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완전히 자동화된 럭셔리 공산주의
Fully Automated Luxury Communism
A Manifesto
by Aaron Bastani
새로운 종류의 사회를 위한 다른 종류의 정치 - 노동, 희소성 및 자본주의를 넘어서
A different kind of politics for a new kind of society—beyond work, scarcity and capitalism
21 세기에 새로운 기술은 우리를 노동으로부터 자유롭게 해야 합니다. 자동화는 완전 고용으로 건설 된 경제를 훼손하는 대신 모든 사람들을 위한 자유, 사치 및 행복의 세계로가는 길입니다. 기술적 진보는 식품, 건강 관리 및 주택과 같은 상품의 가치를 0으로 낮춥니다.
In the twenty-first century, new technologies should liberate us from work. Automation, rather than undermining an economy built on full employment, is instead the path to a world of liberty, luxury and happiness—for everyone. Technological advance will reduce the value of commodities—food, healthcare and housing—towards zero.
재생 가능 에너지의 향상은 화석 연료를 과거의 유물로 만들 것입니다. 소행성에서 필수 광물을 채굴 할 것입니다. 유전 편집 및 합성 생물학은 생명을 연장하고 사실상 질병을 제거하며 동물없이 고기를 제공합니다. 새로운 지평이 열립니다.
Improvements in renewable energies will make fossil fuels a thing of the past. Asteroids will be mined for essential minerals. Genetic editing and synthetic biology will prolong life, virtually eliminate disease and provide meat without animals. New horizons beckon.
Aaron Bastani는 '완전히 자동화된 럭셔리 공산주의'에서 특별한 희망의 비전을 불러냅니다. 에너지의 풍부함으로 이동하고, 90억의 세계인을 먹이고, 노동을 극복하고, 생물학의 한계를 초월하며, 모두에게 의미있는 자유를 수립하는 방법을 그는 보여 줍니다. 그런 사회는 최종 목적지가 아니라 역사의 진정한 시작을 예고합니다.
In Fully Automated Luxury Communism, Aaron Bastani conjures a vision of extraordinary hope, showing how we move to energy abundance, feed a world of 9 billion, overcome work, transcend the limits of biology, and establish meaningful freedom for everyone. Rather than a final destination, such a society merely heralds the real beginning of history.
Reviews
“In 100 years’ time many of the ideas in this book will be mainstream, while kindergarten students laugh at our mainstream economic textbooks. Bastani’s genius is to see the future with crisp clarity, unafraid of the consequences of being right.”
– Paul Mason, author of Postcapitalism
“One of the most important books to come out of the British left in recent years. Incredibly ambitious and wide-ranging, but also well-written and readable, it provides a fascinating glimpse into a future beyond scarcity and beyond capitalism. Not simply a set of predictions about an unknowable future, it is a call to action to those seeking to bring an entirely new world into being.”
– Grace Blakeley, New Statesman
“At a time when our horizons have shrunk, when instead of striving for a better world we look backward to old comforts, Aaron Bastani calls us to dream and struggle for the type of society finally fit for humanity to live as humans should.”
– Bhaskar Sunkara, author of The Socialist Manifesto
“The debate is no longer about tinkering with our current broken social order, but replacing it: this fascinating book is an absolutely critical contribution, and a must-read for all those who aspire to build a new society.”
– Owen Jones, author of The Establishment
“[A] leading figure in the rich ferment of ideas around Corbyn’s Labour ... [Fully Automated Luxury Communism] offers a snapshot of the new radical narrative that would frame the programme of government of an incoming Prime Minister Corbyn.”
– Financial Times
“A startlingly sunny and audacious manifesto that reads the extremity of current political, economic, and environmental crises as a sign of the scale of opportunity for radical change...[Bastani] gamely reclaims the stuff of dystopia for a more buoyant vision . . . Bastani’s arguments rest on the conviction that the major problems that face citizens are political in nature—and thus that their only possible solutions will be political, too”
– Lidija Haas, Harpers
“Bastani writes with pace, economy and infectious enthusiasm ... There are more ideas crammed in here than in a whole shelf of standard politics books. And in today’s fraught world, the time to read whole shelves of politics books may have passed.”
– Andy Beckett, Guardian
“Fully Automated Luxury Communism offers a hopeful vision of a possible future, one that, with its blend of utopian energy and careful argumentation, is worth taking seriously.”
– Vector
“[Fully Automated Luxury Communism] is a provocative ... reckoning with the end of market capitalism, and what might follow ... in outlining the benefits of decarbonised economies, worker-owned businesses, people’s banks, planet taxes and universal basic services, Bastani is starting to put flesh on the spectre that might one day haunt Europe again.”
– Gavin Jacobson, New Statesman
“Jeremy Corbyn's new left ... do not wish only to manage capitalism. They want something more. They are something more. And this book is an attempt to explain what that more is.”
– Times
가디언지 리뷰
Fully automated luxury communism
지지자들은 '완전히 자동화된 호화로운 공산주의'는 '노동 이후 사회'를 실현할 수있는 기회라고 믿는다. 그곳에서는 과거지사가 되어 버린 무거운 짐을 들고 작업하는 일을 기계가 대신한다.
Supporters believe fully automated luxury communism is an opportunity to realise a 'post-work society', where machines do the heavy lifting and employment as we know it is a thing of the past
https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2015/mar/18/fully-automated-luxury-communism-robots-employment
"나는 특정 분야에서 이런 상태에 분명 도달해 있지만, 우리가 (전체적으로)이를 달성했다고 말하는 것은 아니다"라고 바스타니는 말한다. "비디오 및 오디오 콘텐츠를 예를 들자면- 우리는 이들과 함께 희소성-이후 상태에 도달했습니다. Spotify 나 iTunes 또는 Wikipedia 스타일의 모델은 사람들을 명백히 먹여 살리지는 않습니다. 그러나 이것은 소프트웨어에 대한 일련의 트렌드 중 최첨단의 것이고, 곧 하드웨어에도 적용될 것이라고 주장합니다. 왜냐하면 그것은 고체 자유형 가공, 3D 인쇄, 합성 생물학의 등장과 더불어 이미 실현되고 있기 때문입니다.
“I’m not saying we’re there yet, though in certain areas we clearly are,” Bastani says. “Take video and audio content – we’ve reached post-scarcity with that. A Spotify or an iTunes or a Wikipedia-style model doesn’t feed people, obviously. But the claim could be that this is the leading edge of a set of trends for software, but also, soon, for hardware. Because that’s attendant with the rise of solid freeform fabrication, 3D-printing, synthetic biology.”
바스타니는 대량 로보 럭셔리의 시대를 복음화하는 데 혼자인 것은 아닙니다. 좌파 그룹 인 Plan C의 회원들은 선동에서 "모두에게 호화스러운"이라는 슬로건과 날카롭게 디자인 된 Tumblr, Luxury Communism을 채택하여 공감의 생각을 외쳤습니다. 이 격언은 학생 항의 시위에서 등장하고 있습니다.
마찬가지로 브린졸프슨 (Brynjolfsson)은 기계로 생산 된 포퓰리즘적 고급 스러움을 이상하게 생각하지 않습니다. 정 반대로, 그는 "점차 풍요로움의 세계, 사치의 세계조차도 가능할뿐만 아니라 가능성이 있습니다."라고 그는 말합니다.. "전화 서비스, 자동차, 토요휴무- 오늘날 필수품으로 간주되는 많은 것들이 과거에는 사치였습니다."
Bastani isn’t alone in evangelising an era of mass robo-luxury. Members of the leftwing group Plan C deploy the slogan “Luxury for all” in their agitations, and a sharply-designed Tumblr, Luxury Communism, trumpets sympathetic ideas. The maxim has been showing up at student protests.
Likewise, Brynjolfsson doesn’t find the idea of machine-generated populist luxury outlandish. On the contrary. “A world of increasing abundance, even luxury, is not only possible, but likely,” he says. “Many of things we consider necessities today – phone service, automobiles, Saturdays off – were luxuries in the past.”
****
결국 바스 타니 (Bastani)는 FALC가 그와 가까운 무언가를 달성하는 것을 보았습니다. 이는 자체 하이테크 및 노동력 감소 장치에 대한 집단적 통제가 가능한 사회입니다. 그는 3D 프린터 및 농산물 로봇을 최적화하는 것과 같은 미래에 아주 적은 노동만 필요한 분야는, 편집자가 현재 Wikipedia를 관리하는 방식 처럼 탈중심화되고 비위계적인 방식으로 조직화될 것이라고 믿습니다.
그러나 그 전에, 그리고 거기에 도착하기 위해, 그는 호화로운 공산주의자의 상표를 사용하여 개종자들의 환심을 사기를 희망합니다. 궁극적으로 이것은 정치에 관한 것입니다.
Eventually, Bastani sees FALC achieving something closer to that — a society with collective control over its own high-tech, work-reducing gadgets. He believes what little work will be necessary in the future, such as optimising 3D-printers and agricultural robots, will be organised much the way editors currently manage Wikipedia — in a decentralised, non-hierarchical fashion.
But before then, and in order to get there, he hopes to use the luxury communist label to win converts to the cause. Ultimately, this is about politics.
원문 출처
https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2015/mar/18/fully-automated-luxury-communism-robots-employment
cf.유사 주장
Ecosocialism: Dystopian and Scientific
An effective ecosocialist politics can't just focus on dire threats to scare us into action. It must also convince people that a better future is possible.
by MATT HUBER - WINTER 2019
https://socialistforum.dsausa.org/issues/winter-2019/ecosocialism-dystopian-and-scientific/
My core thesis is that Engels’s view of scientific socialism is simply a realistic view of what is materially possible given historical conditions. In ecological terms, capitalism is fundamentally new because of the mass alienation of the bulk of the population from the natural conditions of their existence – the land. For the first time the vast majority is violently torn from the direct dependence on the land and forced to rely upon commodity relations to survive (usually but not exclusively via wage labor). Capital exploits this landless proletariat to accumulate capital and surplus value. One of capital’s main levers of accumulation is a relentless tendency to invest in machines that improve labor productivity. Industrial capitalism thus vastly expands society’s productive capacities in ways that surpasses previous biological and spatial limits to growth.
Marx believed the way capitalism develops automation and machinery could massively reduce the labor needed for basic social reproduction – what he called the “realm of necessity.” If machinery were under socialized control (and not for private profit), he argued all of society could enjoy an extended “realm of freedom” – that is, free time not shaped by the urgency to meet society’s basic needs. Although George Orwell suggested the lack of manual labor could create, “a paradise of little fat men,” free time need not mean idleness and could include a variety of personal and collective activities (including artisanal production or gardening if one enjoys it).
***
The ecological question with automation revolves around energy. Since we cannot take a global society of seven plus billion people based on automated machine production and turn into an artisanal handcrafted local agrarian society, the key to an ecosocialist future is finding some way to replicate the labor-saving aspects of the fossil economy with clean energy.
As David Schwartzman argues, we need to view a transition to socialism as an energy transition to the abundant resource known as the sun – what he calls solar communism. Solar energy fits nicely with the socialist vision of abundance. Schwartzman explains: “…one hour of solar flux to the earth supplies the same amount of energy as that consumed globally by society in one year.” The problem with solar power is of course technical. But under socialism, if production were oriented toward human and ecological need, vast amounts of engineering knowledge would be devoted to solving the limits of renewable energy (its intermittency and need for storage). Historically speaking from an energy standpoint, this transition would be a kind of energy reversal. 99% of human history is based on direct solar energy — specifically the photosynthesis needed for food, fuel, and fiber. The use of fossil fuels (or buried sunshine) could be seen as a brief “bridge” to re-inaugurating a society based on abundant sunlight.
***
Let me also be clear – the harnessing of renewable abundance is not an effort to replicate wasteful capitalist consumerism (e.g. cheap plastic crap), but rather to define (and debate) what society actually needs through the premise of abundant energy. Again, socialism means the democratization of production. When the goal is to transform the relations of production, new, emancipatory relations of consumption will follow. An ecosocialist politics of production also avoids the typical environmentalist shaming about “overconsumption” (in an unequal society where so many are living lives based on underconsumption).
Overall ecosocialist abundance is not about the “abundance” of mere stuff, but time and real human relationships. Again, Marx saw labor saving machinery as fundamentally a means to ensure more free time. Ecosocialism must also seek ecological abundance – that is, an abundance of nonhuman living ecologies. And, while capitalism devalues and exploits reproductive care work, an ecosocialist production system would make “reproduction” and “care” the sole purpose of all production itself (i.e. production geared toward needs). An ecosocialist society would need to figure out how to produce food and clothing (and even stuff like steel), but it would take equally seriously the production of housing, education, health care, child care and the other needs of social reproduction.