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This flag is shown in Znamierowski's World Encyclopedia of Flags.
Phil Nelson, 18 February 2000
Modern 'scientists' have very many reconstructions of flag of Chinghiz-khan but all they are very doubtful. Ancient chronicles says about white and black banners of Chinghiz-khan with 9 tails. White colours was sacred in that times. Black colour was the colour of gods of death. May be it was real horse`s tails. May be it was cloth banner with 9 tails. The number of tails was showed the rank of commander. The symbol of Chinghiz-khan was a falcon with a crow in his claws. Poor ancestor of Chinghiz, Boduanchar, was the hunter. He made his job with tamed falcon. Source. V.Jan, novel 'Batu-khan' Mongol scientists think that the falcon was the main element of the white banner of Hiad-borjigin tribe (E.Har-Davan "Chinghis the Commander and His Successors"), father-tribe of Chinghiz-khan.
Victor Lomantsov, 22 April 2001
Scaned images of three flags (two different flags) from photo of 700th anniversary of birth of Mongol Empire Festival in Mongolia 2006. They used two flags:
1 blue triangle bearing white bird with red fringe
2 blue rectangle bearing white flame sun and moon like a part of soyombo with three red long tails.
Nozomi Kariyasu, 7 October 2006
Mongol Empire Flag - white horse on blue rectangle flag. Image made after Nozomi Kariyasu photos made in Mongolian Military Museum in Uran Bator in June 2008.
Mongol Empire Flag, XIV c. - white bird on blue triangle flag. Image made after Nozomi Kariyasu photos made in Mongolian Military Museum in Uran Bator in June 2008.
Mongol Empire Flag - yellow flame, sun and cresent on blue rectangle flag. Image made after Nozomi Kariyasu photos made in Mongolian Military Museum in Uran Bator in June 2008.
Mongol Empire Flag - white flame, sun and crescent on blue triangle. Image made after Nozomi Kariyasu photos made in Mongolian Military Museum in Uran Bator in June 2008.
Another Mongol Empire Flag from Mongolian Military Museum - white bird on blue triangle.
Several flags from book:
"On-the-spot report of celebration ceremony in Mongolia"
Publisher: Huihueng Group Hongkong
Editor: 牧人 No English available on the book
Number of pages: 162
Size of the book: 27 cm X 26cm X 2.5 cm
ISBN: Not available
Date of publishment: Jun 2006
To celebrate 800th anniversary of rise of Mongol Empire Phoenix TV Hoingkong made documentary programme of Genghis Khan's festival in Mongolia and at the same time published the book. Chinese title cannot be found among Japanese-Chinese character. I bought this book in Ulan Bator. They call Gengis Khan rera flag as Sulde flags.
Nozomi Kariyasu, 26 August 2008. Images below:
Gold bow arrow on blue triangle flag.
Gold horse on blue triangle flag.
Gold bird on blue triangle flag.
Two white horses on blue rectangle flag.
Soyonbo variant.
In the Catalan Atlas, the distribution of flags of four main Mongol khanates is based mostly on the "Book of Marco Polo" and "Libro del conoscimiento de los reinos". In some cases, the flags above the cities are not the correct ones, considering the then state boundaries. It might be discussed if these flags were really used, although they might be partly based on real-life informations. Although other classifications are also possible (as noted below), all the flags are classified here as Mongolian, because the rulers of three western khanates were nominally vassals of the Grand Khan and the state boundaries generally do not allow identification of a khanate with a single modern state.
Description of the flags see below. Sources:
[1] Polo, Marco: Milion (Original title: Il Milione di Marco Polo) Zagreb: Mladost, 1954
[2] Enciclopedia universal ilustrada, vol. XXI, Espan~a Madrid: Espasa-Calpe S.A., 1968
[3] Istorija otkric'a i istraz<ivanja, vol. I: Poc<etak istraz<ivanja; Mladinska knjiga, Ljubljana, 1979; Original title: A History of Discovery and Exploration, vol. I: The Search Begins;(C) 1973 Aldus Books Limited, London
[4] Web page about Guyuan, Hebei (in Italian): crioracle.cri.com.cn/italian/panorama/Viaggiare/Weng%20Yi/articoli/Guyuan.htm
[5] "Book of Marco Polo" at Biblioteca Italiana (in Italian): www.bibliotecaitaliana.it/ScrittoriItalia/catalogo/show-text.xq?textID=mets.si20\3
[6] Wikipedia page about the Timurid dynasty: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timurid_Dynasty
[7] Libro del Conoscimiento. Viajes medievales, vol. I Madrid: Fundacio'n Jose' Antonio de Castro, 2005 ISBN 84-96452-11-5 (complete edition) ISBN 84-96452-12-3 (vol. I) [e9s50]
[8] Apendices. (Ibid.)
[9] Catalan Atlas - image of the part showing Persia: www.georgeglazer.com/maps/world/catalanasia.JPG
[10] Catalan Atlas - image of the part showing central Asia: tigger.uic.edu/~adsera/i8_0000h.jpg
Tomislav Todorovic, 21 April 2007
This book in our Biliography as [c2q75]:
Title: Mapamundi vol dir aytant com ymage del m? ?Medium: chart
Languages: Catalan; Latin
Authors:
* Cresques Abraham / כרשכש אַבְרָהָם;
* Jafud?Cresques / כרשכש יְהוּדָה / Jehud?Cresques /
Jaume Ribes
Title in English: Mapamundi, image of the world and of the regions there are on Earth and the various peoples which inhabit it
Publisher: Corona de Arag? Palma de Mallorca
Date: 1375
Edition: 1st
Height: 65 cm
Width: 50 cm
Pages: 6
Remarks: So called 밅atalan Atlas?or 밅harles Quint Atlas?
António Martins-Tuválkin, 23 April 2007
The silver flag with engrailed fly, charged with three red crescents, is hoisted above numerous cities held by the Grand Khan. The name of the country, Cathay (spelled Catayo), is also inscribed on the map (so the flag might be classified as Chinese, too). The cities with the flag which can easily be identified are [1, 2, 3]: Cambaluc (spelled Chambalech), Grand Khan's capital (present-day Beijing); Zayton (present-day Quanzhou, Fujian province), the port from which Marco Polo eventually left China; Lop, off the Lop Nor lake, the westernmost city held by the Grand Khan; Camul (spelled Camull; present-day Khamil or Hami, in Xinjiang autonomous region), Sindaciu (spelled Sinacius; present-day Xuanhua, Hebei province) and Ciagannor (spelled Ciagamor; present-day Guyuan, Hebei province [4]), the cities which Marco Polo passed through on the way from Lop to Cambaluc; and Fugui, which might be a misspelling of Fugiu (Fuzhou, Fujian province [5]) - although there is also a city of Fugio (without the flag), Fugui is the one whose location seems to better correspond to the real city. About the flag itself, there seems to be no evidence that the Grand Khan had really used a flag with such design: it seems to be more appropriate to some of other khanates, whose rulers and their Mongol subjects had converted to Islam by the time when the Catalan Atlas was made. In Wikipedia, a black flag with three red discs, which is shown as the Timurid flag [6], seems to be erroneously derived from the Grand Khan's flag described here, whose silver field has darkened by age to almost black and crescents are no longer easy to be recognized as such. Nevertheless, all this seems to speak in favour of the suggestion that a flag of a Muslim khanate might have been attributed to the Grand Khan by the mapmaker.
Tomislav Todorovic, 21 April 2007
The golden flag with the red square in centre is in fact the flag of Persia from the "Libro del conoscimiento de los reinos" [7] (so it might also be classified as Iranian). In the Catalan Atlas [2, 9], it is shown with engrailed fly, except above the city of Hormuz (spelled Hormissiom), where it is rectangular. Of other cities with the flag, those easy to identify are Kerman (spelled Creman), Qeshm (spelled Chesi), Bukhara (spelled Bocar) and Samarkand (spelled Samarchanti), although the last two were actually in the Chagatai Khanate. Curiously, Tabriz, the capital of Ilkhanate, is not shown in the map, although the Il Khan himself is depicted as "King of Tabriz" ("Rey del Tauris").
Tomislav Todorovic, 21 April 2007
The flag of this khanate, whose ruler Kebek ("Lo rey Chabech") is depicted in the map, is white with a gold square in centre. It has engrailed fly, except above a city called Baldassia [2, 9, 10], where it is rectangular. Of other cities with the flag, those easy to identify are Khotan (spelled Cotani) and "Many cities built by Alexander the Great", in present-day Afghanistan and Tajikistan, which are represented by two cities only [2]. Unlike other Mongol flags in the map, this one is always shown with the sinister hoist (in the attached images as well). The design might be a combination of those of two flags from "Libro del conoscimiento de los reinos": the flag of Persia (see above) and a silver flag with a gold vertical stripe, which was attributed to the "Empire of Almalik" ("Imperio de Armalec"), named after a city, nowadays ruined, in Xinjiang, China, but said to have held northeastern parts of India as well; that flag was also attributed to several Indian states, most notably Sultanate of Delhi ("Reinado de Delini") [7, 8].
Tomislav Todorovic, 21 April 2007
This flag has engrailed fly and two red charges on silver field (which was almost blackened by age until present time). One of the charges is a crescent and the other looks like a simplified form of the tamga from the flag of Idel Ural. On different copies of the flag, the crescent has different size; it is often smaller than shown here, sometimes even reduced into a simple oblique stroke and conjoined with the other charge into a sigle symmetrical object; the other charge also sometimes lacks the oblique part [2, 3]. It was obviously difficult to draw the charges always the same way. The cities with this flag which are easy to identify are [2, 7, 8]: Sarai, the capital (spelled Sarra) - there is also a depiction of the ruler, "Jani Beg Lord of Sarai" ("Jambech senyor de Sarra"); Tana, present-day Azov, Russia; and Urgench, Uzbekistan (spelled Organci, with a cedilla under the c; nowadays ruined). This flag is a variant of the flag of "Emperor of Sarai" ("Emperador de Sara") from "Libro del conoscimiento de los reinos" [7] and might be the one that had really existed, considering the similarity of its charges with those from the flag of Idel Ural.
Tomislav Todorovic, 21 April 2007
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첫댓글 오존수로 샤워하시더니 대어를 낚으셨네요...무농약재배만큼이나 신선한 충격입니다
격려 감사합니다..조선생님..오존수 무농약재배를 아시는 걸 뵈오니...국익수호연합 회원이시군여...?
이 글에 나오는 울산성이 한반도에 그 유허지로 남아 있는지 궁금 하군요 한반도 에서는 한양으로 곧장 오면서 식량이나 조달하고 야전막사만 설치 했다 거두고 그러면 되지 전쟁하다 말고 1만 오천명 씩 동원해 성을 쌓는다는게 말이 되지 않지요
왜놈들의 최후 철군기지 비슷했으니...운남성 정도가 아닐지 싶습니다.
저 맨 밑의 기록화에 나오는 깃발에 새겨진 王,出..자 비슷한 문양은...역시,징기스 당시의 문양이기도 하답니다...결국 몽골족과 탕구트(고려?)...명나라(무굴리스탄?)는...그 민족과 문화를 상이하게 나눌 성질도 못 되며...천자권만 어느 지역 어느 종족들이 쥐느냐의 변화 정도로...누누히 같이 엉켜 냐려왔던 문명인 것이며...대체적으론 중원과 중앙아 북방의 패자들이 계속 유라시아을 다 재패했었단 반증으로 보입니다.