스크랩 ■ 2018 새해맞이 Elfin Lakes 특별 산행

[Mundy Sung]

■ 20180101(MON) 새해맞이 Elfin Lakes(始山祭) 山行

■ CAMERA : SONY DSC-HX80

■ Atwell Peak(2,655m) Garibaldi Ranges

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Atwell Peak
Atwell Peak
Highest point
Elevation	2,655 m (8,711 ft)
Prominence	125 m (410 ft)
Listing	List of volcanoes in Canada List of Cascade volcanoes
Coordinates	49°50′28″N 123°00′33″W / 49.84111°N 123.00917°W / 49.84111; -123.00917Coordinates: 49°50′28″N 123°00′33″W / 49.84111°N 123.00917°W / 49.84111; -123.00917
Geography
Atwell Peak Location in SW British Columbia
Location	British Columbia, Canada
Parent range	Garibaldi Ranges
Topo map	NTS 92G/14
Geology
Age of rock	Pleistocene
Mountain type	Lava dome
Volcanic arc/belt	Canadian Cascade Arc Garibaldi Volcanic Belt
Last eruption	Pleistocene
Climbing
First ascent	1911 A. Armistead; B. Darling; J. Davies; F. Hewton; A. Morkill

Atwell Peak is a dramatic pyramid shaped volcanic peak located at the southern edge of Mount Garibaldi, British Columbia, Canada. Atwell Peak was formed during an initial period of volcanism 0.51-0.22 million years ago and was the source of many pyroclastic flows during Garibaldi's development.^[1] Frequent landslides on its west face drops steeply into the Cheekye River. Atwell Peak is often mistakenly called Mount Garibaldi when viewed from Squamish, since the main peak is hidden. The peak is usually climbed during winter or early spring when the rock is frozen because it is very loose and rotten. Atwell Peak contains three ridges, the north, east, and south. The two most visible routes are the north and south ridges.

Atwell Peak consists of three ridges, the north, east, and south. The east ridge connects with the north ridge about 100 horizontal metres north of the summit. All ridges, with the possible exception of the upper east ridge, are sharp and heavily corniced in winter and spring. The north ridge is the shortest climbing route. Several gullies on the southeast face offer moderate routes that eventually join one of the three ridges. The northeast face is the shortest of the peak's faces but has many bergschrunds.

Atwell Peak is part of the Garibaldi Massif which is an eroded stratovolcano formed during the last ice age. The volcano is also part of the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt which is a segment of the Canadian Cascade Arc, but it is not within the geographic boundary of the Cascade Range. It is located in the Garibaldi Ranges of the Pacific Ranges.

Glaciers and icefield[edit]

To the east of Atwell Peak lies the Garibaldi Névé ice field, which is a popular objective with the ski touring crowd. Two pocket glaciers lie right below the east side of the peak, the Diamond Glacier to the southeast and the upper Bishop Glacier to the northeast. Straight north of Atwell toward Mount Garibaldi lies a small, high-elevation ice cap called the Cheekye Glacier.

■ 주요 일정

06:00 Lougheed Town Centre Station(Burnaby) 출발 → Trans-Canada Hwy/BC-1 W

06:30 Cypress Falls Park Parking Lot(35.5km/West Vancouver) 출발 → Squamish Valley Golf & Country Club(52.5km/Sea-to-Sky Hwy(BC-99 N) & Mamquam Rd) 우회전 → Mamquam Rd & Garibaldi Park Road(비포장 도로)

07:50 Diamond Head Trail Parking Lot(32km/총거리 120km) 도착

08:10 산행시작 Diamond Head Trail(5km/Red Health Shelter/간이 화장실)-(Round Mountain/1,646m) & Elfin Lakes Trail

12:00 Elfin Lakes Shelter(12km(하절기11km)/Whistler, BC V0N 0A0/env.gov.bc.ca/1-800-689-9025) 도착 - 시산제 - 점심식사

12:50 Elfin Lakes Shelter 출발

16:20 Diamond Head Trail Parking Lot 도착 - 귀가

■ Elfin Lakes

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Elfin Lakes are two lakes in Garibaldi Provincial Park that are popular for hiking, snowshoeing, skiing, and mountain bicycling trail located east of Squamish, British Columbia, Canada.

The name was adopted in 1978 when it was identified in a pamphlet for the local lodge. However, a 1946 letter from W.H. Matthews, a Vancouver City Archivist notes that the lakes were once called Crystal Lakes but were never found on any maps.^[1]

The area has always been a popular destination for hikers and skiers since the creation of the park in the 1927. Then a local lodge was built in the early 1940s by Joan Mathews, Ottar Brandvold, and his brother Emil and was called the Diamond Head Chalet, but it is now unused and decaying. It attracted many hikers and backcountry skiers. Eventually the owners retired, and ownership was transferred to BC Parks. They chose to not maintain it and built the new Elfin Lakes shelter a few metres south. However, the road that was built is still used as a trail and service road. A moving film made by the Brandvolds showcases Garibaldi Park and the Diamond Head Chalet.

Recreation[edit]

All recreational activities in the area are governed by the regulations of Garibaldi Provincial Park. Primary access to the lake is via an 11 km (5.5 mi) long trail, which gains approximately 600 metres (2,000 ft) of elevation from the trailhead. There are campgrounds and an overnight shelter at the lakes and campgrounds and a day-use shelter or a winter overnight shelter in Red Heather Meadows. During winter, the lake is typically frozen from late December to late April. Much of the trail up is on a rarely used forest service road and has an approximate grade of 5.5%. Approximately half of the trail is in forest, while the remaining half is in alpine meadows with clear views of the surrounding mountains. There are separate trails for mountain bicycling, hiking, and winter use. Hiking trails continue past Elfin Lakes towards Opal Cone, Mamquam Lake, Columnar Peak, the Gargoyles, and Little Diamond Head. It is also possible to travel to Mount Garibaldi and Diamond Head in the winter. Swimming is permitted in the top lake, and the lower lake is reserved for drinking water only.

The view from Paul Ridge toward Elfin Lakes. Atwell Peak is prominently visible.

■ Gray Jay(Whiskey Jack)

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  (Redirected from Gray jay)

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"Whisky jack" redirects here. For the Cree mythological figure, see Wisakedjak. For other uses, see Whiskeyjack (disambiguation).

Grey jay
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Corvidae
Genus:	Perisoreus
Species:	P. canadensis
Binomial name
Perisoreus canadensis (Linnaeus, 1766)
Subspecies
9 subspecies; see text
Grey jay range
Synonyms
Dysornithia brachyrhyncha, Sw.

The grey jay (Perisoreus canadensis), also gray jay, Canada jay, or whisky jack, is a passerine bird of the family Corvidae. It is found in boreal forests of North America north to the tree line, and in the Rocky Mountains subalpine zone south to New Mexico and Arizona. A fairly large songbird, the grey jay has pale grey underparts, darker grey upperparts, and a grey-white head with a darker grey nape. It is one of three members of the genus Perisoreus, a small genus more closely related to the Cyanopica genus of magpies than to other birds known as jays. The grey jay itself has nine recognized subspecies.

Grey jays live year-round on permanent territories in coniferous forests, surviving in winter months on food cached throughout their territory in warmer periods. The birds form monogamous mating pairs, with pairs accompanied on their territories by a third juvenile from the previous season. Grey jays adapt to human activity in their territories and are known to approach humans for food, inspiring a list of colloquial names including "lumberjack", "camp robber", and "venison-hawk". The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) considers the grey jay a least-concern species, however, populations in southern ranges may be affected adversely by anthropogenic climate change.

The species is associated with mythological figures of several First Nations cultures, including Wisakedjak, a benevolent figure whose name was anglicized to Whiskyjack. In 2016, an online poll and expert panel conducted by Canadian Geographic magazine selected the grey jay as the national bird of Canada, although the designation is not formally recognized.

Contents

 [hide] 

• 1 Taxonomy
• 2 Description
• 3 Distribution and habitat
• 4 Behaviour
  • 4.1 Mating
  • 4.2 Nesting
  • 4.3 Fledging
  • 4.4 Survival
  • 4.5 Feeding
  • 4.6 Caching
• 5 Predators
• 6 Relationship with humans
  • 6.1 Cultural significance
  • 6.2 Conservation
• 7 References
• 8 Further reading
• 9 External links

Taxonomy[edit]

Subspecies P. c. capitalis, Grand Tetons, Wyoming

Carl Linnaeus described the grey jay as Corvus canadensis in the 12th edition of his Systema Naturae in 1766.^[2] William John Swainson named it Dysornithia brachyrhyncha in 1831.^[3] French ornithologist Charles Lucien Bonaparte assigned the grey jay to the genus Perisoreus in 1838 in A geographical and comparative list of the birds of Europe and North America, along with the Siberian jay, P. infaustus.^[4] The grey jay belongs to the crow and jay family Corvidae. However, it and the other members of its genus are not closely related to other birds known as jays; they are instead close to the genus Cyanopica, which contains the azure-winged magpie.^[5] Its relatives are native to Eurasia, and ancestors of the grey jay are thought to have diverged from their Old World relatives and crossed Beringia into North America.^[6]

Subspecies P. c. capitalis (left) and P. c. obscurus (right); illustration by Keulemans, 1877

A 2012 genetic study revealed four clades across its range: a widespread "boreal" or "taiga" clade ranging from Alaska to Newfoundland and ranging south to the Black Hills of South Dakota, Wyoming and Utah in the west and New England in the east, a "transcascade" clade in eastern Washington and Oregon and ranging into Alberta and Montana, a "Rocky Mountains (Colorado)" clade from the southern Rocky Mountains, and a "Pacific" clade from coastal British Columbia, Washington, and southwestern Oregon. There was also a population of the boreal clade in the central Rocky Mountains between the Colorado and transcascade clades. Genetic dating suggests the Pacific clade diverged from the common ancestor of the other clades around three million years ago in the Late Pliocene.^[6]

The boreal clade is genetically diverse, suggesting that grey jays retreated to multiple areas of milder climate during previous ice ages and recolonized the region in warmer times.^[6]

Nine subspecies are recognized:^[7][8]

• P. c. albescens, also known as the Alberta jay, was described by American ornithologist James L. Peters in 1920. It ranges from northeastern British Columbia and northwestern Alberta southeastward, east of the Rocky Mountains to the Black Hills of South Dakota. It is an occasional visitor to northwestern Nebraska.^[9]
• P. c. bicolor, described by American zoologist Alden H. Miller in 1933, is found in southeastern British Columbia, southwestern Alberta, eastern Washington, northeastern Oregon, northern and central Idaho, and western Montana.^[9] Miller noted that the subspecies appeared to be a stable intermediate form between canadensis and capitalis. It was a similar size to subspecies canadensis, and had a wholly white head with a black nape. Its body markings resembled those of capitalis but its coloration resembled canadensis.^[10]
• P. c. canadensis, the nominate subspecies, breeds from northern British Columbia east to Prince Edward Island, and south to the northern reaches of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Vermont, and New Hampshire, as well as northeastern New York and Maine. It winters at lower altitudes within the breeding range and south to southern Ontario and Massachusetts, and is an occasional visitor to central Minnesota, southeastern Wisconsin, northwestern Pennsylvania, and central New York. P. c. canadensis is a vagrant to northeastern Pennsylvania (Philadelphia).^[9]
• P. c. capitalis is found in the southern Rocky Mountains from eastern Idaho, south-central Montana, and western and southern Wyoming south through eastern Utah, and western and central Colorado, to east-central Arizona and north-central New Mexico.^[9] American naturalist Spencer Fullerton Baird described this subspecies in 1873. It has a wholly whitish head with a pale band on the back of the neck, and overall more ashy grey plumage.^[11] It is also generally larger than the nominate subspecies canadensis.^[10]
• P. c. griseus occurs from southwestern British Columbia and Vancouver Island south through central Washington and central Oregon to the mountains of north-central and northeastern California. It was described by Robert Ridgway in 1899.^[9]
• P. c. nigricapillus, also known as the Labrador jay,^[12] is found in northern Quebec (Kuujjuaq, Whale River, and George River), throughout Labrador and Nova Scotia, and in southeastern Quebec (Mingan and Blanc-Sablon). It was described by Ridgway in 1882.^[9]
• P. c. obscurus, described by Ridgway in 1874, is native to the coastal strip from Washington (Crescent Lake, Seattle, and Columbia River) through western Oregon to northwestern California (Humboldt County).^[9] Also known as the Oregon jay,^[13] this subspecies has more dark brown than grey upperparts.^[11]
• P. c. pacificus ranges from central Alaska to northwestern Canada, including the Yukon and along the Mackenzie River. It was described by Johann Friedrich Gmelin in 1788.^[8]
• P. c. sanfordi is found in Newfoundland.^[8] Harry C. Oberholser described it in 1914 from a specimen collected by a Dr. Sanford, whom he named it after. Oberholser reported that it was smaller and darker than the nominate race P. c. canadensis and more closely resembled P. c. nigricapillus.^[14]

Two additional subspecies were formerly recognized:

• P. c. arcus was the name given to populations that are found in the Rainbow Mountains area and headwaters of the Dean and Bella Coola Rivers of the central Coast Ranges, British Columbia.^[9] Described by Miller in 1950, it is often recognized as P. c. obscurus.^[8]
• P. c. barbouri was described by Allan Brooks in 1920.^[9] Abundant on Anticosti Island in eastern Quebec, this subspecies is significantly heavier but not larger than other grey jay subspecies in Quebec, and does not appear to be genetically distinct from P. c. nigricapillus^[8] or other populations in Quebec.^[15]

Description[edit]

The grey jay is a relatively large songbird, though smaller than other jays. A typical adult grey jay is between 25 to 33 cm (9.8 to 13.0 in) long. Its wingspan is around 45 cm (18 in). It weighs about 65 to 70 g (2.3 to 2.5 oz). Adults have medium grey back feathers with a lighter grey underside. Its head is mostly white with a dark grey or black nape and hood, with a short black beak and dark eyes. The long tail is medium grey with lighter tips.^[16] The legs and feet are black.^[17] The plumage is thick, providing insulation in the bird's cold native habitat.^[18] Like most corvids, grey jays are not sexually dimorphic, but males are slightly larger than females. Juveniles are initially coloured very dark grey all over, gaining adult plumage after a first moult in July or August.^[19] The average lifespan of territory-owning grey jays is eight years;^[18] the oldest known grey jay banded and recaptured in the wild was at least 17 years old.^[19]

A variety of vocalizations are used and, like other corvids, grey jays may mimic other bird species, especially predators. Calls include a whistled quee-oo, and various clicks and chuckles. When predators are spotted, the bird announces a series of harsh clicks to signal a threat on the ground, or a series of repeated whistles to indicate a predator in the air.^[18]

Distribution and habitat[edit]

Perisoreus canadensis obscurus in Mount Rainier National Park

The grey jay's range spans across northern North America, from northern Alaska east to Newfoundland and Labrador, and south to northern California, Idaho, Utah, east-central Arizona, north-central New Mexico, central Colorado, and southwestern South Dakota. It is also found in the northern reaches of the states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, New York, and New England. The grey jay may wander north of the breeding range. In winter it travels irregularly to northwestern Nebraska, central Minnesota, southeastern Wisconsin, central Michigan, southern Pennsylvania, central New York, Connecticut, and Massachusetts.^[9][20] Fossil evidence indicates the grey jay was found as far south as Tennessee during the last ice age.^[21]

The vast majority of grey jays live where there is a strong presence of black spruce (Picea mariana), white spruce (P. glauca), Engelmann spruce (P. engelmanni), jack pine (Pinus banksiana), or lodgepole pine (P. contorta). Grey jays do not inhabit the snowy, coniferous, and therefore seemingly appropriate Sierra Nevada of California where no spruce occur. Nor do grey jays live in lower elevations of coastal Alaska or British Columbia dominated by Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis). The key habitat requirements may be sufficiently cold temperatures to ensure successful storage of perishable food and tree bark with sufficiently pliable scales arranged in a shingle-like configuration that allows grey jays to wedge food items easily up into dry, concealed storage locations. Storage may also be assisted by the antibacterial properties of the bark and foliage of boreal tree species. An exception to this general picture may be the well-marked subspecies P. c. obscurus. It lives right down to the coast from Washington to northern California in the absence of cold temperatures or the putatively necessary tree species.^[20]

Behaviour[edit]

Mating[edit]

The grey jay typically breeds at two years of age. Monogamous, pairs remain together for life, though a bird will pair up with a new partner if it is widowed.^[20] Breeding takes place during March and April, depending on latitude,^[20][22][23] in permanent, all-purpose territories.^{[20][22][23][24]} Second broods are not attempted, perhaps allowing greater time for food storage.^[20][22]

Grey, sooty plumage of a juvenile

Breeding is cooperative.^[23][25][26] During the nest-building phase of the breeding season, grey jay breeding pairs are accompanied by a third, juvenile bird. A 1991 field study in Quebec and Ontario found that approximately 65% of grey jay trios included a dominant juvenile from the pair's previous breeding season, and approximately 30% of trios included non-dominant juveniles who had left their parents' territory. Occasionally, two nonbreeding juveniles accompany a pair of adults. The role of juveniles is in allofeeding (food sharing) by retrieving caches and bringing food to younger siblings;^[25][26] however, this is only allowed by the parents during the post-fledgling period.^[23][25][26] Until then, parents will drive the other birds away from the nest. This may reduce the frequency of predator-attracting visits to the nest when young are most vulnerable. The benefits of juveniles participating in subsequent brood care may include "lightening the load" for the breeding pair, which may possibly increase longevity, reducing the probability of starvation of nestlings, and detecting and mobbing predators near the nest.^[25] Dominant juveniles may eventually inherit the natal territory and breed, while unrelated juveniles may eventually fill a vacancy nearby or form a new breeding pair on previously unoccupied ground.^[23]

Nesting[edit]

Female incubating her eggs

Breeding grey jays build nests and lay eggs in March or even February, when snow is deep in the boreal forest.^[20][22] Male grey jays choose a nest site in a mature conifer tree;^[24] the nests are found most commonly in black spruce, with white spruce and balsam fir (Abies balsamea) also used, in Ontario and Quebec.^[20][22] With the male taking a lead role in construction,^[20] nests are constructed with brittle dead twigs pulled off of trees, as well as bark strips and lichens. The cup is just large enough to contain the female and her eggs,^[18] measuring about 3 in (76 mm) wide and 2 in (51 mm) deep.^[19] Insulation is provided by cocoons of the forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria) filling the interstitial spaces of the nest, and feathers used to line the cup.^[19][20] Nests are usually built on the southwestern side of a tree for solar warming and are usually less than one nest diameter from the trunk.^[22] Nest height is typically 8 to 30 ft (2.4 to 9.1 m) above the ground.^[22] The average height of 264 nests surveyed in Algonquin Provincial Park was 16 ± 9.2 ft (4.9 ± 2.8 m) above ground.^[22]

A clutch consists of 2 to 5 light green-grey eggs with darker spots.^[17] The mean clutch sizes of grey jays in Algonquin Provincial Park and La Verendrye Provincial Park were 3.03 and 3.18 eggs, respectively. Incubation is performed only by the female^[22] and lasts an average of 18.5 days.^[20] The female is fed on the nest by her partner, rarely moving from the nest during incubation and for several days after hatching.^[22]

Fledging[edit]

A hatchling

Grey jay young are altricial. For the first three to four days after hatching, the female remains on the nest; when the male arrives with food, both parents help in feeding the nestlings.^[22] Nestling growth is most rapid from the fourth through the tenth day following hatching, during which time the female begins to participate in foraging. The parents carry food to the nest in their throats.^[20][22] The accompanying nonbreeding third bird does not help with feeding during this period but is driven away by the parents if it approaches the nest.^[25][26] Food is a dark brown, viscous paste containing primarily arthropods.^[20][22] Young grey jays leave the nest between 22 and 24 days after hatching, after which the third bird begins to participate in foraging and feeding.^[20] Natal dispersal distance for the grey jay is a median of 0.0 km for males, 2.8 km (1.7 mi) for females, and a maximum distance of 11.3 km (7.0 mi) for males and females.^[23]

After 55 to 65 days, juveniles reach full adult measurements and battle among themselves until a dominant juvenile forces its siblings to leave the natal area.^[27] The dominant bird remains with its parents until the following season, while its siblings leave the natal territory to join an unrelated pair who failed to breed. In a study by Dan Strickland, two-thirds of dominant juveniles were male.^[23]

Survival[edit]

In studies conducted in Ontario and Quebec, the mortality rate for dominant juveniles was 52%, and mortality was 85% for juveniles who left the parents' territory between fledging in June to approximately mid-October. From fall to the following breeding season in March, further juvenile mortality was 50%. Territory-holding adult grey jays experienced low mortality rates (15.1 and 18.2% for males and females, respectively).^[23] The oldest known grey jay recaptured in the wild was at least 17 years old.^[19]

Feeding[edit]

Grey jays are omnivorous.^[20][22] They hunt such prey as arthropods,^[20] small mammals including rodents,^[28] and nestling birds,^[29][30][31] and have even been recorded taking a magnolia warbler (Dendroica magnolia) in flight.^[32] They have been reported to opportunistically hunt young amphibians such as the western chorus frog (Pseudacris triseriata) in Chambers Lake, Colorado,^[33] and the long-toed salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum) in Whitehorse Bluff in Crater Lake National Park, Oregon.^[34] Grey jays have been seen landing on moose (Alces alces) to remove and eat engorged winter ticks (Dermacentor albipictus) during April and May in Algonquin Provincial Park. Researchers also found a grey jay nest containing a brooding female, three hatchlings, and three warm, engorged winter deer ticks. Because the ticks were too large for the hatchlings to eat, it was hypothesized that the ticks may have served as "hot water bottles", keeping hatchlings warm when parents were away from the nest.^[35]

Nestling birds are common prey,^[31][36] being taken more often from nests in trees rather than on the ground.^[29] Grey jays find them by moving from perch to perch and scanning surroundings.^[20] Avian nest predation by grey jays is not necessarily higher in fragmented versus unfragmented forest.^[29][30][31] Evidence from studies in the Pacific Northwest suggest a moderate increase in nest predation in logged plots adjacent to mature conifer forest, which is the grey jay's preferred habitat.^[20][22] Studies of nest predation by grey jays in Quebec have shown that the birds prefer preying on nests in open forest with high prominence of jack pine,^[29] and greater rates of predation in riparian forest strips and green-tree retention stands versus clearcuts.^[37] This may be due to increased availability of perch sites for avian predators such as the grey jay.^[31] Grey jays are suspected but not proven to prey on nests of the threatened marbled murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus) in coastal areas of the Pacific Northwest.^[36]

Carrion,^[20][22] fungi,^[20] fruits such as chokecherry (Prunus virginiana),^[22] and seeds^[22] are also eaten. Two grey jays were seen eating slime mold (Fuligo septica) near Kennedy Hot Springs in the Glacier Peak Wilderness, Washington. This was the first report of any bird consuming slime mold in the field.^[38] Risk and energy expenditure are factors in food selection for the grey jay, which selects food on the basis of profitability to maximize caloric intake. Increased handling, searching, or recognition times for a preferred food item lowers its profitability.^[39] Grey jays wrench, twist, and tug food apart, unlike other birds known as jays (such as the blue jay, Cyanocitta cristata), which grasp and hammer their food.^[19] Grey jays commonly carry large food items to nearby trees to eat or process for storage, possibly as defense against large scavengers.^[20]

Caching[edit]

Pair of jays feeding their nestlings

The grey jay is a "scatterhoarder", caching thousands of food items during the summer for use the following winter,^[39] and enabling the species to remain in boreal and subalpine forests year round.^[20] Any food intended for storage is manipulated in the mouth and formed into a bolus that is coated with sticky saliva, adhering to anything it touches.^[40] The bolus is stored in bark crevices, under tufts of lichen, or among conifer needles. Cached items can be anything from carrion to bread crumbs.^[22] A single grey jay may hide thousands of pieces of food per year, to later recover them by memory, sometimes months after hiding them.^[22] Cached food is sometimes used to feed nestlings and fledglings.^[22]

When exploiting distant food sources found in clearings, grey jays were observed temporarily concentrating their caches in an arboreal site along the edge of a black spruce forest in interior Alaska. This allowed a high rate of caching in the short term and reduced the jay's risk of predation. A subsequent recaching stage occurred, and food items were transferred to widely scattered sites to reduce theft.^[41]

Caching is inhibited by the presence of Steller's jays (Cyanocitta stelleri)^[42] and grey jays from adjacent territories,^[43][44] which follow resident grey jays to steal cached food.^[42] Grey jays carry large food items to distant cache sites for storage more often than small food items. To prevent theft, they also tend to carry valuable food items further from the source when caching in the company of one or more grey jays.^[44] Scatterhoarding discourages pilferage by competitors, while increased cache density leads to increased thievery.^[43] In southern portions of the grey jay's range, food is not cached during summer because of the chance of spoilage and the reduced need for winter stores.^[20]

Predators[edit]

Several bird species prey on grey jays, including great grey owls (Strix nebulosa), northern hawk-owls (Surnia ulula),^[45] and Mexican spotted owls (Strix occidentalis lucida).^[46] Grey jay remains have been recovered from the lairs of fisher (Martes pennanti) and American marten (Martes americana).^[47] Red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) eat grey jay eggs.^[22] Grey jays alert each other to threats by whistling alarm notes, screaming, chattering, or imitating and/or mobbing predators.^[20]

Relationship with humans[edit]

Cultural significance[edit]

Bold grey jay, typical of those individuals accustomed to humans

Found throughout Canada, the bird is popularly known by its once-official name, "Canada jay".^[48] Another well-known colloquial name is "whisky jack".^[18] This is a variation on the name of Wisakedjak, a benevolent trickster and cultural hero in Cree, Algonquin, and Menominee mythologies.^[49] Alternate spellings for this name include wesakechak, wiskedjak, whiskachon, and wisakadjak.^[50] The Tlingit people of northwestern North America know it as kooyéix or taatl'eeshdéi, "camp robber".^[51] According to the Mi'kmaq of Nova Scotia, each of the seven stars of the Big Dipper depicted a different bird; the star Eta Ursae Majoris in the night sky was a grey jay, Mikjaqoqwej.^[52]

The grey jay readily capitalizes on novel food sources, including taking advantage of man-made sources of food. To the frustration of trappers using baits to catch fur-bearing animals or early travelers trying to protect their winter food supplies, and to the delight of campers, bold grey jays are known to approach humans for treats and to steal from unattended food stores. Grey jays do not change their feeding behavior if watched by people;^[39] if they are able to link humans with food, they will not forget. A nesting female that had become accustomed to being fed by humans was reportedly able to be enticed to leave the nest during incubation and brooding.^[22] This behaviour has inspired a number of nicknames for the grey jay, including "lumberjack", "meat-bird", "venison-hawk", "moose-bird", and "gorby",^[18][53] the last two popular in Maine in the northeastern United States. The origin of "gorby", also spelt "gorbey", is unclear but possibly derived from gorb, which in Scots or Irish means "glutton" or "greedy (animal)" or in Scots or northern English "fledgling bird".^[54]

Superstition in the northeast (Maine and New Brunswick) relates how woodsmen would not harm gorbeys as they believed that whatever they inflicted on the bird would be done to them. A folk tale circulated about a man who plucked a gorbey of its feathers and later woke up the next morning having lost all his hair. Although the story was widespread in the early to mid-20th century, it does not appear to have been extant in 1902.^[54]

In January 2015, The Royal Canadian Geographical Society's magazine, Canadian Geographic, announced a project to select a national bird for Canada, a designation which the country has never formally recognized.^[55] Dubbed the National Bird Project, the organization conducted an online poll inviting Canadians to vote for their favourite bird.^[56] The poll closed on 31 August 2016, and a panel of experts convened the following month to review the top five selections: the grey jay, common loon (Gavia immer), snowy owl (Bubo scandiacus), Canada goose (Branta canadensis) and black-capped chickadee (Poecile atricapillus).^[57] The project announced on 16 November 2016 that the grey jay was selected as the winner of the contest, and will recommend that the Canadian government make the selection official as part of Canada's sesquicentennial celebrations in 2017.^[58][59]

Conservation[edit]

Grey jays are classified as least concern (LC) according to the IUCN Red List,^[1] having stable populations over a very large area of boreal and subalpine habitats only lightly occupied by humans. Significant human impacts may nevertheless occur through anthropogenic climate warming. Grey jays at the northern edges of their range may benefit from the extension of spruce stands out onto formerly treeless tundra. A study of a declining population at the southern end of the grey jay's range linked the decline in reproductive success to warmer temperatures in preceding autumns.^[60] Such warm temperatures may trigger spoilage of the perishable food items stored by grey jays upon which success of late winter nesting partly depends.^[61]

■ Tantalus Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, comprising most of the Tantalus Range, just west of the town of Squamish.

■ Howe Sound is a roughly triangular sound, or more precisely a network of fjords situated immediately northwest of Vancouver

Geography[edit]

Howe Sound's mouth at the Strait of Georgia is situated between West Vancouver and the Sunshine Coast. The sound is triangular shaped, open on its southeast towards the Strait of Georgia, and extends 42 kilometres to its head at Squamish. There are several islands in the sound, three of which are large and mountainous in their own right. The steep-sided mainland shores funnel the breezes as the daily thermals build the wind to 20 knots plus at the northern end of the sound on a typical summer day. A small outcrop of volcanic rock is located on the eastern shore of Howe Sound called the Watts Point volcanic centre.

History[edit]

The history of Howe Sound begins with the Indigenous people, the Squamish and Shishalh, who roamed this land and traveled on this body of water for thousands of years, had village sites and camp sites spread throughout the area. The land and islands are still used by Squamish and Shishalh for cultural practices. Both the Squamish and Shishalh are a part of the Coast Salish linguistic and cultural groupings.
Spanish explorers observed the sound in 1791 and named it Boca del Carmelo. Captain George Vancouver entered the sound in 1792, and named it after Admiral Earl Howe.^[1]

In 1888, copper was discovered in the mountains around Britannia Creek, south of Squamish. Large scale mining began at Britannia Beach in 1905, and by 1929, the largest copper mine in the British Empire was located here, beside the shores of Howe Sound. The mine closed in 1974, but part of its historical legacy has been the large amounts of toxic effluent it has deposited into Howe Sound.^[2]

Islands in Howe Sound[edit]

Passage Island marks the entrance to Howe Sound. It has a few year-round residents and views of Downtown Vancouver and Vancouver Island. An unincorporated area, it is part of the Greater Vancouver Electoral Area A which is a member of the Greater Vancouver Regional District.^[3]Ships entering Howe Sound will pass east or west of Passage Island.

Bowen Island is the most populous island and is nearest Vancouver, being just opposite Horseshoe Bay. It is incorporated as an island municipality and is a member municipality of Metro Vancouver.

Gambier Island is the largest of the Howe Sound islands, to the northwest of Bowen, near the Langdale ferry landing. Gambier has a small resident population, plus hundreds more who enjoy the SW peninsula community in the summer months. This area has a year-round foot ferry, the Stormaway IV, run by BC Ferries, and a community centre. Until recently, the only commercial location on the island, the General Store, was located here, near New Brighton, where the ferry lands. The store is now closed. This area of Gambier has landline power and telephone. There also are numerous seasonal homes line the shores of the southern bays (West Bay, Centre Bay, Port Graves, and Halkett Bay) along with several local yacht club outstations in both the southern and northern parts of the island. Beyond the SW peninsula, seasonal visitors rely on solar, wind and generator power. The northwestern shore of Gambier, with adjacent Thornborough Channel, is still dominated by the forest industry. The "pond" at Andy's Bay is one of North America's largest logsorts. A resident-operated woodlot on provincial land (WL039) is located near Andy's Bay, with active logging and reforestation. The northeast quadrant of Gambier also is Crown land, with two more major woodlots proposed by the provincial Ministry of Forests, but not pursued as yet due to the opposition of many local residents, members of the Squamish Nation, whose territory this includes, and concerned supporters of a less-industrial Howe Sound. The island has excellent hiking in the provincial Crown land that dominates its north sector.

A third, smaller but extremely steep and conical island to the northeast of both is Anvil Island, also known as Hat Island. Anvil Island has a summer church camp as well as a number of seasonal homes, primarily in the southern bay formed by a prominent eastward projecting peninsula. The north facing bay of this peninsula is exposed to strong overnight and winter outflow northerly winds.

Howe Sound as seen from Cypress Mountain.

Keats Island, near Gibson's Landing, has numerous summer homes lining its shores, in addition to a large church camp for children, a large retreat resort and Plumper Cove Marine Provincial Park. The island is serviced by water taxi from Langdale. There is a small core of permanent residents living in Eastbourne.

Between Keats and Bowen Islands lie the Pasley group, a cluster of privately owned islands, each with a scattering of seasonal homes. Further southeast lies Worlcombe Island, also seasonally inhabited.

Just north of Horseshoe Bay lies Bowyer Island, another steep sided island with seasonal homes along its south and west shores. Like Passage Island, Bowyer Island is also an unincorporated area and part of the Greater Vancouver Electoral Area A which is a member of the Greater Vancouver Regional District.^[3]

Uninhabited islands in the northern section of Howe Sound include the Defence Islands, a pair of rocky islands that comprise the Defence Islands Indian Reserves 28 and 28A.

Christie Islet and Pam Rocks just south of Anvil Island are recognized bird breeding sites and a great place to view seals sunning themselves. Pam Rocks is a reporting weather station for the marine weather system. Winter northerly gales can reach close to hurricane force here (see squamish wind).

Between Gambier Island and the Port Mellon mill lies Woolridge Island, privately owned with a single residence.

Transportation[edit]

British Columbia Highway 99 (the Sea-to-Sky Highway, also known as the Squamish Highway) runs along the east shore of Howe Sound, linking the Lower Mainland to Lions Bay, Britannia Beach, Squamish, where it then proceeds inland to Whistler and beyond. From 2007 to 2010, this highway was upgraded to what would ultimately become a mixture of four-lane divided sections, three lane sections with alternating passing lanes, and some improved two lane sections. The first section of Olympics-related improvements, between Horseshoe Bay and Lions Bay, opened in December 2005.^[4] Also following the east shore, and built before and below the highway, is the former British Columbia Railway which was recently sold by the provincial government to the Canadian National Railway Company. The Pacific Great Eastern Railway between Squamish and Lillooet was constructed 1912-16, and Squamish became a busy place as a rail-port for freight and also burgeoning passenger traffic as lodges up the rail line became popular with weekenders from the city, who reached the railway via the MV Britannia. Railway connections to North Vancouver were completed in the 1950s, with a highway built in the later 1960s that was the precursor to today's Sea-to-Sky Highway.

BC Ferries runs regularly scheduled ferry service between Horseshoe Bay and Langdale and between Horseshoe Bay and Snug Cove on Bowen Island. They also run a foot-passenger-only ferry that serves New Brighton on Gambier Island and Keats Landing and Eastbourne settlements on Keats Island from the Langdale ferry terminal near Gibsons, an easy transfer from the ferry from Horseshoe Bay to Langdale.There is also private water taxi service from Horseshoe Bay and Langdale to Bowen Island, Gambier Island and Keats Island.

Industry and towns[edit]

Howe Sound from Mount Roderick. Woodfibre on near (west) shore in foreground, Britannia Beach on far shore

Squamish is a minor deepwater port. It was the original southern terminus of the BCR in the days when it was the Pacific Great Eastern, and had a busy ferry terminal where travellers would disembark from ferries and steamers bringing them in from Vancouver harbour. In the 1960s what was then called the Squamish Highway was finally pushed through from Vancouver. This made the former steamer service unnecessary. Once a thriving forestry town, with recent cutbacks in logging along with the closure and dismantling of a major sawmill in 2004, Squamish has become a tourist destination and a commuter community for workers in nearby Whistler and Vancouver. The recent closure of the Woodfibre pulp mill in 2006 signals an end to the resource based economy here. Squamish is a world centre for rock climbing, with the 1500' bulk of the Stawamus Chief, a huge rock formation always busy with climbers, along with other formations overlooking downtown and the head of Howe Sound. In addition,the strong winds and flat waters at the upper end of Howe Sound have made Squamish a mecca for windsurfers, kite boarders and keelboat sailors.

Just south of town along Highway 99 is Shannon Falls, a tourist attraction and provincial park, and Darrell Bay, which is the ferry dock for service to the former pulp mill at Woodfibre, across the sound. Woodfibre has no road access. From the early 1900s until 1973 there was a small company town surrounding the mill where most employees lived. By 1975 all employees had relocated, mostly to Squamish, and the town was dismantled. Over the next 30 years the mill slowly expanded into the former townsite, but it closed in early 2006.^[5]

Porteau Cove is a provincial campsite and also a location for scuba diving, as artificial reefs have been sunk in the area. The bluffs above the highway in this area are one of the main avalanche hazards to both the highway and the rail line, which are squeezed together between the foot of the bluffs and the shoreline.

Furry Creek is the location of a new upscale golf course and resort development. Proposals have called for a new highway from Vancouver via the Capilano River watershed would emerge on Highway 99 at Furry Creek.^[6] However, the fact that this route traverses the Lower Mainland's Capilano watershed creates nearly insurmountable political obstacles to its construction.

Lions Bay is a small residential community, incorporated as a village, climbing the mountainside from Howe Sound up to the west peak of the pair of summits known as The Lions, which overlook Vancouver on the other side.

Near Squamish is Britannia Beach, the former gold and copper mining town and port with some highway-based eateries and stores. Its name does not come directly from associations with Britain, but from the MV Britannia, the old Vancouver-Squamish steamer (A new MV Britannia built in 1983 is in use as a tourboat based in Coal Harbour, Vancouver). Today the mine mill site is the Britannia Mine Museum, with mine shaft tours, gold panning etc. The prominent multi-story mine building underwent a restoration with the replacement of hundreds of window panes. The former mine site is also frequently used as a shooting site for a variety of TV and movie productions, including for the X-Files TV series.

Horseshoe Bay is a residential and commercial district of Vancouver on the southern edge of the Sea-to-Sky Highway. The highway clings to the cliffside above the BC Ferry terminal at Horseshoe Bay. Restaurants, tourist shops and galleries, a pub or two and recreational marinas are also situated in the community. Ferries from Horseshoe Bay, West Vancouver go to Departure Bay in Nanaimo on Vancouver Island, Bowen Island, and Langdale on the Sunshine Coast, which is the ferry terminal for the southern Sunshine Coast.

The peninsula southwest of Horseshoe Bay, West Vancouver terminates at Whytecliffe, an upscale residential area and public park, which is the southern point of Howe Sound's east shore. South of here is the entrance of English Bay and Burrard Inlet. Also in the vicinity of Howe Sound's mouth, at Point Atkinson is Lighthouse Park.

Just north of Langdale is Port Mellon, another pulp and paper mill somewhat larger than Woodfibre. Port Mellon, which, unlike Woodfibre, produces paper and pulp (and is serviced by road from Gibsons/Langdale) is one of the oldest operating mills in B.C. Woodfibre's closure included measures securing the fibre supply for Port Mellon, making its future considerably more secure.

At the southwest "corner" of Howe Sound, just a few kilometres south of the Langdale Ferry terminal is the town of Gibsons. Gibsons is perhaps best known as the locale for the former CBC Television series The Beachcombers. The restaurant featured in the series, "Molly's Reach", remains open for business today.

■ 山行/사진/旅行/등산/寫眞/여행/Hiking

■ MUNDY PARK CAFE 특별기획 2019-01

* 2019 새해맞이 Elfin Lakes 시산제 산행

* 산행 팀에 합류하면 안전(安全)상 개인행동은 일체 허용하지 않습니다. 참가자 개인의 안전은 어떠한 경우라도 그 책임이 본인에게 있음을 인지하고 개인의 문제(안전사고외) 발생 시 전체를 위험에 빠뜨리게 할 수도 있다는 사실을 꼭 명심하시기 바랍니다

1. 목적지

- Elfin Lakes(Garibaldi Provincial Park)

- 산행거리 : 왕복 24km(Diamond Head Trail → Elfin Lakes Trail/하절기 22km)

2. 출발일시 및 집결장소

- 2019년 1월 1일(음력 11월 26일/화) 06:00 Lougheed Town Centre Station 주차장(합승비 $20.00)

☛ 1차 출발시간 10분전 까지 산행 참가자 명부(안전 서명) 작성

- 2차 출발시간 및 장소 : 06:30 Cypress Falls Park Parking Lot(West Vancouver)(합승비 $15.00)

* 사전에 예약이 없을시 에는 2차 집결 장소에는 들리지 않고 그냥 통과함

☛ 2차 출발장소 가는 길 : HWY1 Whistler 방향 Exit #4로 진출 → Woodgreen Dr. 에서 우회전 → 다시 Woodgreen Pl. 에서 우회전 길 끝 숲속 비포장 주차장(Exit4 에서 약 500m지점)

* Navigation 주소 : 4500 Woodgreen Pl. West Vancouver

* 목적지 주차장 까지 운행할 차량(4X4/SUV) 수급 사정에 따라 인원을 조기 마감할 수도 있습니다.

3. 주요 일정표(예정)

- 06:00 Lougheed Town Centre Station(Burnaby) 출발 → Trans-Canada Hwy/BC-1 W

- 06:30 Cypress Falls Park Parking Lot(35.5km/West Vancouver) 출발 → Squamish Valley Golf & Country Club(52.5km/Sea-to-Sky Hwy(BC-99 N) & Mamquam Rd) 우회전 → Mamquam Rd & Garibaldi Park Road(비포장 도로)

- 07:50 Diamond Head Trail Parking Lot(32km/총거리 120km) 도착

- 08:10 산행시작 Diamond Head Trail(5km/Red Health Shelter/간이 화장실)-(Round Mountain/1,646m) & Elfin Lakes Trail

- 12:00 Elfin Lakes Shelter(12km(하절기11km)/Whistler, BC V0N 0A0/env.gov.bc.ca/1-800-689-9025) 도착 - 시산제 - 점심식사

- 12:50 Elfin Lakes Shelter 출발

- 16:20 Diamond Head Trail Parking Lot 도착 - 귀가

* 사전에 입산하는 1박2일 팀과 당일 산행을 하는 한인 산행단체 산우회원들이 있으면 다함께 시산제에 동참하기를 희망함

- 산행단체 및 친목 소모임 참가 대환영

4. 준비사항

☛ 필수품 : Snowshoes(스노슈즈), Trekking poles(쌍지팡이/Ski poles), 게이터(gaiters/각반/등산용 Spats), Crampons(아이젠), Headlamp(헤드램프/랜턴), Sunglasses(썬 글라스), 방풍안경(Goggles), 안면마스크를 비롯한 안전장구 및 개인비상의약품, 사진기

* Snowshoes 없이는 산행이 거의 불가능하거나 다른 사람들에게 폐를 끼칠 수가 있음

- 점심식사, 물(식수는 중간 조달이 곤란하므로 따뜻한 물을 비롯하여 티, 커피 등을 사전에 충분히 개인적으로 준비) 계속하여 에너지 보충을 할 수 있는 충분한 간식 및 음료수

- 합승비 : 탑승하는 차주에게 직접 지불

- 시산제 다과는 각자 준비해온 음식을 점심 식사 전에 내놓고 개인의 종교관습대로 행하는 관계로 별도 준비 필요 없음

☛ 눈비에 대비한 복장

- 방한모, 방한복(속옷포함), 옷(목적지에 도착하여 갈아입을 옷), 방한장갑(예비용 1-2켤레 추가 준비), 양말(예비용), 비상용 호각을 비롯한 개인별 체온조절 용품

☛ 차량 : 체인(쇠사슬) 통제 지점에서 체인을 꼭 장착할 것

* 출발과 귀환 시 각 차량 운전자는 야간운전안전에 만전을 기하고 특히, 엘핀 주차장 입구는 급경사 빙판으로 대단히 위험하므로 체인 장착 통제 지점에서는 체인을 꼭 장착하여 탑승자 및 차량안전에 각별한 주의를 요망함

☛ 아침식사 : 산행당일 아침식사는 든든하게 하고 나올 것

☛ 산행전날 : 먼저 배낭을 꾸려놓고 일찍 취침하여 충분한 수면을 취할 것

☛ 개인안전 : 참가자 개인의 안전은 어떠한 경우라도 그 책임이 본인에게 있음을 인지하고 개인의 문제(안전사고외) 발생 시 공동안전으로 연결되어 전체를 위험에 빠뜨리게 할 수도 있다는 사실을 꼭 명심할 것 - 산행 팀에 합류하면 안전(安全)상 개인행동 일체 금지!

5. 산행 확인 및 모임 안내

* 德山 604-619-8368

http://cafe.daum.net/mundypark1

밴조선 커뮤니티 아웃도어

■ 生活 사진

생활 寫眞은 일상의 사소한 발견입니다

삼라만상(森羅萬象)은 곧 사진의 훌륭한 소재라고 생각합니다.

늘 가지고 다니는 휴대전화나 손안에 쏙 들어가는 똑따기 사진기만으로도 누구나 크게 공감하고 많이 동감하는 이야기를 만들 수가 있을 것이라 믿습니다.

더없는 사랑과 꾸밈없는 정성으로 人時空을 담아내어 소중한 추억으로 오래토록 간직하게 되기를 희망합니다.

'사진은 빛의 예술이자 역사의 기록이다'

생활사진에 대하여 이렇게 거창한 말까지 앞세울 필요는 전혀 없을 것 같습니다.

진심과 진정을 바탕으로 있는 대로 보고 보이는 대로 찍으면 됩니다.

현실에 있는 대로의 진실을 보고 보이는 대로 최선을 다해 담아내면 그것이 곧 예술이자 역사가 될 것입니다

보다 많은 사진인구의 저변 확대를 기대합니다.

가족의 건강과 가정의 행복을 축원합니다.

오로지 건강하세요.

늘 고맙습니다.

20121212(陰1029) WED

Mundy Sung

  

■ MUNDY PARK CAFE 특별기획 2019

[2018-01] 1월 1일(MON) : Elfin Lakes(Squamish, BC) 새해맞이 시산제 산행

■ Photo & Hiking 일정 확인 및 모임 안내

[사진 촬영 및 산행]을 일기(日氣)에 따라 수시로 실시합니다.

[사진, 여행, 산행]에 관심이 있는 많은 분들의 동참을 기대합니다.

☞ 그룹단위 신청을 환영합니다.

☞ 일정과 장소는 상황에 따라 변동 될 수도 있습니다.

☞ 행사에 합류하면 공동안전(共同安全)을 위하여 개인행동을 일절 금합니다.

http://cafe.daum.net/kvwc/E3Wn/3

http://cafe.daum.net/mundypark1/F8HK/139

☞ 주관 : [MUNDY PARK CAFE] http://cafe.daum.net/mundypark1

☞ 안내 : 604-619-8368

☞ 밴조선 커뮤니티 아웃도어

-----------------------------------------------------

■ 삼라만상(森羅萬象)은 곧 사진(寫眞)의 소재다

사진은 무엇으로 어떻게 찍든 간에 있는 대로 보고 보이는 대로 찍으면 된다.

이것이야말로 진정한 빛의 예술이자 진실한 역사의 기록인 것이다

우울증, 전 세계 3억2천만 명 10년 사이 18% 증가 - 송고시간 | 2017/02/24 02:19

(제네바=연합뉴스) 이광철 특파원 = 전 세계 인구 4%에 해당하는 3억2천200만 명이 우울증을 앓고 있으며 노인, 여성, 청소년 등이 특히 취약한 것으로 조사됐다고 세계보건기구(WHO)가 23일(현지시간) 밝혔다.

WHO는 2015년 기준으로 집계한 우울증 인구가 2005년보다 18.4% 증가했다며 인구 증가뿐 아니라 기대 수명이 늘어난 것도 원인으로 작용했다고 설명했다.

우울증으로 인한 각종 부작용은 삶의 후반기에 막대한 영향을 미치고 있다.

최근 조사결과 캐나다인들 병원 방문 이유 1위가 우울증이라고 합니다.

사진촬영이나 걷기는 우울증 예방이나 치료에도 상당한 효과가 있다고 합니다.

사진을 좋아하거나 관심 있는 많은 분들의 동참을 기대하며 사진 인구의 저변확대를 소망합니다.

☞ [이건세 교수의 사진 잘 찍는 법 50] http://cafe.daum.net/mundypark1/CsVj/130

☞ [셀카 찍는다고 자존심이 회복돼?] https://storyfunding.daum.net/episode/4766

☞ [사진 찍기, 여행 즐거움을 향상 시킬까?] http://cafe.daum.net/kvwc/dvOn/1

☞ [할머니의 카메라] https://storyfunding.daum.net/episode/4752

☞ [멋진 노을 사진 찍는 법] http://cafe.daum.net/kvwc/dvOn/2

☞ [자살공화국, 하루에 40여명이 生을 포기한다] http://cafe.daum.net/mundypark1/DPKO/598

■ Elfin Lakes

Elfin Lakes are two lakes in Garibaldi Provincial Park that are popular for hiking, snowshoeing, skiing, and mountain bicycling trail located east of Squamish, British Columbia, Canada.

The name was adopted in 1978 when it was identified in a pamphlet for the local lodge. However, a 1946 letter from W.H. Matthews, a Vancouver City Archivist notes that the lakes were once called Crystal Lakes but were never found on any maps.[1]

The area has always been a popular destination for hikers and skiers since the creation of the park in the 1927. Then a local lodge was built in the early 1940s by Joan Mathews, Ottar Brandvold, and his brother Emil and was called the Diamond Head Chalet, but it is now unused and decaying. It attracted many hikers and backcountry skiers. Eventually the owners retired, and ownership was transferred to BC Parks. They chose to not maintain it and built the new Elfin Lakes shelter a few metres south. However, the road that was built is still used as a trail and service road. A moving film made by the Brandvolds showcases Garibaldi Park and the Diamond Head Chalet.

All recreational activities in the area are governed by the regulations of Garibaldi Provincial Park. Primary access to the lake is via an 11 km (5.5 mi) long trail, which gains approximately 600 metres (2,000 ft) of elevation from the trailhead. There are campgrounds and an overnight shelter at the lakes and campgrounds and a day-use shelter or a winter overnight shelter in Red Heather Meadows. During winter, the lake is typically frozen from late December to late April. Much of the trail up is on a rarely used forest service road and has an approximate grade of 5.5%. Approximately half of the trail is in forest, while the remaining half is in alpine meadows with clear views of the surrounding mountains. There are separate trails for mountain bicycling, hiking, and winter use. Hiking trails continue past Elfin Lakes towards Opal Cone, Mamquam Lake, Columnar Peak, the Gargoyles, and Little Diamond Head. It is also possible to travel to Mount Garibaldi and Diamond Head in the winter. Swimming is permitted in the top lake, and the lower lake is reserved for drinking water only.

■ 대한민국(Republic Of Korea) 건국일

[1919년 4월13일(일/음3.13) - 大韓民國 臨時政府 수립일]

■ Canada 건국일 : 1867년 7월 1일

[영국령 북아메리카 법(British North America Acts)선포일 - Canada Day]