미국의 군사-석유복합체 (the military-petroleum complex)는 어떻게 지구를 망가뜨리고 있을까?

[논둑길맨발로]

미국의 군사-석유복합체 (the military-petroleum complex)는 어떻게 지구를 망가뜨리고 있을까?

역사적으로 유례없는 규모의 미국 제국과 영구적인 전쟁을 감안할 때 우리는 미군이 세계 최대의 온실 가스 생산국이자 화석 연료의 최대 소비국이라고 안전하게 추측 할 수 있습니다.
"항공기, 헬리콥터, 선박, 탱크, 장갑차 등 세계에서 가장 큰 함대를 보유하면서- 사실상 모두 석유로 구동되는데 - 국방부는 사실 세계 유수의 석유 소비자입니다.
국방부 계약자에 의한 2007 년 4 월보고에 따르면 ... 펜타곤은 매일 340,000 배럴 (1400 만 갤런)을 소비하고 있다고 시사한다. 이는 스웨덴이나 스위스의 총 국가적 소비량보다 큽니다. "

군대는 석유 거인의 이익과 정치력을 보장합니다. The Complex의 저자 인 Nick Turse는 군대가 일상 생활에 어떻게 침입했는지에 대해 군사- 석유 복합체에 관한 기사에서 설명합니다.....

1.
The military-petroleum complex

Given the historically unprecedented size of the US empire and its permanent war- footing we can safely assume that the US military is the largest consumer of fossil fuels and largest producer of greenhouse gasses in the world.
“Possessing the world’s largest fleet of…aircraft, helicopters, ships, tanks, armored vehicles…– virtually all powered by oil — the Department of Defense is, in fact, the world’s leading consumer of petroleum… [A]n April 2007 reportby a defense contractor…suggests that the Pentagon might consume as much as 340,000 barrels (14 million gallons) every day. This is greater than the total national consumption of Sweden or Switzerland.” ㅗ

The military guarantees the profits and political power of the oil giants. As Nick Turse, author of The Complex: How the Military Invades Our Everyday Lives, explains in an article about the military-petroleum complex:

http://americanempireproject.com/the-complex/

“[T]he DoD had some of the planet’s biggest petroleum dealers, and masters of the corporate universe, on its payroll. In 2005, alone, the Pentagon paid out more than $1.5 billionto BP (British Petroleum)…(on whose behalf the CIA…covertly overthrew the Iranian government back in 1953). In 2005, the Pentagon also paid out over $1 billionto…the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company (best known in the United States for its Shell brand gasoline) – and in excess of $1 billionto oil titan ExxonMobil. In 2005, ExxonMobil, Royal Dutch Petroleum, and BP ranked sixth, seventh, and eighth on the Forbesmagazine’s list of the world’s five hundred largest corporations in terms of revenue.”
The subsidy to oil is so great it’s hard to tell where the military ends and the oil companies begin. And this does not even count other forms of direct and — the even more massive and hidden indirect subsidies — showered on fossil fuel giants by the US government.

****

따라서 군대에 의한 석유 소비는 세계 총 소비의 작은 부분이지만, 화석 연료 체제의 조정자와 집행자로서의 역할은 미군을 우리의 살고 있는 행성에 위협으로 만드는 것입니다. Hynes는 최근 기사에서 큰 그림을 다시 캡처합니다.

The war machine burns oil to capture oil to burn oil to capture oil. The empire is no marketplace: it’s both supply and demand. So while the consumption of oil by the military is a small percentage of the world’s total consumption, its role as coordinator and enforcer of the fossil fuel regime is what makes the US military a threat to our living planet. Hynes again captures the big picture in a recent article:

"미국은 역사적인 화석 연료의 대량 소비보다는 더 많은 이유에서 중심적인 역할을 하고있다. 미국은 다른 부유 한 나라와 신흥 부유 국가의 GDP 성장을 추동하는 사회, 경제 및 정치 시스템을 위한 자극제와 모델로 기능하여 왔다. 이것은 화석 연료 사용 증가를 20 세기 중엽부터 통제 불능 상태로 만들었다. 이 뿐만 아니라 미국 소비 방식은 전 세계적으로 계속해서 재현되고 있습니다. "

“The United States is the central actor and agent for more reasons than its historical megaconsumption of fossil fuels. The U.S. has functioned as the stimulant and model for social, economic and political systems driving GDP growth in other rich and newly rich countries, resulting in fossil fuel use spiraling “out of control since the mid 20th century.” Not only that, but the U.S. mode of consumption is continually being reproduced across the world.”



2.
Oil Empire

Elaine Graham-Leigh sets it out:

“The rapid rise in greenhouse gas emissions that created the current climate crisis began around 1950…in the period immediately following the Second World War…..The Allies would not have won had they not been able to cut off German access to oil and to maintain it for themselves. The lesson for the US…was that… monopolization of the world’s oil was essential if it was to be the world’s superpower. This made oil a central military priority, and also cemented the dominant position of the petroleum/automotive sector in the US.”

A Marriage Made in Hell
In the decades following WWII only two global superpowers were left standing: the neoliberal regime of huge transnational corporations that operated above and beyond national borders and the US empire with its vast global network of military bases and perpetual wars operating above and beyond international law. The global economy and the global empire were a perfect match. It was a marriage made in hell.[2]
In 1980, President Carter reasserted the connections between US policy, military force and oil. Shaken by the overthrow of a CIA-installed regime in Iran in 1979 and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, Carter’s State of the Union Address proclaimed US control over Middle East oil.
The region which is now threatened by Soviet troops in Afghanistan is of great strategic importance: It contains more than two-thirds of the world’s exportable oil….Let our position be absolutely clear: an attempt by any outside force to gain control of the Persian Gulf region will be regarded as an assault on the vital interests of the United States of America, and such an assault will be repelled by any means necessary, including military force.


3.
"최후의 개척지"로서의 북극
다른 드러내는 맥락은 개척지와 미국 예외주의라는 우리의 가장 오래된 문화 신화에 미칩니다. 미국에서만 기후 변화의 재앙이 수익성있는 사업 기회를 완비한 새로운 개척지가 될 수 있습니다.
오바마 행정부는 녹아내리고 있는 북극에서 우리의 과거의 영광과 미래의 부를위한 잠재력을 발견했습니다.
"북극은 지구의 마지막 최전선 중 하나입니다.

The Arctic as the “Last Great Frontier”
The other revealing context reaches to our oldest cultural mythologies of frontier and American exceptionalism. Only in the US could the disaster of climate change become a new frontier complete with profitable business opportunities.
The Obama Administration discovered, in the melting Arctic, both our past glories and potential for future wealth.
“The Arctic is one of our planet’s last great frontiers.


Falsehoods of this magnitude can only seem believable when they are part of a culture’s deepest mythologies. The “last great frontier” and “pioneering spirit” is code for empire, the colonial project and in this case — an updated version of the Doctrine of Discovery. Obama called forth the frontier spirits — a year later the US staked its claim to the newly “discovered” territory with a military strategy for the Arctic.
Then along comes Trump, another frontiersman — without the righteous pretensions — but still a product of the same myths each and every President has passed on to us.


트럼프는 부시와 오바마로부터 물려받은 전쟁을 확대함으로써, 심지어 베네수엘라와 이란에 새로운 전선을 추가함으로써 파멸로 우리를 몰아 넣고있다. 그는 북극 석유 생산과 원주민 권리에 대해 공개 시즌을 선언했다. 트럼프 미 국무 장관 마이크 폼페이오 (Tim Pumpeo)는 북극의 얼음이 없는 해역에서 "기회와 풍요" 그리고 군사적 이권을 보고있는 구식 공식을 반복했다. 트럼프의 새로운 북극 군사 전략은 러시아와 중국을 목표로 하면서 기후 변화를 완전히 놓치고 있습니다. 이제 우리는 새로운 무기 경쟁과 기록적인 지구적 차원의 군사비 지출이 트럼프에 의해 주도되고 있지만, 이것은 러시아에 사로 잡힌 민주당과 호전적 미디어에 의해 촉발된 것입니다.

Trump is rushing us toward destruction by escalating wars inherited from Bush and Obama even adding new fronts in Venezuela and Iran. He declared open season on Arctic oil production and native rights. Trump’s Secretary of State Mike Pompeo repeated the age-old formula seeing “opportunity and abundance” and military advantage in the ice-free waters of the north pole. Trump’s new Arctic military strategy totally misses climate change while targeting Russia and China. Now we have a new arms race and record global military spending led by Trump but provoked by the Russia-obsessed Democrats and pro-war media.


출처

War is War on Mother Earth

https://www.counterpunch.org/2019/05/24/war-is-war-on-mother-earth/