police.[7][8] The archivist was Jacques Peuchet, and the multi-volume book was called Memoirs from the Archives of the Paris Police in English.[9] Dumas included this essay in one of the editions of his novel published in 1846.[10]

Peuchet related the tale of a shoemaker, Pierre Picaud, living in Nîmes in 1807, who was engaged to marry a rich woman when three jealous friends falsely accused him of being a spy on behalf of England in a period of wars between France and England. Picaud was placed under a form of house arrest in the Fenestrelle Fort, where he served as a servant to a rich Italian cleric. When the cleric died, he left his fortune to Picaud, whom he had begun to treat as a son. Picaud then spent years plotting his revenge on the three men who were responsible for his misfortune. He stabbed the first with a dagger on which the words "Number One" were printed, and then he poisoned the second. The third man's son he lured into crime and his daughter into prostitution, finally stabbing the man himself. This third man, named Loupian, had married Picaud's fiancée while Picaud was under arrest.[6]

In another of the true stories reported by Ashton-Wolfe, Peuchet describes a poisoning in a family.[10] This story is also mentioned in the Pléiade edition of this novel,[8] and it probably served as a model for the chapter of the murders inside the Villefort family. The introduction to the Pléiade edition mentions other sources from real life: a man named Abbé Faria existed, was imprisoned but did not die in prison; he died in 1819 and left no large legacy to anyone.[8] As for Dantès, his fate is quite different from his model in Peuchet's book, since that model is murdered by the "Caderousse" of the plot.

Publication[edit]

The Count of Monte Cristo was originally published in the Journal des Débats in eighteen parts. Serialization ran from 28 August 1844 to 15 January 1846. The first edition in book form was published in Paris by Pétion in 18 volumes with the first two issued in 1844 and the remaining sixteen in 1845.[11] Most of the Belgian pirated editions, the first Paris edition and many others up to the Lécrivain et Toubon illustrated edition of 1860 feature a misspelling of the title with "Christo" used instead of "Cristo". The first edition to feature the correct spelling was the L'Écho des Feuilletons illustrated edition, Paris 1846. This edition featured plates by Paul Gavarni and Tony Johannot and was said to be "revised" and "corrected", although only the chapter structure appears to have been altered with an additional chapter entitled La Maison des Allées de Meilhan having been created by splitting Le Départ into two.[12]

Front page of translation into Judeo-Tunisian Arabic, 1889

English translations[edit]

The first appearance of The Count of Monte Cristo in English was the first part of a serialization by W. Harrison Ainsworth in volume VII of Ainsworth's Magazine published in 1845, although this was an abridged summary of the first part of the novel only and was entitled The Prisoner of If. Ainsworth translated the remaining chapters of the novel, again in abridged form, and issued these in volumes VIII and IX of the magazine in 1845 and 1846 respectively.[12] Another abridged serialization appeared in The London Journal between 1846 and 1847.

The first single volume translation in English was an abridged edition with woodcuts published by Geo Pierce in January 1846 entitled The Prisoner of If or The Revenge of Monte Christo.[12]

In April 1846, volume three of the Parlour Novelist, Belfast, Ireland: Simms and M'Intyre, London: W S Orr and Company, featured the first part of an unabridged translation of the novel by Emma Hardy. The remaining two parts would be issued as the Count of Monte Christo volumes I and II in volumes 8 and 9 of the Parlour Novelist respectively.[12]

The most common English translation is an anonymous one originally published in 1846 by Chapman and Hall. This was originally released in ten weekly installments from March 1846 with six pages of letterpress and two illustrations by M Valentin.[13] The translation was released in book form with all twenty illustrations in two volumes in May 1846, a month after the release of the first part of the above-mentioned translation by Emma Hardy.[12] The translation follows the revised French edition of 1846, with the correct spelling of "Cristo" and the extra chapter The House on the Allées de Meilhan.

Most English editions of the novel follow the anonymous translation. In 1889, two of the major American publishers Little Brown and T.Y. Crowell updated the translation, correcting mistakes and revising the text to reflect the original serialized version. This resulted in the removal of the chapter The House on the Allées de Meilhan, with the text restored to the end of the chapter called The Departure.[14][15]

In 1955, Collins published an updated version of the anonymous translation which cut several passages, including a whole chapter entitled The Past, and renamed others.[16] This abridgment was republished by many Collins imprints and other publishers including the Modern Library, Vintage, and the 1998 Oxford World's Classics edition (later editions restored the text). In 2008 Oxford released a revised edition with translation by David Coward. The 2009 Everyman's Library edition reprints the original anonymous English translation that first appeared in 1846, with revisions by Peter Washington and an introduction by Umberto Eco.

In 1996, Penguin Classics published a new translation by Robin Buss. Buss' translation updated the language, making the text more accessible to modern readers, and restored content that was modified in the 1846 translation because of Victorian English social restrictions (for example, references to Eugénie's lesbian traits and behavior) to reflect Dumas' original version.

In addition to the above, there have also been many abridged translations such as an 1892 edition published by F.M. Lupton, translated by Henry L. Williams (this translation was also released by M.J. Ivers in 1892 with Williams using the pseudonym of Professor William Thiese).[12] A more recent abridgment is the translation by Lowell Bair for Bantam Classics in 1956.

Many abridged translations omit the Count's enthusiasm for hashish. When serving a hashish jam to the young Frenchman Franz d'Épinay, the Count (calling himself Sinbad the Sailor), calls it, "nothing less than the ambrosia which Hebe served at the table of Jupiter". When he arrives in Paris, the Count brandishes an emerald box in which he carries small green pills compounded of hashish and opium which he uses for sleeplessness. (Source: Chapters 31, 32, 38, 40, 53 & 77 in the 117-chapter unabridged Pocket Books edition.) Dumas was a member of the Club des Hashischins.

In June 2017, Manga Classics, an imprint of UDON Entertainment, published The Count of Monte Cristo as a faithfully adapted Manga edition of the classic novel.[17]

Japanese translations[edit]

The first Japanese translation by Kuroiwa Shūroku was entitled "Shigai Shiden Gankutsu-ou" (史外史伝巌窟王, "a historical story from outside history, the King of the Cavern"), and serialized from 1901 to 1902 in the Yorozu Chouhou newspaper, and released in book form in four volumes by publisher Aoki Suusandou in 1905. Though later translations use the title "Monte Cristo-haku" (モンテ・クリスト伯, the Count of Monte Cristo), the "Gankutsu-ou" title remains highly associated with the novel and is often used as an alternative. As of March 2016, all movie adaptations of the novel brought to Japan used the title "Gankutsu-ou", with the exception of the 2002 film, which has it as a subtitle (with the title itself simply being "Monte Cristo").

The novel is popular in Japan, and has spawned numerous adaptations, the most notable of which are the novels Meiji Gankutsu-ou by Taijirou Murasame and Shin Gankutsu-ou by Kaitarō Hasegawa. Its influence can also be seen in how one of the first prominent cases of miscarriage of justice in Japan, in which an innocent man was charged with murder and imprisoned for half a century, is known in Japanese as the "Yoshida Gankutsu-ou incident" (吉田岩窟王事件).

A manga adaptation of the novel, titled Monte Cristo Hakushaku (モンテ・クリスト, 伯爵) and made by Ena Moriyama, was published in November 2015.

Chinese translations[edit]

The first translation into Chinese was published in 1907. The novel had been a personal favorite of Jiang Qing, and the 1978 translation became one of the first mass-popularized foreign novels in mainland China after end of the Cultural Revolution. Since then, there have been another 22 Chinese translations.

Reception and legacy[edit]

The original work was published in serial form in the Journal des Débats in 1844. Carlos Javier Villafane Mercado described the effect in Europe:

The effect of the serials, which held vast audiences enthralled ... is unlike any experience of reading we are likely to have known ourselves, maybe something like that of a particularly gripping television series. Day after day, at breakfast or at work or on the street, people talked of little else.[18]

George Saintsbury stated that "Monte Cristo is said to have been at its first appearance, and for some time subsequently, the most popular book in Europe. Perhaps no novel within a given number of years had so many readers and penetrated into so many different countries."[19] This popularity has extended into modern times as well. The book was "translated into virtually all modern languages and has never been out of print in most of them. There have been at least twenty-nine motion pictures based on it ... as well as several television series, and many movies [have] worked the name 'Monte Cristo' into their titles."[18] The title Monte Cristo lives on in a "famous gold mine, a line of luxury Cuban cigars, a sandwich, and any number of bars and casinos—it even lurks in the name of the street-corner hustle three-card monte."[20]

Modern Russian writer and philologist Vadim Nikolayev determined The Count of Monte-Cristo as a megapolyphonic novel.[21]

The novel has been the inspiration for many other books, from Lew Wallace's Ben-Hur (1880),[22] then to a science fiction retelling in Alfred Bester's The Stars My Destination,[23] and to Stephen Fry's The Stars' Tennis Balls (entitled Revenge in the U.S.).[24]

Fantasy novelist Steven Brust's Khaavren Romances series have all used Dumas novels (particularly the Three Musketeers series) as their chief inspiration, recasting the plots of those novels to fit within Brust's established world of Dragaera.[25] His 2020 novel The Baron of Magister Valley follows suit, using The Count of Monte Cristo as a starting point.[26][27] Jin Yong has admitted some influence from Dumas, his favorite non-Chinese novelist.[28] Some commentators feel that the plot of A Deadly Secret resembles The Count of Monte Cristo, except that they are based in different countries and historical periods.

Historical background[edit]

The success of The Count of Monte Cristo coincides with France's Second Empire. In the novel, Dumas tells of the 1815 return of Napoleon I, and alludes to contemporary events when the governor at the Château d'If is promoted to a position at the castle of Ham.[8][Notes 1] The attitude of Dumas towards "bonapartisme" was conflicted. His father, Thomas-Alexandre Dumas,[Notes 2] a Haitian of mixed descent, became a successful general during the French Revolution. In 1840, the body of Napoleon I was brought to France and became an object of veneration in the church of Les Invalides, renewing popular patriotic support for the Bonaparte family. As the story opens, the character Dantès is not aware of the politics, considers himself simply a good French citizen, and is caught between the conflicting loyalties of the royalist Villefort during the Restoration, and the father of Villefort, Noirtier, loyal to Napoleon, a firm bonapartist, and the bonapartist loyalty of his late captain, in a period of rapid changes of government in France.

Montecristo islet, view from the north

In "Causeries" (1860), Dumas published a short paper, "État civil du Comte de Monte-Cristo", on the genesis of the Count of Monte Cristo.[8][Notes 3] It appears that Dumas had close contacts with members of the Bonaparte family while living in Florence in 1841. In a small boat, he sailed around the island of Monte Cristo, accompanied by a young prince, a cousin to Louis Bonaparte, who was to become Emperor Napoleon III of the French ten years later, in 1851. During this trip, he promised that cousin of Louis Bonaparte that he would write a novel with the island's name in the title. In 1841 when Dumas made his promise, Louis Bonaparte himself was imprisoned at the citadel of Ham – the place mentioned in the novel. Dumas did visit him there,[29] although Dumas does not mention it in "Etat civil".

A chronology of The Count of Monte Cristo and Bonapartism[edit]

During the life of Thomas-Alexandre Dumas:

• 1793: Thomas-Alexandre Dumas is promoted to the rank of general in the army of the First French Republic.

• 1794: He disapproves of the revolutionary terror in Western France.

• 1795–1797: He becomes famous and fights under Napoleon.

• 1802: Black officers are dismissed from the army. The Empire re-establishes slavery.

• 1802: Birth of his son, Alexandre Dumas père.

• 1806: Thomas-Alexandre Dumas dies, still bitter about the injustice of the Empire.

During the life of Alexandre Dumas:

• 1832: The only son of Napoleon I dies.

• 1836: Alexandre Dumas is famous as a writer by this time (age 34).

• 1836: First putsch by Louis Napoleon, aged 28, fails.

• 1840: A law is passed to bring the ashes of Napoleon I to France.

• 1840: Second putsch of Louis Napoleon. He is imprisoned for life and becomes known as the candidate for the imperial succession.

• 1841: Dumas lives in Florence and becomes acquainted with King Jérôme and his son, Napoléon.

• 1841–1844: The story is conceived and written.

• 1844–1846: The story is published in parts in a Parisian magazine.

• 1846: The novel is published in full and becomes a European bestseller.

• 1846: Louis Napoleon escapes from his prison.

• 1848: French Second Republic. Louis Napoleon is elected its first president but Dumas does not vote for him.

• 1857: Dumas publishes État civil du Comte de Monte-Cristo

Selected adaptations[edit]

Further information: The Count of Monte Cristo (disambiguation)

Classic Comics, The Count of Monte Cristo,

Issue #3, published 1942.

Film[edit]

Hobart Bosworth (right) in The Count of Monte Cristo (1908)

Edmond Dantès (James O'Neill) loosens a stone before making his escape from the Château d'If in The Count of Monte Cristo (1913)

• 1908: The Count of Monte Cristo, a silent film starring Hobart Bosworth

• 1913: The Count of Monte Cristo, a silent film starring James O'Neill

• 1918: The Count of Monte Cristo, a silent-film serial starring Léon Mathot

• 1922: Monte Cristo, starring John Gilbert and directed by Emmett J. Flynn

• 1929: Monte Cristo, restored silent epic directed by Henri Fescourt

• 1934: The Count of Monte Cristo, directed by Rowland V. Lee

• 1942: The Count of Monte Cristo (Spanish: El Conde de Montecristo), a Mexican film version, directed by Chano Urueta and starring Arturo de Córdova

• 1943: The Count of Monte Cristo, directed by Robert Vernay

• 1946: The Return of Monte Cristo, directed by Henry Levin

• 1946: The Wife of Monte Cristo, directed by Edgar G. Ulmer

• 1953: The Count of Monte Cristo (Spanish: El Conde de Montecristo), directed by León Klimovsky and starring Jorge Mistral

• 1954: The Count of Monte Cristo, starring Jean Marais

• 1958: Vanjikottai Valiban (வஞ்சிக்கோட்டை வாலிபன்), Tamil film adaptation and its Hindi remake Raaj Tilak

• 1961: Le comte de Monte Cristo, starring Louis Jourdan, directed by Claude Autant-Lara

• 1968: Sous le signe de Monte Cristo, French film starring Paul Barge, Claude Jade and Anny Duperey, directed by André Hunebelle, and set in 1947

• 1975: The Count of Monte Cristo, TV film starring Richard Chamberlain, directed by David Greene

• 1982: Padayottam, a Malayalam film adaption set in Kerala context, directed by Jijo Punnoose, starring Prem Nazir, Madhu, Mammootty and Mohanlal

• 1986: Veta, Telugu film adaptation

• 1986: Legacy of Rage, a Cantonese-language Hong Kong film adaptation, starring Brandon Lee

• 1986: Asipatha Mamai, a Sinhala film adaptation

• 2002: The Count of Monte Cristo, directed by Kevin Reynolds and starring Jim Caviezel, Dagmara Domińczyk, Richard Harris and Guy Pearce

• 2024: The Count of Monte Cristo, French adaptation, directed by Matthieu Delaporte and Alexandre de La Patellière and starring Pierre Niney

21세기 영어교육연구회 / ㈜ 파우스트 칼리지

전 화 : (02)386-4802 / (02)384-3348

이메일 : faustcollege@naver.com / ceta211@naver.com

Cafe : http://cafe.daum.net/21ceta 21세기 영어교육연구회

Band : http://band.us/@ceta21 21세기 영어교육연구회

Blog : http://blog.naver.com/ceta211 21세기 영어교육연구회

Web-site : www.faustcollege.com (주)파우스트 칼리지